1. A rigid vessel having a volume of 1.5m 3 initially holds 5 kg of air under high pressure.

If
10% of the mass of air leaks out what is the final density and specific volume of the air in
the vessel?
final mass = 5kg (0.10)(5) = 4.5kg
final density = m/v = 4.5kg / 1.5m3 = 3 kg/m3
specific volume = 1/ρ = 0.333 m3/kg

2. Define a new scale, say °N, in which the boiling and freezing points of water are 1000°N
and 100°N, respectively. Correlate this scale with the Celsius scales.
N-100 / 900 = c / 100 N – 100 = 900C / 100
N = 9°C + 100
3. A nuclear submarine is 200m below the surface of the sea. What is the pressure (bars)
exerted on the hull (outer casing by the water at this depth?
P = p * g * h = 1000 kg/m3 * 9.81 m/sec2 * 200m = 1,962,000 Pa
= 1962 KPa * (1bar / 100KPa) = 19.62 bars

4. An open tank 1 meter in diameter and 1.5m in height is filled with diesel oil (S.G = 0.85).
Assuming 75% of its capacity is occupied by the diesel, calculate the absolute pressure of
the fluid at the bottom of the tank.
Pbottom = ρ * g * h = (0.85) (1000) (9.81) (1.5) (0.75)
= 9380.81 Pa
= 9.3808 KPa
Pabs = 101.325 + 9.3808 = 110.706 KPa

5. A motor driven pump transfer 5000 liters of oil (SG = 0.8) per hour through an elevation
of 16 meters. If the delivery velocity is 10 m/sec, what is the input power of the pump?
m = ρV = 0.8(1000)(5) = 4,000 kg/hr = 1.11 kg/sec
ΔPE = mgh = [1.11 kg/s](9.81m/s2)(16m) = 174.23 Watts
ΔKE = ½(m)v2 = ½(1.11)[10]2 = 55.5 Watts
PT = 174.23 + 55.5 = 229.73 Watts = 0.23 kW

Pinput = PE = mgh = 0.8(1000)(5)(9.81)[16 + 102/2(9.81)] = 827,840 J/hr

= 0.23 kW

TDH = [Pd – Ps] / γ + [Vd – Vs] / 2g + Z = [0] / γ + [Vd – 0] / 2g + Z

= 0 + [(10)2 /2(9.81)] + 16 = 5.097 + 16 = 21.097 m
Wp = Q x γ x TDH x S.G. = (5/3600)m3/s)[9.81 kN/m3] 21.907m (0.8)
= 0.23 kW

6. A tank contains 25 liters of lubricating oil having a relative density of 0.9 and a
temperature of 10°C. The oil is heated for 15 minutes by a 2.16 kw electric heater.
Determine the final temperature of the oil assuming heat loss through the tank as 160w.
(specific heat of oil is 2 KJ/kg-K)
Given:
Heating Power = 2.16kw Voil = 25 liters = 0.025 m3
SGoil = 0.9 ti = 10°C + 273 = 283K
 Time = 15 min = 900 sec QL = 160W = 0.16 kw
Coil = 2 KJ/kg-K
moil = ρoil(v) = 0.9(1000)(0.025) = 22.5 kg
Recall: Q = m c ΔT
ΔT = (Heating power – Heat loss)time / m(c)
= (2.16 – 0.16)900 / 22.5(2) = 40ºK = 40ºC
tf = 10ºC + 40ºC = 50ºC
7. A power station uses oil-fired boilers which are supplied with fuel from four cylindrical
oil storage tanks, each 15m in diameter and 10m high. The calorific value of the oil is
38000 KJ/kg and its relative density is 0.80. The output from the power station is 60MW.
Assuming that only 15% of the heat input is converted into electrical energy output, how
long will the boilers run on the oil in the tanks?
VST = 0.7854 (15)2(10) = 1767.15m3 VT = 4 VST = 7068.6 m3
HVf = 38,000 kJ/kgf S.G.f = 0.80
Output Power = 60 MW

mf = Pf x VT = 0.80(1000)(7068.6) = 5,654,880kg
Qf = mf x HVf = 5,654,880kg (38,000kJ/kg) = 2.149 x 1011 kJ
Power = Work / time = Qf / time
time = Qf / Power = 0.15(2.149 x 1011 kJ) / [60,000(3600)] = 149.24 hrs

