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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MAKING FERTILIZER

USING BAKING SODA
____________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
GE117 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
____________________________

By
Alisa, Princess Alliah R.
Khu, Cybelle Twain Joie M.
Nobleza, Althea M.
Novena, Jestrelle Emeterio.
Zagales, Cyril Josh D.

FEBRUARY 27 2024
BALDOQUIN, GINEVIC
GE117 INSTRUCTOR
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CHAPTER 1

The Problem and its Setting

Introduction

Organic fertilizers are readily available mineral sources that have a modest concentration
of vital minerals for plants. They have the ability to lessen issues related to synthetic fertilizers.
They lessen the need for frequent synthetic fertilizer applications to preserve soil fertility. They
preserve the nutritional balance necessary for crop plants to grow healthily by releasing nutrients
into the soil solution gradually. They also serve as a productive source of energy for soil
microorganisms, which enhance crop development and soil structure. Most people believe that
organic fertilizers release nutrients slowly and are rich in trace components. Compared to
chemical fertilizers, they are safer substitutes. However, over fertilization or nutritional
deficiencies in the soil result from using organic fertilizers improperly. Therefore, the gradual
application of organic fertilizers is a useful and cutting-edge strategy to mitigate these effects and
preserve the output of sustainable agriculture.

A significant factor in the rise in crop output is the application of fertilizers (Qu et al.,
2015). However, because of soil conditions, surface runoff, volatilization, and loss, fertilizers are
not fully utilized. Slow and controlled release fertilizers were created to increase the rate at
which fertilizer is utilized (Bi et al., 2021; Kareem et al., 2021). Furthermore, the primary
element limiting fertilizer efficiency is water resources. China has a large number of desert,
semi-arid, and arid regions. Relevant department figures show that north China has 580,000 km2
of water deficit and more than 53 million hectares of parched farmland. Crops only need between
1.7 and 2.2 kg/m2 of water resources (Li et al., 2019; Naz & Sulaiman, (2016); Li et al., 2019).

Not only does the low rate of use of water and fertilizer resources result in significant
waste of human, material, and financial resources, but some fertilizers have the potential to
contaminate drinking water, worsen the scarcity of water resources, and even be harmful to
human health when they seep into groundwater with precipitation (Cui et al., 2020; Xi & Zhang,
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2021). Thus, the primary obstacles to China's agricultural development are a lack of water and a
low rate of chemical fertilizer consumption (Gao et al., 2018). Improving the effectiveness of
using available water and fertilizer resources is a pressing issue in China and even globally. The
conventional method is Israel's "water fertilizer integration" concept, which uses dropper water
to address the issue of low water and fertilizer consumption.

The stringent requirements of this technology for water-soluble fertilizer solubility,

pipeline quality, and water quality will unavoidably drive up the cost of agricultural production
(Hua et al., 2021a, Hua et al., 2021b). It can therefore only be expanded to crops that have a high
economic value, and its further development to field crops is constrained by cost. The
development of controlled-release and slow-release fertilizers has created opportunities for
problem-solving. Long-term nutrient release, which balances the link between nutrient supply
and crop development, is a feature of slow-release/controlled release fertilizers (Wu et al., 2021).
Thus, reducing fertilization frequency, increasing nutrient use efficiency, and lowering
environmental.

Pollution is all major benefits of slow-release/controlled-release fertilizers (Arafa et al.,

2022). However, using Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) is a good method to increase the rate at
which water resources are used. Micro cross-linked hydrophilic polymer SAP has outstanding
water absorption and retention ability (Ros, 2019; Xie et al., 2013a, Xie et al., 2013b). It can
decrease irrigation water frequency, increase water efficiency, and hasten crop growth (Gao et
al., 2018; Garbowski et al., 2020). Furthermore, it is evident that fertilizer and water work in
concert. The problem of low water and fertilizer usage rate can be resolved and the synergistic
effect of water and fertilizer can be increased if SAP is provided with excellent nutrient slow
release capacity (Azam et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2021). Crustacean shells, including those of
shrimp and crabs, are rich in chitosan, the only naturally occurring alkaline polysaccharide in
nature (Negi et al., 2021; Solgi, 2018). It has the potential to enhance soil, reduce plant disease,
and encourage plant growth (Lu et al., 2023; Metwaly et al., 2023). The slow-release effect was
enhanced by adding more pore structures to the network of kaolin nanotubes by the modification
process using 3-mercaptotrimethoxysilane and sulfhydryl modified chitosan (Wang et al., 2020).
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A slow-release function of nitrogen was created by combining carboxymethyl chitosan with

polyvinyl alcohol/urea (Zhang et al., 2023); nevertheless, the short slow-release period of
nitrogen was primarily due to the presence of nutritional elements in Free states.

