10

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 7
(Week 8)
Finding the Probability of (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
About the Module
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master finding the probability of (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵). The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module is divided into two lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 – Finding the Probability of the Union of Two Events
Lesson 2 – Finding the Probability of the Union of Three or More Events

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate mutually from non-mutually exclusive events;
2. find the probability of the union of two events; and
3. find the probability of the union of three or more events.

i
 What I Know (Pre-Test)
Instructions: Read each item carefully. Try to answer each of them correctly as
much as possible. Choose only the letter of the best answer.

1. What is the formula for the probability of the union of two non-mutually exclusive
events to happen?
A. 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) C. 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
B. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐵) D. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

2. Which of the following pairs of events is mutually exclusive?

A. The event of going to mall and the event of staying at home
B. The event of having eggs for breakfast & the event of having pandesal
C. The event that a small-sized shirt is sold & the event that a large one is sold
D. The event that a woman is a mother & the event that she is a businesswoman

3. Which of the following pairs of events is not mutually exclusive?

A. The event that a person is sleeping & the event that he is jogging
B. The event that it’s raining in Cebu & the event that it’s raining in Bohol
C. The event that Juana is elected as president & the event that Juan is elected
D. The event that you submitted your homework on time and the event that you
submitted it late

4. What is the probability of getting an even number when rolling a die?

1 1 1 1
A. B. C. D.
2 3 4 6

5. What is the probability of getting a number greater than four when rolling a die?
1 1 1 1
A. B. C. D.
2 3 4 6

6. What is the probability of getting an even number or a number greater than four
when rolling a die?
1 3 1 2
A. B. C. D.
4 4 3 3

7. If events 𝐹 and 𝐺 are mutually exclusive events, 𝑃(𝐹) = 0.1, and 𝑃(𝐺) = 0.07, what
is 𝑃(𝐹 ∪ 𝐺)?
A. 0.03 B. 0.17 C. 0.08 D. 0.18

8. What is the sum of the probability of getting a head and the probability of getting
a tail when tossing a coin once?
A. 0 B. 0.5 C. 0.75 D. 1

9. There are 3 green, 6 yellow, 8 black, & 7 white balls in an urn. What is the
probability of getting a yellow or black ball if you were asked to get one from the urn?
12 12 7 7
A. B. C. D.
17 24 12 24

1
10. There are 3 green, 6 yellow, 8 black, & 7 white balls in an urn. What is the
probability of getting a green, yellow, or white ball if you were asked to get a ball from
the urn?
17 7 2 3
A. B. C. D.
24 16 3 4

11. What can be true if two events, 𝑋 and 𝑌 are not mutually exclusive events?
A. 𝑃(𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) > 0 B. 𝑃(𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) < 0 C. 𝑃(𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) = 0 D. 𝑃(𝑋 ∪ 𝑌) = 0

12. According to a cookbook, the recipes for pinakbet and chopsuey require the
following vegetables. If Ismael is growing 50 varieties of vegetables and crops in a
garden, including the ones in the recipes, what are the chances that a random plant
from the garden is an ingredient for cooking pinakbet or chopsuey?
Pinakbet Chopsuey
Garlic Okra Garlic Sayote
Onion Sitaw Onion Carrot
String beans Ampalaya Red bell pepper Green peas
Tomato Eggplant String beans Cabbage
Squash Cauliflower Mushrooms

3 16 8 19
A. B. C. D.
50 25 25 50

For numbers 13-15, refer to the Venn diagram

on the right.

On the day it was started, a community pantry in Cebu

City was able to help several beneficiaries who received
eggs (𝐸), noodles (𝑁), and vegetables (𝑉). The total
number of recipients are shown in the Venn diagram.

13. How many people received at least one of the three

items from the community pantry?
A. 14 B. 78 C. 159 D. 200

14. What is the probability that a beneficiary received eggs or vegetables?

115 2 35 155
A. B. C. D.
159 53 53 159

15. What is the probability that a beneficiary received eggs, noodles, or vegetables?
A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%

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 Lesson Finding the Probability of a
1
Mon-Tue Union of Two Events (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to differentiate
mutually exclusive events from non-mutually exclusive events and find the
probability of the union of two events.