8. An elevator and its contents have a mass of 1500kg. What is the electrical power input to
the lifting motor if the elevator is raised through a height of 36 meters in 30 seconds?
Assume that only 85% of the electrical power input to the motor is available to lift the
elevator.
m = 1500kg h = 36m t = 30 seconds
PE = mgh = 1500 kg(9.81 m/sec2)(36m) = 529,740 N-m
PLift = 529,740 J / 30sec = 17,658W = 17.658 kW
Pinput = Plift / 0.85 = 17.658 kW / 0.85 = 20.77 kW
9. A 50 kw electric furnace measures 1.2m x 1.0m x 0.8m. When the temperature inside the
furnace is 1250oC, a block of aluminum with a mass of 300kg and a temperature of 16.5
o
C is placed inside. Assuming the heat loss from the furnace walls is 500 w/m 2, how long
will it take to heat the block to the furnace temperature? (specific heat of aluminum is 0.9
kJ/kg. K)

0.8m tfurnace = 1250oC = 1523K

tal = 16.5 oC = 289.5K
1.0m mal = 300 kg
1.2m qL = 500 W/m2
QL = 500 W/m2 * 5.92m2
= 2, 960 W
= 2.96 kW

A1 = 2 (1.2 x 1) = 2.4 m2
A2 = 2 (1.2 x 0.8) = 1.92m2
 A3 = 2 (1 x 0.8) = 1.6 m2
AT = 5.92 m2

Q = mc Δ T
(50 – 2.96)t = (300)(0.9)(1233.5)
t = 333,045/47.04 = 7,080 sec
= 1.9666 hr
= 1 hr and 58 mins

10. The volume in the clearance space of a 152.40 mm by 254.0 mm Otto gas engine is 1.70
liters. Find the ideal thermal efficiency of the engine on the standard air basis, if the
exponent of the expansion and compression lines is 1.35. Express in percent.
a) 38.55 b) 36.89 c) 26.98 d) 35.95
VD =π /4 (0.1524)2(0.254) = 0.004633m3 ;
C = V2 / VD = 0.0017/0.004633 = 36.69%
rk = (1+ C)/C = (1 +0.3669)/0.3669 = 3.726
e = 1 –1/rk k-1 = 1 – [1/3.726] 0..35 = 36.89%

11. Calculate the approximate mass density of methane gas if the pressure and temperature
are one atmosphere and 15.55º C.
a) 675.8kg/m3 b) 6.758 c) 67.58 d) 0.6758
3
ρ = m / v = p / RT = 101.325 / (0.5196 x 288.55) = 0.6758 kg/m