Thus, the ground-breaking focus of its study is on how to enhance the slow-release
performance of nutrients while integrating the superior water retention of modified chitosan. In
this work, modified chitosan and urea formaldehyde synthesis technologies were combined to
create nutrient water carrier (NC) fertilizer, a new class of all-inclusive slow-release fertilizer. A
new method for making water-retaining slow-release fertilizer was made possible by the NC
fertilizer, which not only demonstrated outstanding water retention performance but also
significantly enhanced nutrient slow-release performance. The creation of this product has
broadened the concept of creating functional fertilizers and given rise to a novel approach to
managing soil moisture and fertilizer for drought-prone agricultural output.

Background of the Study

Baking soda, also referred to as sodium bicarbonate, bicarbonate of soda, bicarb, or

carbonic acid monosodium salt, was first used to treat pyorrhea alveolaris in Europe as early as
1903 and then in the United States in 1911.6, 14 Dr. Jules Sarrazin, dean of the New Orleans
College of Dentistry, first recommended baking soda to be added to tooth powder in 1911
because it could polish teeth without causing abrasion to the tooth or gingiva.15 Because of its
lengthy history as a dentifrice agent, baking soda is one of the most thoroughly researched
abrasive agents.14 Early dentifrices with baking soda were advertised as anti-gingivitis, capable
of delaying the formation of calculus, and even for treating dentinal hypersensitivity.6, 16
Baking soda plus sodium fluoride in a dentifrice was proven to be just as effective for preventing
caries as professional application of 2% aqueous sodium fluoride.17 One disadvantage of the
original baking soda dentifrice combinations was that they tasted salty; however, this was later
remedied by adding different sweeteners and flavours. The literature has consistently shown
baking soda to be useful throughout the years. A dentifrice containing baking soda is a common
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product made by many major dentifrice producers, indicating its effectiveness as a tooth hygiene
aid.

The way that baking soda works Baking soda falls into the carbonate type of dentifrice
abrasives category. In addition to calcium carbonate. But baking soda and sodium fluoride mix
naturally, unlike calcium carbonate. Phosphates (calcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate
dehydrate), silicas, and alumina are other kinds of dentifrice abrasives. Mechanical abrasion is
the primary mode of action for dentifrice abrasives. For instance, because silica and alumina are
chemically inert, their only method of action is mechanical.18 In vitro research has demonstrated
the potential of phosphate dentifrice abrasives to help remineralize white-spot lesions; however,
their applicability for home use is limited because the pellicle must be removed in order for the
calcium and phosphate to reach the lesion.19 Additionally, while fluoride is acknowledged as the
most efficient facilitator for remineralization, certain formulations of phosphate dentifrice
abrasives are not naturally compatible with dentifrice containing sodium fluoride, hence reducing
the need of fluoride.

However, it has been discovered that baking soda has both mechanical and biological
modes of action and is fully compatible with sodium fluoride. A meta-analysis of six published,
independent, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trials was conducted to compare the
mechanical efficiency of dentifrices containing baking soda with other forms of dentifrices. It
was discovered that using dentifrices with baking soda often eliminated a lot more plaque than
using dentifrices without baking soda. The study also discovered that while other dentifrices
were less successful, the advantages of brushing with baking soda dentifrices were more
noticeable at less accessible places. It was determined that using baking soda dentifrices
improved plaque clearance in the tougher teeth statistically considerably to access dental regions
(P<.05).22

Research has demonstrated that baking soda causes a biological reaction that can directly
alter the Stephan Curve and help prevent caries in addition to the mechanical process of plaque
clearance. Enamel is known to have a critical pH of 5.1–5.5; when the oral cavity's pH drops
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below this range, enamel starts to demineralize. The pH drops quickly to 4.5 to 5.0 after eating
foods high in carbohydrates, and it usually takes 1 to 2 hours for the pH to return to normal.23
However, baking soda has the ability to buffer, so if it is applied soon after eating carbohydrates,
the pH of the plaque will return to normal, reducing the risk of caries.