What’s In
In the previous module, you have already learned how to use the Venn
diagram to illustrate mutually and non-mutually exclusive events along
with the probability of the union of two events to happen or 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵). You have also
learned the general probability addition rule for the union of mutually exclusive
events or disjoint events, 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩), and for non-mutually exclusive
events or inclusive events, 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩). In this lesson, you
will further apply these formulas in finding the probability of such unions to happen.

What’s New
A regular deck of cards is composed of 52 cards. Find the probability of
drawing or picking the following cards from the deck.
1. a King 𝑃(𝐾) = _____ 4. a Heart 𝑃(𝐻) = _____
2. a Queen 𝑃(𝑄) = _____ 5. a Queen and Heart 𝑃(𝑄 ∩ 𝐻) = _____
3. a King or Queen 𝑃(𝐾 ∪ 𝑄) = _____ 6. a Queen or Heart 𝑃(𝑄 ∪ 𝐻) = _____

What Is It
2 4
If you were able to answer in number 3 and in number 6, you may be
13 13
on the right track. These are the solutions in finding the probability of the events.
1. There are 4 Kings in a deck of 52 cards. There are 4 chances out of 52 to draw a
4 1 𝟏
King. The probability of drawing a King is or . Thus, 𝑃(King) = 𝑷(𝑲) = .
52 13 𝟏𝟑

2. There are 4 Queens in a 52-card deck. There are 4 chances out of 52 to draw a
4 1 𝟏
Queen. The probability of drawing a Queen is or . Thus, 𝑃(Queen) = 𝑷(𝑸) = .
52 13 𝟏𝟑

3. Because no card is both a King AND a Queen, there is no intersection between

drawing a King AND drawing a Queen. Hence, drawing a King and drawing a
Queen are mutually exclusive events. With the formula for the probability of the
union of mutually exclusive events, the probability of drawing a King OR Queen
is the sum of the two events’ probabilities. That is
𝑃(King or Queen) = 𝑃(King) + 𝑃(Queen)
𝑃(𝐾 ∪ 𝑄) = 𝑃(𝐾) + 𝑃(𝑄)
1 1
𝑃(𝐾 ∪ 𝑄) = +
13 13
𝟐 2
𝑷(𝑲 ∪ 𝑸) = Thus, there is possibility
𝟏𝟑 13
of getting a King or Queen.

3
4. There are 13 Hearts in a deck of 52 cards. There are 13 chances out of 52 to draw
13 1 𝟏
a Heart. The probability of drawing a Heart is or . Thus, 𝑃(Heart) = 𝑷(𝑯) = .
52 4 𝟒

5. The intersection of drawing a Queen and drawing a

Heart is picking a card that is both a Queen AND a
Heart, the Queen of Hearts. There is only 1 Queen
of Hearts in a deck of 52 cards. The probability of
1
drawing a card that is a Queen AND a Heart is .
52
𝟏
Therefore, 𝑃(Queen and Heart) = 𝑷(𝑸 ∩ 𝑯) = .
𝟓𝟐

6. As explained in no.5, getting a Queen (𝑄) AND getting

a Heart (𝐻) have an intersection (𝑄 ∩ 𝐻) because of the
card, Queen of Hearts. Having an intersection means
that they are not mutually exclusive events.
So, to find the probability of getting a Queen OR Heart,
we apply the formula for the probability of the union
of non-mutually exclusive events. In the formula, the
intersection of the two events is subtracted because simply adding 𝑃(𝑄) and 𝑃(𝐻)
will account for double-counting Queen of Hearts which is in 𝑄 and also in 𝐻.
𝑃(Queen or Heart) = 𝑃(Queen) + 𝑃(Heart) − 𝑃(𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡)
𝑃(𝑄 ∪ 𝐻) = 𝑃(𝑄) + 𝑃(𝐻) − 𝑃(𝑄 ∩ 𝐻)
1 1 1
𝑃(𝑄 ∪ 𝐻) = + −
13 4 52
4 13 1
𝑃(𝑄 ∪ 𝐻) = + −
52 52 52
16
𝑃(𝑄 ∪ 𝐻) =
52
𝟒 4
𝑷(𝑸 ∪ 𝑯) = Thus, the probability of picking Queen of Hearts is .
𝟏𝟑 13

Take note that the “OR” between two events suggests “UNION” and that probabilities
can be expressed as fractions, decimals, or percentages. Here are more examples.