12. One kg of water initially at 15ºC is to be freezed at –3ºC. Calculate the total amount of
heat to be removed during the cooling process?
a) 39.831kJ b) 403 c) 3983.1 d) 39831
Q1 = mc∆T = 1 (4.187)15 = 62.8 Q2 = 334
Q3 = 1(0.5)(4.187)3 = 6.28 QT = 403Kj
13. Determine the friction head loss for fully developed laminar flow of ethylene glycol at 40ºC(ρ =
1,101 kg/m³) through a 5 cm diameter, 50 m long pipe, if friction factor is 0.242 and flowrate of
0.1 kg/s.
A. 6.42 cm B. 2.64 cm C. 3.46 cm D. 5.32 cm
Solution
Q = A x V ; [1 kg/s / 1,101 kg/m3 ]= 0.7854 (0.05)2 m2 (V); Velocity = 0.04626 m/s
Frictional head loss, hf = fLV² / 2gD
hf = 0.242(50)(0.04626)² / 2(9.81)(0.05) = 2.64 cm
14. A supercharged six-cylinder four stroke cycle diesel engine of 10.48 cm bore and 12.7 cm stroke
has a compression ratio of 15. When it is tested on a dynamometer with a 53.34 cm arm at 2500
rpm, the scale reads 81.65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of 45,822.20 kJ/kg heating value are burned during
a 6 min test, and air metered to the cylinders at the rate of 0.182 kg/s. Find the brake thermal
efficiency.
A. 0.327 B. 0.367 C. 0.307 D. 0.357
Solution:
T = 81.65 (0.00981) (0.5334) = 0.42725 kN-m
Brake Power = 2NT = 2(0.42725 kN-m) (2500/60)
Brake Power = 111.854 kw
mf = 2.86 / 6(60) = 0.00794 kg/sec
Brake thermal efficiency = brake power/ mfQh
 = 111.854 kw / [0.00794 kg/sec x 45,822.20 kJ/kg]
brake thermal efficiency = 0.307 = 30.7%

15. Calculate the enthalpy in KJ of 1.50 kg of fluid that occupy a volume of 0.565 m 3 if the internal
energy is 555.60 K cal per kg and the pressure is 2 atm abs.
A. 2,603.7 kJ B. 3,603.7 C. 4,603.7 D. 5,603.7
h = u + pv = [555.6 kcal x (1.055/0.252)] + 2(101.325)(0.565/1.5) = 2402.35 kJ/kg
H = mh = 1.5(2402.35) = 3,603.5kJ

16. A closed vessel A contains 3 ft3 of air at 500 psia and a temperature of 120’F. This vessel
connects with vessel B, which contains an unknown volume of air at 15 psia and 50’F.
After the valve separating the two vessels is opened, the pressure and temperature of the
mixture are 200 psia and 70’F. Calculate the volume of vessel B.
a. 6.14 b) 2.42 c) 4.16 d) 5.5
mm = mA +mB
Pm(VA + VB)/RTM = PAVA/RTA + PBVB/RTB VB = 4.16FT3

17. An air-standard Diesel Cycle operates with a compression ratio of 15. The maximum
cycle temperature is 1,700ºC. At the beginning of compression the air is at 100 Kpaa and
40ºC. What is the cut-off ratio?
b. 2.13 b. 1.32 c. 3.21 d. 2.87
T2 = T1rkK-I = (313 x15) 0.4 = 924.657 ºK
rc = V3/V2 = T3/T2 =197.3/924.657 = 2.13

18. Steam with an enthalpy of 335 kJ/kg enters a nozzles at a velocity of 80 m/sec. Find the velocity
of the steam at the exit of the nozzle if its enthalpy is reduced to 314 kJ/kg, assuming the nozzle
is horizontal and disregarding heat losses. Take g = 9.81 m/sec2
A. 220 B. 652 C. 265 D. 625
SOLUTION:
Given: h 1 = 335kJ / kg V1 = 80 m / sec h2 = 314 kJ / kg
By energy balance (first law of thermodynamics);
h1 + V12 / 2 = h2 + V22 / 2
[(V2)2/2] – [(V1)2/2] = h1 – h2
(V2 )2 = (V1 )2 + 2(h1 – h2)
_______________
V2 = √ (V1)2 + 2(h1 – h2)
__________________________
= √ (80)2 + [2(335,000 – 314,000)]
= 220 m / s