In addition, employing baking soda dentifrice reduces the amount of minerals lost from
the enamel during the daily episodes of demineralization that occur with the ingestion of
different foods, according to an in situ study. The final plaque pH was raised to 8.3 by combining
baking soda with a 1,100 parts per million fluoride rinse, as opposed to 6.8 by fluoride alone.
Baking soda is known to provide extra protection against demineralization and caries by
lowering the oralpH.8, 12 Baking soda directly affects streptococcal plaque by increasing its
bicarbonate levels, enabling it to maintain a pH above the critical level during a sucrose insult.

One of the most important vegetables farmed worldwide, including in Iraq, is onion
leaves (Allium cepa L.). The country's cultivated area for green onions and shallots is 5,477
hectares, and its total production in 2021 was 60,442 tons (FAOSTAT, 2023). One of the earliest
vegetables, onions can be found in a variety of forms these days, including dried, pickled, frozen,
canned, and raw. Additionally, they are prepared with other ingredients to enhance flavour.
Additionally, onions help with digestion, blood sugar regulation, blood pressure regulation, heart
function regulation, and the treatment of hay fever and colds (Boras et al., 2014). Furthermore,
green onions are recommended to treat and prevent flu, lower artery-clogging cholesterol, and
shield people from heart disease (Nemtinov et al., 2021). Plant with onions many elements affect
the growth and creation of onion bulbs, but the most important ones are temperature and duration
of light, along with crop management practices like fertilizer and irrigation. Since onion roots
have a low density superficial architecture, they may eventually absorb more nutrients from the
soil, hence onion plants respond better to higher doses of different fertilizer elements. The only
way to accumulate the amounts of nutrients that diffuse from the soil solution into the root
system through the diffusion mechanism is to increase the rate of fertilization (Brewster, 2020).
Several nations have demonstrated the benefits of integrated use of organic and mineral
fertilizers for controlling soil fertility, and sensible and balanced application of NPK can result in
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sustained crop production. Many elements affect the growth and creation of onion bulbs, but the
most important ones are temperature and duration of light, along with crop management
practices like fertilizer and irrigation. Since onion roots have a low density superficial
architecture, they may eventually absorb more nutrients from the soil, hence onion plants
respond better to higher doses of different fertilizer elements. The only way to accumulate the
amounts of nutrients that diffuse from the soil solution into the root system through the diffusion
mechanism is to increase the rate of fertilization (Brewster, 2020). Several nations have
demonstrated the benefits of integrated use of organic and mineral fertilizers for controlling soil
fertility, and sensible and balanced application of NPK can result in sustained crop production.

Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

BAKING SODA POWDER FERTILIZER

 Fertilizer  Onion Leaves

 Anti Pesticide  Natural Water

In this figure, the researchers were promoting to launch the study to compare the fertilizer
using natural water and baking soda powder.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to find out the effect of baking soda powder banana as fertilizer on the
growth and anti-pesticide of the plant.
Specifically, the researchers will answer the following questions;

1. What is the impact of anti-pesticide between onion leaves as a fertilizer?

In terms of:
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1.1. Anti-pesticide
1.2. Onion leaves

2. What is the level of effectiveness of onion leaves between anti-pesticide as a fertilizer?

In terms of:

2.1. Onion leaves

2.2. Anti-pesticide

3. Is there significant after making fertilizer using baking soda powder with natural water to
anti pesticide?

Hypothesis

There is no significant between onion leaves and anti-pesticide as a fertilizer.

Scope and Delimitation

This work aims in studying the effectiveness of making fertilizer using of baking soda to
prevent the pesticide of onion leaves.
Baking soda fertilizer and onion leaves will serve as fertilizer in dealing with the
measurements on how to prevent the pesticide. They will also serve as fertilizer for onion leaves
to give the plant the nutrients required for growth. Using natural fertilizers like baking soda and
onion leaves can help prevent the need for chemical pesticides, as they provide essential
nutrients to the plant.
This method promotes healthy growth and can ultimately reduce the reliance on harmful
chemicals in gardening practices. In addition, natural fertilizers are environmentally friendly and
sustainable, making them a great alternative to chemical pesticides. By using baking soda and
onion leaves as fertilizer, gardeners can contribute to a healthier ecosystem and reduce their
impact on the environment.
In line with this, the researchers will collect some data from our research, which is the
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baking soda fertilizer's growth at Prk. 2-A Poblacion, South Cotabato. The following data will be
measured every two to three days. It will be the basis for examining the significant difference
between organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer.

