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Notes On Problem Solving and Creativity

The document discusses problem solving and defines it as a cognitive process directed at achieving a goal without an initial known solution. It outlines the four elements of problem solving and describes types of problems and the problem solving cycle. The document also discusses barriers to problem solving and the role of creativity in problem solving.

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charisse antonio
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15 views

Notes On Problem Solving and Creativity

The document discusses problem solving and defines it as a cognitive process directed at achieving a goal without an initial known solution. It outlines the four elements of problem solving and describes types of problems and the problem solving cycle. The document also discusses barriers to problem solving and the role of creativity in problem solving.

Uploaded by

charisse antonio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBLEM SOLVING

•REFERS TO COGNITIVE PROCESSING DIRECTED AT ACHIEVING A GOAL FOR WHICH THE PROBLEM
SOLVER DOES NOT INITIALLY KNOW A SOLUTION METHOD.
Four elements (Mayer, 1992;Mayer & Wittrock, 2006)
This definition consists of the four elements (Mayer, 1992; Mayer & Wittrock, 2006), namely:
1. Cognitive.
Problem solving occurs within the problem solver’s cognitive system and can only be inferred indirectly
from the problem solver’s behaviour.
2. Process
Problem solving involves mental computation in which operation is applied to a mental representation,
sometimes resulting in the creation of new mental representation.
3. Directed
Problem solving is aimed at achieving a goal.
4. Personal
Problem solving depends on the existing knowledge of the problem solver so that what is problem for
one problem solver may not be a problem for someone who already knows a solution method.
Types of Problem
Well-defined
Ill-defined

Problem-solving cycle
Step 1: Iderntify the problem and opportunities
Step 2. Define goals
Step 3. Explore possible strategies.
Step 4. Anticipate outcome and act
Step 5. Look back and learn

BARRIERS TO PROBLEM SOLVING


In the search for alternative strategies to solve the problem, the individuals finds difficulty in coming up
With a potential solution because of varied reasons. Anderson (1996) listed some of these and they are
as follows:
1. MENTAL SET
2. FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS
3. DISTINGUISHMENT

CREATIVITY IN PROBLEM SOLVING


- Way of using your creativity to develop ideas and solving a problem.
Stages of Creative Process
•Stage 1: Preparation
•Stage 2: Incubation
•Stage 3: Illumination
•Stage 4: Verification
Transfer of learning in problem solving and creativity
Categories:
1. Near Transfer and far transfer - when the learners apply knowledge and skills in situations and
context that are
very close to those in which the learning occurred, it is near transfer. When learners perform a skill in a
context
very different from the context it was learned, it is far transfer (Johnson, 1995).
2. Positive and negative transfer - when learners can use their prior knowledge or experience in solving
new
Problem situation, it is positive transfer. When the previous
learning or skill obstructs the acquisition of a new skill or the solving of problem, it is negative transfer.
3. Vertical and lateral transfer – Use of learning at a low level to perform tasks. (Vertical)
Use the same skill to solve related but different problems. (Lateral)
4. Neutral or zero transfer - this happens when past learning or prior experience does not enhance or
hinder the acquisition of a new skill or in the solution of the problem.

Theories on how learning is transferred from on situation to another


1. Theory of Identical Elements (Thorndike)
Maintains that the quality of transfer depends on the
identical elements that are common in both past and new
situations, If the content, method, goal, and attitude in the two situations are similar, the transfer is
facilitated.
2. Theory of Generalization (Judd)
• States that skill learned are transferrable to other situations. It argues that if the learner has fully
understood
the lesson and mastered the competency, there is a greater likelihood that such skill can be transferred
to a sinilar
situation.
3. Theory of Configuration
• Anchored on Gestalt psychology, emphasizes the important role of perception in transfer of learning,
It argues that what is learned in one situation can be shifted directly to another situation only when
similarity in content, method, or attitude of the two situations is perceived by the learner.

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