Ex. 1: In a class of 40 students, 13 are enrolled in Chinese for their elective foreign
language class and 15 are enrolled in Spanish. If each student can only enroll in
exactly one foreign language, what is the probability that a student from the said
class is enrolled in Chinese (𝐶) or Spanish (𝑆)?
Solution:
𝟏𝟑
The probability that a student is enrolled in Chinese is 13 out of 40 or 𝑷(𝑪) = .
𝟒𝟎
𝟏𝟓
The probability that a student is enrolled in Spanish is 15 out of 40 or 𝑷(𝑺) = .
𝟒𝟎
No student can be enrolled in both Chinese (𝐶) AND in Spanish (𝑆) at the same
time. There is no intersection between 𝐶 AND 𝑆. They are disjoint or mutually
exclusive events.
Using the formula for the probability of the union
of disjoint events, the probability that a student is
enrolled in Chinese OR Spanish is:
𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝑆) = 𝑃(𝐶) + 𝑃(𝑆)
13 15
𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝑆) = +
40 40
28
𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝑆) =
40
𝟕 7
𝑷(𝑪 ∪ 𝑺) = Thus, there is a chance that a student from the
𝟏𝟎 10
said class is enrolled in Chinese or in Spanish.

4
Ex. 2: In a class of 40 students, 13 are enrolled in Chinese for their elective foreign
language class, 15 are enrolled in Spanish, and 8 are enrolled in both Chinese and
Spanish. What are the chances that a student from the said class is enrolled in
Chinese (𝐶) or Spanish (𝑆)?
Solution:
𝟏𝟑
The probability that a student is enrolled in Chinese is 13 out of 40 or 𝑷(𝑪) = .
𝟒𝟎
𝟏𝟓
The probability that a student is enrolled in Spanish is 15 out of 40 or 𝑷(𝑺) = .
𝟒𝟎
The probability that a student is enrolled in both Chinese AND Spanish is 8 out
𝟖
of 40 or 𝑷(𝑪 ∩ 𝑺) = .
𝟒𝟎
Some students enrolled in both Chinese (𝐶) AND Spanish (𝑆), so there is an
intersection (𝐶 ∩ 𝑆). Hence, 𝐶 and 𝑆 are not mutually exclusive events.
Using the formula for the probability of the union of non-mutually exclusive
events, the probability that a student is enrolled in Chinese OR Spanish is:
𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝑆) = 𝑃(𝐶) + 𝑃(𝑆) − 𝑃(𝐶 ∩ 𝑆)
13 15 8
𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝑆) = + −
40 40 40
20
𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝑆) =
40
𝟏 1
𝑷(𝑪 ∪ 𝑺) = Thus, there is a probability that a student from
𝟐 2
the said class is enrolled in Chinese or in Spanish.

Ex. 3: When rolling a die, what is the probability of rolling a number less than 3 (𝐿)
or a number greater than 3 (𝐺)?
Solution:
There are 2 numbers less than three in a die: one and two. The probability of
𝟐
rolling a number less than three is 2 out of 6 or 𝑷(𝑳) = .
𝟔
There are 3 numbers greater than three in a die: four, five, and six. The probability
𝟑
of rolling a number greater than three is 3 out of 6 or 𝑷(𝑮) = .
𝟔
No number is less than three (𝐿) AND at the same time greater than three (𝐺).
There is no common outcome for the two events so, there is no intersection between
𝐿 AND 𝐺. Therefore, they are disjoint or mutually exclusive events.
With the formula for the probability of the union of mutually exclusive events, the
probability of rolling a number less than OR greater than three is:
𝑃(𝐿 ∪ 𝐺) = 𝑃(𝐿) + 𝑃(𝐺)
2 3
𝑃(𝐿 ∪ 𝐺) = +
6 6
𝟓 5
𝑷(𝑳 ∪ 𝑮) = Thus, there is a possibility of
𝟔 6
rolling a number less than or greater than three.