The study's findings will also provide recommendations for appropriate plant fertilizers
that are creative, low-cost, and successful in plant development. This project will compile data
from observations and measurements of baking soda fertilizer.

The goal is to identify the most effective methods for using baking soda as a plant
fertilizer and to determine its impact on plant growth and health. This research will contribute
valuable insights into sustainable and affordable fertilization practices for gardeners and farmers
alike.

Significance of the Study

This study is useful for administrators, instructors, parents, students, researchers, and
other researchers. Furthermore, this study seeks to benefit and assist the persons listed below.

Cost-effective alternative: Baking soda is a low-cost and widely available household

commodity. If it works well as a fertilizer, it might be a cost-effective option for gardeners and
farmers.

Agriculturist: This helps agriculturists understand the influence of various fertilizers.

Farmers: Farmers have a significant effect on tomato production in the Philippines.

Farmers will gain knowledge about how their plants react to future natural or chemical fertilizer
applications as a result of this study.

Students: This research helps students have a better knowledge of the fertilizer to be
utilized.
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Researcher: This work is related to the researcher's area of specialty. This study enables
the researcher to better understand how to publish work, identify areas of interest, and, more
particularly, assess the differences in impacts between natural and artificial fertilizers.

Future Researchers: can build upon this study to further investigate the long-term
effects of different types of fertilizers on tomato production in the Philippines. Additionally, they
can explore how varying environmental conditions may influence the efficacy of these fertilizers
on crop yield.
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CHAPTER II

Methodology

This chapter presents the study's research methodology, which covers research design,
research tools, data collection procedures, data analysis, and ethical considerations.

Research Design
This study used a quantitative and descriptive correlative research design to collect
numerical data on the efficacy of baking soda fertilizer on onion leaf development and anti-
pesticide properties. Treatments will be applied to the onion leaves once every two to three days.

The Subject of the Study

The researchers aim to compare the effectiveness of the baking soda fertilizer for using
onion leaves as an anti-pesticide and for the growth of onion leaves. The study will be conducted
at Prk. 2-A Poblacion, South Cotabato City. The researchers will measure the growth rate, pest
resistance, and overall health of the onion leaves treated with baking soda fertilizer compared to
those untreated. This study will provide valuable insights for farmers looking for natural and
effective alternatives to chemical pesticides.

Research Instrument
The research instruments used in this study are baking soda as a fertilizer to experiment
with onion leaves as a growth and anti-pesticide and to determine its effectiveness in promoting
plant growth and repelling pests. The study aims to provide valuable insights on the potential
benefits of using baking soda as a natural fertilizer in agriculture.

General Procedure
The following steps were undertaken in preparation for planting the onion leaves:
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1.) Preparation of the Black Soil: first, the soil was tilled to ensure proper aeration and
drainage. Then, organic fertilizer was added to provide essential nutrients for healthy growth.

2.) Preparation of the Onion Leaves Plant: After the onion leaves were planted, they
were watered thoroughly to ensure proper hydration. Finally, a layer of mulch was applied
around the base of the plants to help retain moisture and suppress weed growth.

3.) Preparation of the Baking Soda Fertilizer to the Onion Leaves: Baking soda as a
fertilizer was also used sparingly to provide additional nutrients to the soil. After the onion
leaves were planted, it was important to provide adequate sunlight and ventilation to promote
healthy growth.

4.) Application of our Baking Soda Fertilizer to the Onion Leaves: application of
baking soda as a fertilizer to the onion leaves was done by mixing one tablespoon of baking soda
with one gallon of water. This mixture was then sprayed onto the onion leaves to provide
nutrients for healthy growth.

5.) Monitoring the Onion Leaves: finally, the onion leaves were monitored regularly to
ensure proper growth and development. It is important to follow recommended guidelines for
fertilizing plants to avoid over-fertilization.

6.) Make Sure Everything is Good: making sure everything is good with the soil quality
and watering schedule will also contribute to the overall success of the onion plants. Regular
observation and care will help maintain optimal conditions for the onion leaves to thrive.

Data Gathering Procedure

The following steps were undertaken in gathering the pertinent data for the study:

1.) Completely randomized design: The onion leaves and baking soda fertilizer will be placed
into a pot. Each sample plant has been evaluated, and all treatments will include soda fertilizer.
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2.) Data measurement: Every two to three days, the plant will be checked and measured for
growth and amount of fruits. Collecting the results of their progress every two to five days in
terms of growth, fruit count, and general fertilizer performance.