19. A supercharged six-cylinder four stroke cycle diesel engine of 10.48 cm bore and 12.7 cm stroke
has a compression ratio of 15. When it is tested on a dynamometer with a 53.34 cm arm at 2500
rpm, the scale reads 81.65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of 45,822.20 kJ/kg heating value are burned during
a 6 min test, and air metered to the cylinders at the rate of 0.182 kg/s. Find the brake thermal
efficiency.
A. 0.327 B. 0.367 C. 0.307 D. 0.357
Solution:
T = 81.65 (0.00981) (0.5334) = 0.42725 kN-m
Brake Power = 2NT = 2(0.42725 kN-m) (2500/60)
 Brake Power = 111.854 kw
mf = 2.86 / 6(60) = 0.00794 kg/sec
Brake thermal efficiency = brake power/ mfQh
= 111.854 kw / [0.00794 kg/sec x 45,822.20 kJ/kg]
brake thermal efficiency = 0.307 = 30.7%
20. A hydraulic turbine receives water from a reservoir at an elevation of 110 m above it.
What is the minimum water flow in kg/s to produce a steady turbine output of 30 MW?
c. 27,800 b. 28,700 c. 72,800 d. 87,200
WP = Q x H x γ x S.G
Q = WP / H x γ x S.G.
= 30,000 KN-m /sec / 110m x 1000 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/sec2 = 27.8 m3/sec
MR = 27.8m3/sec x 1000 kg/m3 = 27,800 kg/sec
21. A diesel engine is operating on a 4-stroke cycle, has a heat rate of 11,315.6 kJ/kWh brake. The
compression ratio is 13. The cut-off ratio is 2. Using k = 1.32, what is the brake engine
efficiency?
A. 63.5 B. 51.2 C. 73.5 D. 45.3
Solution:
e = cycle efficiency = W / Qa = 1 – 1 rck – 1
k–1
rk k(rc –1)

= 1 2 1.32 – 1 = 50.1%
0.32
13 1.32(2 –1)

eb = brake thermal efficiency = Wb / Qa = 3600 / HRb = 3600 / 11,315.6 = 31.81%

b = brake engine efficiency = Wb / W = eb / e = 0.3181 / 0.501 = 63.5%

22. A gas turbine unit operates at a mass flow of 30 kg/s. Air enters the compressor at a pressure of 1
bar and temperature of 15 C and is discharged from the compressor at a pressure of 10.5 bar.
Combustion occurs at constant pressure and results in a temperature rise of 420 K. If the flow
leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1.2 bar, determine: the net power output from the unit, KW
A. 4,388.74 B. 5,388.74 C. 6,388.74 D. 7,388.74
Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and  = 1.4
T2 = T1 (P2/P1)(-1)/  = 288 x (10.5)0.286 = 564.22K
T3 = 564.22 + 420 = 984.22K
T4 = T3 / (P3/P4)(-1)/  = 984.22 / (10.5/1.2)0.286 = 529.27 ºK

Wc = mCp(T2 – T1) = 30 x 1.005 x (564.22 – 288) = 8328 kW

WT = mCp(T3 – T4) = 30 x 1.005 x (984.22 – 529.29) = 13716.74 kW
WN = WT – WC = 13716.74 – 8328 = 5,388.74 kW

23. Steam enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 100 m/s and enthalpy of 1,300 KJ/kg
and leaves with an enthalpy of 1,100 KJ/kg. Neglecting heat transfer, what is the velocity
of steam at the nozzle outlet?
d. 720 b. 640 c. 580 d. 490
PE1 + KE1 + H1 = PE2 + KE2 +H2
∆KE = H1 – H2 = – ∆H
∆KE = – (1,100 – 1,300) = 200 kJ/kg
∆KE = 200,000 J/kg
 ∆KE = ½ (V22 –V12)
(V22 – V12 ) = 2 (∆KE) = 400,000 J/kg
V22 = 400,000 + (100)2 = 410,000
V2 = (410,000)1/2 = 640.3 m/sec