Ex. 4: When rolling a die, what are the chances of rolling a number less than five (𝐿)
or an even number (𝐸)?
Solution:
There are 4 numbers less than five in a die: one, two, three and four. The
𝟒
probability of rolling a number less than five is 4 out of 6 or 𝑷(𝑳) = .
𝟔
There are 3 even numbers in a die: two, four, and six. The probability of rolling an
𝟑
even number is 3 out of 6 or 𝑷(𝑬) = .
𝟔

5
 There are 2 numbers on a die that are less than five (𝐿) AND, at the same time,
even (𝐸): two and four. The probability of rolling a number less than five AND an
𝟐
even number is 2 out of 6 or 𝑷(𝑳 ∩ 𝑬) = .
𝟔
There are common outcomes in (𝐿) AND (𝐸). There is an intersection, (𝐿 ∩ 𝐸),
between the two events which means they are non-mutually exclusive events.
With the formula for the probability of the union of non-mutually exclusive events,
the probability of rolling a number less than five OR an even number is:
𝑃(𝐿 ∪ 𝐸) = 𝑃(𝐿) + 𝑃(𝐸) − 𝑃(𝐿 ∩ 𝐸)
4 3 2
𝑃(𝐿 ∪ 𝐸) = + −
6 6 6
𝟓 5
𝑷(𝑳 ∪ 𝑬) = Thus, there is a chance in rolling
𝟔 6
a number less than five or an even number.

Ex. 5: There is a 25% chance of getting a yellow ball (𝑌) from a box with 4 differently
colored balls. There is also a 25% chance of picking a red (𝑅) ball from the same box.
If you are to pick a ball from the box, what is the probability that it is yellow or red?
Solution:
The probability of getting a yellow ball is 25% or 0.25. 𝑷(𝒀) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓.
The probability of getting a red ball is 25% or 0.25. 𝑷(𝑹) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓.
A yellow ball can’t be a red ball. So, there is no intersection between picking a
yellow ball and picking a red ball. These are mutually exclusive events.
With the formula for the probability of the union of mutually exclusive events, the
probability of picking a yellow OR red ball is:
𝑃(𝑌 ∪ 𝑅) = 𝑃(𝑌) + 𝑃(𝑅)
𝑃(𝑌 ∪ 𝑅) = 0.25 + 0.25
𝑷(𝒀 ∪ 𝑹) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝟓𝟎% Thus, there is a 50% chance of getting a
yellow or red ball from the box.

What’s More
Activity 1. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Instructions: Find the probability of the following events to occur or happen.

1.) Twenty-one percent of the class likes ube ice cream (𝑈) and 11% likes mango ice
cream (𝑀). If 3% of the class likes both ube and mango ice cream, what percentage
of the class likes either ube or mango ice cream?
2.) Twenty-one percent of the class bought ube ice cream (𝑈) and 11% bought mango
ice cream (𝑀). If no student bought more than one kind of ice cream, what
percentage of the class bought either ube or mango ice cream?
3.) Of the 50 presidential candidates for election, 32 are females (𝐹) and 9 are
Cebuanos (𝐶). All Cebuano candidates are males. What is the probability that a
female or a Cebuano is elected as president?
4.) Of the 50 presidential candidates for election, 32 are females (𝐹) and 9 are
Cebuanos (𝐶). Three of the Cebuano candidates are males. What is the probability
that a female or a Cebuano is elected as president?

6
 What I Need to Remember
To find the probability of the union of two events to happen, 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩),
where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two different events, consider these:
1. Identify the probability of each of the two events: 𝑷(𝑨) and 𝑷(𝑩)
2. Determine if the events have an intersection or can happen/occur at the same
time and find the probability of the intersection if it exists: 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
3. If the two events do not have an intersection or cannot happen at the same
time, then they are disjoint or mutually exclusive events. The probability of
their union is simply the sum of the probability of the two events: 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) =
𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩)
4. If the two events have an intersection or can happen at the same time, then
they are inclusive or non-mutually exclusive events. The probability of their
union is the sum of the probability of the two events less the probability of their
intersection:𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩).
You may also draw a Venn diagram to visualize the set of possible outcomes
of each event and see if there are any common outcomes to suggest the presence
of an intersection between the two events.