Statistical Tool

The data collected from plant samples will be processed and tabulated using an
appropriate statistical method.
The researcher will utilize t-tests to analyze and interpret the study's findings. The results
will then be compared to existing literature to draw conclusions and implications for further
research.

Analysis of Variance is one method: The results showed that baking soda was
significantly more effective as an anti-pesticide compared to its use as a fertilizer. This
information can be valuable for farmers looking to maximize the benefits of using baking soda in
their agricultural practices.

Ethical consideration

The researchers want to give farmers the credit they deserve for their efforts to preserve,
enhance, and provide plant fertilizer. Benefit sharing is the idea that traditional knowledge
belongs to the community and that they will profit from its commercialization. Additionally,
ethics ought to permeate the bureaucratic and scientific work cultures. ensuring that genetically
modified organisms do not harm native species, preventing contamination of non-GMO crops,
and minimizing the impact on soil health.
Another worry is genetic pollution or contamination: contamination of native
cultivars as a result of agricultural disturbance. It's also thought that transgenic contamination has
given rise to new illnesses.
Damage to other organisms: Excessive fertilizer application and poor plant care might
unintentionally cause harm to non-targeted species.
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CHAPTER III
RESULTS

The researchers will then observe the growth of the onion leaves over a period of several
weeks to determine the effects of the fertilization.

This experimental approach will provide valuable insights into how different treatments
impact plant growth and health.

Table 1: Showcase how baking soda works as a fertilizer and accelerates development in just one
to five days. The results indicated a significant increase in plant growth and health when baking
soda was used as a fertilizer. This demonstrates the potential for baking soda to be an effective
and quick-acting solution for promoting plant development.

Onion Leaves Mean Growth

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

1.2 cm 1.4 cm 1.8 cm 2.0 cm 2.0 cm

2.3 cm 2.5 cm 2.5 cm 2.7 cm 2.8 cm

The table 1 The mean growth of our onion leaf plant after five days to one week of each
treatment is displayed in Table 1. After a week, Treatment 2 shows the most growth, measuring
2.8 cm. However, after five days, Treatment 1 shows the lowest growth of 2.0 cm.
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Statistical Tool
A suitable statistical technique will be used to code and tabulate the data collected from
the plant samples. To ascertain the substantial distinction between using baking soda as a
fertilizer and onion leaves as an anti-pesticide, one method of analysis of variance will be
employed.
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CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

This chapter includes the following sections: Analysis, Interpretation, Conclusion,

Implication of Findings, and Justification of Results.

The researchers collected data on the growth of onion leaves every 2 to 3 days. The data
collected shows that after a week, the onion leaves had grown significantly taller. The days 4 and
5 were also the same, having a (2.0 cm) the same as the days 2 and 2, and the days 3 and 2 had a
significant increase in height (2.5 cm). However, by the end of week 2, the onion leaves had
grown a total of 2.8 cm in height. The researchers observed a consistent pattern of growth over
the two-week period, with noticeable differences in growth rates between specific days. This
data suggests that the onion leaves experienced a steady increase in height over time. The
researchers plan to continue monitoring the growth of the onion leaves to determine if the pattern
remains consistent in the following weeks. This study could provide valuable insights into the
factors influencing plant growth rates.

The researchers used one-way analysis of variance to determine the significant difference
between the treatments, which are onion leaves and baking soda as fertilizers. In regards to the
comparison, therefore, accept the hypothesis. There is no significant difference in the growth of
the plants when using onion leaves or baking soda as fertilizers. This suggests that both
treatments are equally effective in promoting plant growth. Additionally, the findings indicate
that both onion leaves and baking soda can be viable and cost-effective alternatives to traditional
fertilizers. Further research could explore the long-term effects of these natural fertilizers on
plant growth and soil health.
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The researcher hopes to provide answers to the following issues by determining the
various impacts that baking soda and onion leaves have on each other as a fertilizer and anti-
pesticide:

1. What is the impact of an anti-pesticide on onion leaves as a fertilizer?

In terms of:

1.1 Anti-pesticide:

There is no impact of the anti pesticide on onion leaves as a fertilizer.

1.2 Onion leaves:

there is also no impact of the onion leaves using the baking soda as a fertilizer .
However, more research is needed to determine the long-term effects.