24. Calculate from the following data the kg of air per kg of fuel used by an automobile
engine: air temperature 21.50ºC, barometer 767.0 mm Hg, air entering 1.75 cu.m/min.,
measured gasoline 14.25 liters per hr, specific gravity of gasoline 0.735.
e. 12.125 b) 15.45 c) 14.45 d) 21.45
ma =PV/RT = 767 x 101.325/760) x 1.75/ 0.287)(294.5) = 2.11 Kg/min
mf = ρ x v =0.735 (1000) x (14.25)/1000(60) = 0.1746 kg/min
ra/f = 2.11 / 0.1746 = 12.125

25. An engine has an efficiency of 26%. It uses 2 gallons of gasoline per hour. Gasoline has a heating
value of 20,500 Btu/lb and a specific gravity of 0.8. What is the power output of the engine?
A. 20.8Kw B. 29Kw C. 19.8Kw D. 18.9Kw
Solution:
2 gal ft 3 0 .8 ( 62 . 4 ) lb lbs
mf = × × 3
=13 .346
hr 7 . 481 gal ft hr
Power Output=mf Qf ×eff
13 .346 lb hr 20500 Btu 1 .055 kj
Power Output= × × × ×0. 26
hr 3600 sec lb Btu
Power Output =20. 8 Kw
26. A diesel power station is to supply power demand of 30 KW. If the overall efficiency of the
power generating unit is 40%, calculate the amount of diesel oil required, kg/hr
A. 4.37 B. 6.37 C. 5.37 D. 7.37
Note: The calorific value of fuel oil used is 12,000 kcal/kg. 1 kWh = 860 kcal
Efficiency = Output / Input = 30 / 0.4 = 75 kW
Input per hour = 75 kW x 1 hr = 75 kWh
Since 1 kWh = 860 kcal then 75kWh x 860 kcal / kWh = 64,500 kcal
Fuel oil required = 64,500 kcal / 12,000 kcal/kg = 5.37 kg
27. A hydroelectric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity 6,000,000 m 3 at a head
of 170 m. Assume hydraulic efficiency of 80% and electrical efficiency of 90%. The fall in the
reservoir level after a load of 15 MW has been supplied for 3 hours, if the area of the reservoir is
2.5 sq. km is closest to:
A. 5.39 cm B. 5.98 C. 4.32 D. 4.83
Solution:
Output = Q w H h e
15,000 = Q (9.81) (170) (0.80) (0.90)
Q = 12,492 m3/ s
In 3 hours, volume of water consumed
= 12,492 m3/ s (3hrs) (3600sec/hr)
= 134,914 m3
Volume = area x height
 134,914 m3 = (2.5 x 106 m2) H
H = 0.0539m = 5.39cm
28. A hydro-electric plant having 50 sq. km reservoir area and 100 m head is used to generate power.
The energy utilized by the consumers whose load is connected to the power plant during a five-
hour period is 13.5 x 106 kwh. The overall generation efficiency is 75%. Find the fall in the
height of water in the reservoir after the 5-hour period.
A. 2.13 gpm B. 1.32 C. 3.21 D. 0.53
Solution:
Q = flow in m3/sec
Energy Output = Q()H x nT x Time
13.5 x 105 = Q(9.81)(100)(0.75)(5)
Q = 3,669.725 m3/sec

In 5 hours, the volume of water consumed:

V = 3,669.725(5 x 3600) = 66,055.050 m3
Volume = Area x Height
66,055,050 = (50 x 106)h h = 1.321 m
29. If 2 kg metal with 90 ºC temperatures is immersed into 4 kg of water at 11 ºC, what will
be the final temperature of the water after immersion? Cp (metal) = 0.913 KJ/kg-K
a) 18.77 C b) 19.88 c) 20.55 d) 21.22
(2)(0.913)(90 – Tf) = 4(4.4187)(Tf – 11)
1.826 (90 – Tf) = 16.748 (Tf – 11)
164.34 – 1.826 Tf = 16.748Tf – 184.228
Tf = 348.568 /18.574 = 18.77 0C