Lesson Finding the Probability of

2 the Union of Three Events
Wed-Thu
(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to find the probability of the
union of three events.

What’s In
Previously, you have learned how to find the probability for the union of
two events to happen. You can already identify which formula to use by
determining if the two events are mutually exclusive or not. What will happen to the
formula if there will be three events in the union instead of just two events?

What’s New
Complete the Venn diagram according to the statement below.
In a class with a total of 50 students,
27 students joined athletics (𝐴),
22 students are members of the band (𝐵),
18 students belong to the cooking club (𝐶),
12 students are in both athletics and band,
9 students are in both athletics and cooking,
6 students are in both the band and cooking, and
4 students are in all three clubs.
What is the probability that a student from that class belongs to either athletics or
the band or the cooking club (𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶))?

7
 What Is It
In Gr. 7 and the previous module, you have learned
how to make a Venn diagram of the union of sets and
events. The Venn diagram in the previous activity will help
visualize the probability of the union of A, B, and C or 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪
𝐶). The Venn diagram should look like the figure on the right.

By looking at the Venn diagram, you can see that the union of the students
belonging to either athletics (𝐴), the band (𝐵), or the cooking club (𝐶) is (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) =
10 + 8 + 8 + 5 + 4 + 2 + 7 = 44. This means that 44 out of the 50 students belong to
either 𝐴 or 𝐵 or 𝐶. This further means that the probability for a student from that
44
class to belong in either athletics or the band or the cooking club is which can be
50
22 22
simplified to or 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = .
25 25

However, the construction of the Venn diagram and assigning the correct
values to each section can take more work. Instead, you can just use the formula
below for faster computation.
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
𝟐𝟕
Since 27 out of 50 joined athletics (A), 𝑷(𝑨) =
𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝟐
22 out of 50 are members of the band (B), 𝑷(𝑩) =
𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟖
18 out of 50 belong to the cooking club (C), 𝑷(𝑪) =
𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟐
12 out of 50 are in both athletics and band (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵), 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) =
𝟓𝟎
𝟗
9 out of 50 are in both athletics and cooking (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶), 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑪) =
𝟓𝟎
𝟔
6 out of 50 are in both the band and cooking (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶), 𝑷(𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) =
𝟓𝟎
𝟒
4 out of 50 are in all three clubs (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶), 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) =
𝟓𝟎

Simply identify the needed values and substitute them into the formula to find the
probability for a student from that class to belong in either athletics or the band or
the cooking club
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
27 22 18 12 9 6 4
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = + + − − − +
50 50 50 50 50 50 50
44
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) =
50
𝟐𝟐
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = This is the same probability as the one we got earlier.
𝟐𝟓

Look at these other examples.

Ex. 1. When throwing a die, what is the probability of rolling an even number (𝐸), a
number less than five (𝐿), or a number divisible by three (𝐷)?
Solution:
There are 3 even numbers on a die: two, four, and six. The 𝟑
probability of rolling an even number is 3 out of 6. 𝑷(𝑬) =
𝟔

There are 4 numbers on a die that are less than five: one, two,
three, and four. The probability of rolling a number less than 𝑷(𝑳) =
𝟒
five is 4 out of 6. 𝟔

8
 There are 2 numbers on a die that are divisible by three: three
and six. The probability of rolling a number divisible by three is 𝑷(𝑫) =
𝟐
2 out of 6. 𝟔

There are 2 even numbers that are less than five: two and four.
The probability of rolling an even number and a number less 𝑷(𝑬 ∩ 𝑳) =
𝟐
than five is 2 out of 6. 𝟔

There is only 1 even number that is also divisible by three: six.