2. What is the level of effectiveness of onion leaves as an anti-pesticide fertilizer?

In terms of:

2.1 Onion leaves:

The effectiveness of onion leaves is still being studied, and more research is needed to
fully understand its impact as a fertilizer.

2.2 Anti-pesticide:

the level of effectiveness of baking soda as a fertilizer is still being researched and may
vary depending on the specific pests present in the soil.
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3. Is there a significant difference after making fertilizer using baking soda powder with
natural water as an anti pesticide?

There is no significant impact on the pests after using baking soda powder as a fertilizer.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

1. Future researchers should enhance the study by including the yield, number of leaves, and
number of fruits to ensure research accuracy.
2. Future researchers' enhanced research that is pertinent to this study has to be made
commercially available to farmers, agriculturalists, and Department of Agriculture
representatives.
3. Future research should include exploring different planting techniques and analyzing the
impact of varying environmental conditions on crop growth. Additionally, collaborating with
local farmers and experts in the field can provide valuable insights and perspectives for further
research.

4. It is also recommended to conduct a long-term study to assess the sustainability of the

proposed planting techniques.

5. Furthermore, investigating the potential benefits of incorporating organic fertilizers or

sustainable farming practices could be valuable for improving crop yield and soil health in the
long run.

6. By considering these factors, researchers can develop comprehensive strategies to enhance

agricultural productivity while minimizing negative impacts on the environment.

7. Ultimately, this holistic approach to research can lead to more sustainable and efficient
farming practices for future generations.
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8. Implementing these findings into agricultural policies and practices can help ensure food
security and environmental conservation for years to come.

9. Collaborating with local farmers and stakeholders can also facilitate the adoption of
sustainable techniques and promote long-term success in agriculture.
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CHAPTER V
APPENDICES

MATERIALS THAT WE PREPARE BEFORE WE CONDUCT OUR EXPERIMENTAL

1.) The first material that the most important to our experimental is the alcohol.

2. ) The water of course this also the most important ingredients to our experimental.
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3.) The last is the baking soda powder, this is also the most important ingredient to complete our
experimental.
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References:

(Qu et al., 2015). However, because of soil conditions, surface runoff, volatilization, and loss,

fertilizers are not fully utilized. (Bi et al., 2021; Kareem et al., 2021). Furthermore, the primary

element limiting fertilizer efficiency is water resources. (Li et al., 2019; Naz & Sulaiman,

(2016); Li et al., 2019). Cui et al., 2020; Xi & Zhang, 2021). China's agricultural development

are a lack of water and a low rate of chemical fertilizer consumption (Gao et al., 2018). Hua et

al., 2021a, Hua et al., 2021b). s (Wu et al., 2021). Thus, reducing fertilization frequency,

increasing nutrient use efficiency, and lowering environmental. Pollution is all major benefits of

slow-release/controlled-release fertilizers (Arafa et al., 2022). Micro cross-linked hydrophilic

 South East Asian Institute of Technology, Inc.
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South Cotabato, Philippines

polymer SAP has outstanding water absorption and retention ability (Ros, 2019; Xie et al.,

2013a, Xie et al., 2013b). (Gao et al., 2018; Garbowski et al., 2020). SAP is provided with

excellent nutrient slow release capacity (Azam et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2021). alkaline

polysaccharide in nature (Negi et al., 2021; Solgi, 2018). It has the potential to enhance soil,

reduce plant disease, and encourage plant growth (Lu et al., 2023; Metwaly et al., 2023). Wang

et al., 2020). A slow-release function of nitrogen was created by combining carboxymethyl.

(Zhang et al., 2023); nevertheless, the short slow-release period of nitrogen was primarily due to

the presence of nutritional elements in Free states. One of the most important vegetables farmed

worldwide, including in Iraq, is onion leaves (Allium cepa L.). (Boras et al., 2014). shield

people from heart disease (Nemtinov et al., 2021). The only way to accumulate the amounts of

nutrients that diffuse from the soil solution into the root system through the diffusion mechanism

is to increase the rate of fertilization (Brewster, 2020).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Literature Review------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Conceptual Framework----------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Statement of the Problem-------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Significance of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------------13
CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY
Research Design------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Research Instrument-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
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Data Gathering Procedure------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

Data Analysis (Statistical) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Ethical Considerations------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18
CHAPTER III
Presentation of Data ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
Textual Presentation of Key Findings --------------------------------------------------- 19
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION
Analysis------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Interpretation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
Conclusions-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Recommendation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23
Appendices -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
References -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30