The probability of rolling an even number and a number divisible 𝑷(𝑬 ∩ 𝑫) =
𝟏

by three is 1 out of 6. 𝟔

There is 1 number less than five that is also divisible by three:

three itself. The probability of rolling a number less than five and 𝑷(𝑳 ∩ 𝑫) =
𝟏
a number divisible by three is 1 out of 6. 𝟔

There is no even number less than five that is also divisible by

three. The probability of rolling an even number that is less than 𝑷(𝑬 ∩ 𝑳 ∩ 𝑫) = 𝟎
five and divisible by three is 0 out of 6.
So, with the probabilities we have identified, the probability of rolling an even
number, or a number less than five, or a number divisible by three is
𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 𝐿 ∪ 𝐷) = 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐿) + 𝑃(𝐷) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐿) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐷) − 𝑃(𝐿 ∩ 𝐷) + 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐿 ∩ 𝐷)
3 4 2 2 1 1
𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 𝐿 ∪ 𝐷) = + + − − − + 0
6 6 6 6 6 6
𝟓 5
𝑷(𝑬 ∪ 𝑳 ∪ 𝑫) = There is chance of rolling an even number, a number less than
𝟔 6
five, or a number divisible by three when throwing a die.

Ex. 2. There are 72 white blocks, 63 blue blocks, and 51 yellow blocks in a box with
380 blocks. If you are to pick one block from the box, what is the probability of
getting a white (𝑊), blue (𝐵), or yellow (𝑌) block?
Solution:
𝟕𝟐
The probability of getting a white block is 72 out of 380. 𝑷(𝑾) =
𝟑𝟖𝟎
𝟔𝟑
The probability of getting a blue block is 63 out of 380. 𝑷(𝑩) =
𝟑𝟖𝟎
𝟓𝟏
The probability of getting a yellow block is 51 out of 380. 𝑷(𝒀) =
𝟑𝟖𝟎

𝑷(𝑾 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎
Each block cannot be two or more colors at the same. Each of
them is just a single color. There is no intersection between 𝑊, 𝑷(𝑾 ∩ 𝒀) = 𝟎
𝐵, and 𝑌. We can also say that any intersection between 𝑊, 𝐵, 𝑷(𝑩 ∩ 𝒀) = 𝟎
and 𝑌 has 0 probability of happening or occurring.
𝑷(𝑾 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝒀) = 𝟎
So, the probability of getting a white, a blue, or a yellow block from the box is
𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝑌) = 𝑃(𝑊) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝑌) − 𝑃(𝑊 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝑊 ∩ 𝑌) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝑌) + 𝑃(𝑊 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝑌)
72 63 51
𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝑌) = + + −0−0−0+0
380 380 380
186
𝑃(𝑊 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝑌) =
380
𝟗𝟑 93
𝑷(𝑾 ∪ 𝑩 ∪ 𝒀) = There is a probability of to get a white, blue, or yellow block.
𝟏𝟗𝟎 190

9
Ex. 3. One hundred people were surveyed on their COVID-19 vaccine preferences.
46% selected vaccine A, 65% selected vaccine M, and 74% selected vaccine P. 33%
selected both vaccines A and P, 44% chose both vaccines M and P, and 29% chose
both vaccines A and M. 19% selected all 3 of the vaccines. What is the probability
that a person selected at least one of the vaccines?
Solution:
The chances that a person chose vaccine A is 46%. 𝑷(𝑨) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔
The chances that a person chose vaccine M is 65%. 𝑷(𝑴) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
The chances that a person chose vaccine P is 74%. 𝑷(𝑷) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒
The chances that a person chose both A and M is 29%. 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑴) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗
The chances that a person chose both A and P is 33%. 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑷) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
The chances that a person chose both M and P is 44%. 𝑷(𝑴 ∩ 𝑷) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
The chances that a person chose A, M, and P is 19%. 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑴 ∩ 𝑷) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
Thus, the probability a person chose vaccine A, M, or P is
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝑀 ∪ 𝑃) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝑀) + 𝑃(𝑃) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝑀) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝑃) − 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝑃) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝑀 ∩ 𝑃)
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝑀 ∪ 𝑃) = 0.46 + 0.65 + 0.74 − 0.29 − 0.33 − 0.44 + 0.19
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑴 ∪ 𝑷) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 or 98% There is a 98% chance that a person selected vaccines
A, M, or P.

What’s More
Activity 2. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Instructions: Find the probability of the following events to occur or to happen.
1.) Seventy-five percent of the class likes chocolate drink (𝐶), 66% likes orange juice
(𝑂), and 45% likes water (𝑊). 55% of the class likes both chocolate drink and orange
juice, 27% likes both orange juice and water, and 35% likes both chocolate drink
and water. 18% of the class likes chocolate drink, orange juice, and water. What is
the probability that someone from the class likes chocolate drink, orange juice, or
water?
2.) There are 134 employees in a company. They take different means of
transportation to get to work. On one certain day, 35 employees took the bus, 29
rode a bicycle, 8 drove their own car, 49 rode a motorcycle, and the rest walked to
work. [a] What is the probability that an employee took the bus, rode a motorcycle,
or drove his/her own car that day? [b] What is the probability that an employee rode
a bicycle, rode a motorcycle, or walked to work that day?
3.) The families of Sitio Dos grow their own vegetables at home. Of the 300 families,
64 families grow tomatoes (𝑇), eggplants (𝐸), and okras (𝑂). 121 families grow
eggplants and tomatoes, 127 families grow eggplants and okras, and 123 grow
tomatoes and okras. A total of 193 families grow tomatoes, 195 grow eggplants, and
196 grow okras. What is the probability that a randomly chosen family grows
tomatoes, eggplants, or okras?

What I Need to Remember

To find the probability of the union of three events, use the formula,
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

10
 What I can do

Activity 3

A. Instructions: Identify whether or not these events are mutually exclusive (ME) or
not mutually exclusive (NME).
1. The event that it will rain and the event that the sun shines bright
2. The event of getting a perfect score in a test and the event of getting a
passing score
3. The event that a person lives in Cebu City and the event that the same
person lives in Talisay City
4. The event that a baby is born with blood type A and the event that the
same baby is born with blood type O
5. The event of drawing a club from a deck of cards and the event of drawing
a diamond from a deck

B. Instructions: Study the Venn diagram on the right. Answer the items that follow.

A total of 150 Grade 10 students were asked the

track they plan to take on in senior high school. Some of
them are considering Academic (𝐴), TVL (𝑇), and/or Arts
& Design (𝐷) but some have not chosen any track yet.

1. How many students want to take Arts and

Design?

2. How many students want to take the

Academic Track?

3. How many students want to take TVL?

4. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student

wants to take Arts & Design?

5. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student

wants to take the Academic Track?

6. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student

wants to take TVL?

7. How many students are considering Academic Track and TVL?

8. How many students are considering Arts & Design and TVL?

9. How many students are considering Arts & Design and Academic Track?

10. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
is considering to take Academic Track and TVL?

11. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
is considering to take Arts & Design and TVL?

11
12. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the
probability that the student is considering
to take Arts & Design and Academic Track?

13. How many students are considering

Academic Track or TVL?

14. How many students are considering Arts &

Design or TVL?

15. How many students are considering Arts &

Design or Academic Track?

16. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
is considering to take Academic Track or TVL?

17. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
is considering to take Arts & Design or TVL?

18. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
is considering to take Arts & Design or Academic Track?

19. How many students are considering Academic Track, Arts & Design,
and TVL?

20. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
is considering Academic Track, Arts & Design, and TVL?

21. How many students are considering Academic Track, Arts & Design, or
TVL?

22. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
is considering the Academic Track, Arts & Design, or TVL?

23. How many students have not considered taking the Academic Track,
Arts & Design, nor TVL yet?

24. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
has not considered taking the Academic Track, Arts & Design, nor TVL
yet?

12
 Assessment (Post Test)
Instructions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What is the formula for the probability of the union of two mutually exclusive
events to happen?
A. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐵) C. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
B. 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) D. 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

2. Which of these pairs of events are mutually exclusive?

A. The event of having a Facebook account & the event of having an Instagram
account.
B. The event that a sentence is true & the event that the same sentence is false
C. The event that you are sitting & the event that you are having a snack
D. The event that a person can sing & the event that he can dance

3. Which of these pairs of events are not mutually exclusive?

A. The event that a car turns left & the event that it turns right
B. The event of getting heads from tossing a coin & the event of getting tails
C. The event that a plant grows flowers & the event that the flower bears fruit
D. The event that a country is COVID-free & the event that the same country
has at least 1 active COVID case

4. What is the probability of getting a prime number when rolling a die?

1 1 1 1
A. B. C. D.
6 4 3 2

5. What is the probability of getting an odd number when rolling a die?

1 1 1 1
A. B. C. D.
6 4 3 2

6. What is the probability of getting an odd or a prime number when rolling a die?
1 1 2 3
A. B. C. D.
4 3 3 4

7. If events 𝐷 and 𝐸 are mutually exclusive events, 𝑃(𝐷) = 0.4, and 𝑃(𝐸) = 0.2, what
is 𝑃(𝐷 ∪ 𝐸)?
A. 0.08 B. 0.2 C. 0.6 D. 2

8. What is the sum of the probability of getting a head and the probability of getting
a tail when tossing a coin once?
A. 1 B. 0.75 C. 0.5 D. 0

9. There are 4 blue, 5 orange, 8 violet, and 3 red balls in an urn. What is the
probability of getting a blue or violet ball if you were asked to get a ball from the urn?
1 3 1 3
A. B. C. D.
5 20 20 5

13
10. There are 4 blue, 5 orange, 8 violet, and 3 red balls in an urn. What is the
probability of getting a blue, red, or violet ball if you were asked to get a ball from the
urn?
4 4 3 3
A. B. C. D.
5 15 4 5

11. What does it mean when 𝑃(𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) = 0 if 𝑋 and 𝑌 are two events?
A. 𝑋 and 𝑌 are not mutually exclusive events.
B. 𝑋 and 𝑌 are mutually exclusive events.
C. 𝑋 and 𝑌 can happen simultaneously.
D. 𝑋 and 𝑌 have common outcomes.

12. Mina and Thomas joined a raffle contest where they can win a fancy house and
lot. Mina sent in 46 raffle tickets and Thomas sent in twice as many tickets as Mina.
If there is a total of 927 tickets by the end of the promo, what are the chances that
either Mina or Thomas’s name is drawn as the winner of the house and lot?
46 46 184 138
A. B. C. D.
927 309 927 309

For numbers 13-15, refer to the Venn diagram on the right.

On the day it was started, a community pantry in Cebu

City was able to help several beneficiaries who received
eggs (𝐸), noodles (𝑁), and vegetables (𝑉). The total
number of recipients are shown in the Venn diagram.

13. How many people received at least one of the three

items from the community pantry?
A. 200 B. 159 C. 78 D. 14

14. What is the probability that a beneficiary received eggs or noodles?

6 92 2 151
A. B. C. D.
92 159 53 159

15. What is the probability that a beneficiary received eggs, noodles, or vegetables?
A. 100% B. 75% C. 50% D. 25%

14
 15
Activity 1 Activity 2
1. 29% 1. 87%
46
2. 32% 2. a.
67
41 91
3. b.
50 134
7 277
4. 3.
10 300
Activity 3
A. 1. NME
2. NME
3. ME
4. ME
5. ME
B. 1. 71 13. 86
2. 64 14. 95
3. 56 15. 100
71 43
4. 16.
150 75
32 19
5. 17.
75 30
28 2
6. 18.
75 3
7. 34 19. 18
3
8. 32 20.
25
9. 35 21. 108
17 18
10. 22.
35 25
16
11. 23. 42
75
7 7
12. 24.
30 25
required.
Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your HONESTY is
Answer Key
References
Book
Callanta, Melvin M., Allan M. Canonigo, Arnaldo I. Chua, Jerry D. Cruz, Mirla S.
Esparrago, Elino S. Garcia, Aries N. Magnaye, Fernando B. Orines, Rowena S.
Perez, and Concepcion S. Ternida. 2015. Mathematics – Grade 10 Learners'
Module. Pasig: REX Book Store.

Modules
Bregente, Marevic A. 2020. Mathematics10 Quarter 3 Module 8 Finding the Probability
of Union of Two or More Events. Malaybalay City: Department of Education –
Division of Bukidnon.

Yonson, Charmaine P. 2020. Mathematics Quarter 3 - Module 7 Probability of a Union

of Two Events. Malaybalay City: Department of Education – Division of
Bukidnon.

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

 Name
 Grade and Section
 Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your
teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you and return them at the end of the school year
or whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted.

16