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Basic Concepts Of Java

 Why Java?
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1-First Step For Programming

2-Books in Data Structure & Design Pattern , …
3-Using in Mobile Development ,Backend ,Desktop app,etc..
4-White-box Testing & Test Automation (Testing)
 About Java
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• Object-oriented
• Compiled and Interpreted
• Secure
• Multi-threaded
• Garbage collected
• No support for multiple inheritance
 How to use Java?
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1-Download Java
Download Java for Windows
2-Download an IDE
Eclipse Downloads | The Eclipse Foundation
Apache NetBeans Releases
Download IntelliJ IDEA: The Capable & Ergonomic Java IDE by JetBrains
Or any other IDE
 Java Hierarchy
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• A package is a group of Classes

• Each java program contains at least one class
• Each program should include only one main method

• Class
Package

• Class
• Class
 Main Method
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• Public: anyone can access it

• Static: method can be run without creating an instance of
the class containing the main method
• Void: Method doesn’t return any value
• Main: the name of the method
• Main parameters: is an array of strings called args
Every Command in Java must end with Semicolon
 8

First Java Program

 Displaying Messages on Screen
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• System is a class
• Out is a stream
• Println is a method that prints a line of text to the screen
 Comments
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• Comments are used to explain what the code is doing

Single-line vs. multi-line comments
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Single-line Multi-line
comments comments
 Exercise
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• Write a program to print an error message to the user

“username or password is not correct, please try again.”
 Exercise
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• Write a program that prints two sentences to welcome

the user, each sentence is in a new line.
 Variables
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• Variables are containers for storing data values.

• Variable declaration: int age ;
• Variable initialization: age = 20 ;
 Code Convention
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• Variables - Functions >> camelCase

• Classes >> PascalCase
 Data types
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• Byte

• 8-bit
• Example: byte a = 10
 Data types
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• Short

• 16-bit
• Example: short s = 10000
 Data types
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• int

• 32-bit
• Example: int a = 100000
 Data types
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• long

• 64-bit
• Example: long a = 100000;
 Data types
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• float

• 32-bit
• Example: float f1 = 234.5f;
 Data types
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• double

• 64-bit
• Example: double d1 = 123.4;
 Data types
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• boolean

• Boolean represents one bit of information

• Has only two possible values [true & false]
• True = 1 , False = 0
• Example: boolean one = true
 Data types
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• char

• Used to store single characters

• Example: char letter = ‘A’;
 Data types
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• String

• Used to store more characters

• Example: String str = ‘Ahmed Ashraf’;
 **Note**
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• Final

• Used to store constants can be assigned only once

• Example: final int x = 10 ;
 Data types
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Primitive Non-Primitive(Reference)
• Limited • Not Limited
• Byte • String
• Short • Arrays
• Int • Objects
• Long
• Float
• Double
• Char
• Boolean
 Exercise
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• Write a program which creates three variables: student

name, graduation year, & letter grade. Then print the
three values.
Getting input from user
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 Exercise
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• Write a program which takes the user name and year of

birth, and outputs a message welcoming the user and
telling him his age.
 Mathematical operations
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• Java provides a rich set of operators to use in manipulating variables. A value

used on either side of an operator is called an operand.

• Java arithmetic operators:

+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modulo
 Exercise
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• A student scored 45 in subject 1 and 53 in subject 2.

• Write a program that prints the total score of the two
subjects and the average score of the student in the two
subjects.
 Increment & Decrement
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• Increment is used to increase the value by one

• Decrement is used to decrease the value by one
Example:
int x = 5 ;
x=x+1;
Can be replaced with this code:
int x = 5 ;
x++ ;
 Prefix & Postfix
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• ++X & --Y are examples of prefix

• X-- & Y++ are examples of postfix

• Example 1: • Example 2:
int x = 34; int x = 34;
int y = ++x; int y = x++;
 Assignment Operators 34

(+=) (-=) (*=) (/=)

int num1 = 2 ;

num2 + = num1 ;
 35

Conditionals
 If Statement
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If the if statement’s condition expression evaluates to true, the block of code

inside the if statement is executed

Comparison Operators
Less than <
Greater than >
Not equal to !=
Equal to ==
Less than or equal to <=
Greater than or equal to >=
If Statement
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If - Else Statement
If – Else If Statements
Nested if Statements
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Combining more than one condition

! NOT Reverse the condition from true to false or

false to true
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Switch Statement
control statement allows us to make a
Switch statement decision from the number of choices
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If don’t match with any case .. Default case will run
 Example 44

Write a program that asks the user to enter two numbers.

Then it displays the following menu, then acts accordingly:

Enter your choice:

1-Add two numbers

2-Get the Subtract of two numbers

3-Get the multiply of two numbers

(With If Statement & Switch Statement)

**The program should show an error message for invalid inputs**

 45

Loops
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Important Note

Count start from 0 in programming

 For Loop
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• The most popular looping methods

Example
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1-Write a program that prints out numbers from 0 to 10 in ascending order

2-Write a program that prints out numbers from 0 to 10 in descending order

 While Loop
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Some times we need to repeat some tasks.

Ex: Print numbers from 1 to 100.
While Loop
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 51

Do .. While Loop
• Do at least one iteration even condition is false
 Nested Loops
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If a loop exists inside the body of another loop, it's called a nested loop
 Example
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Use the nested loop to iterate through each day of a week for 3 weeks
 Break & Continue
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1-Break Statement
The break statement is typically used to exit early from a loop ( for , while , do while)
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2-Continue Statement
The continue statement skips the remaining statements and go to the next iteration
Example
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Write a program to print the numbers from 1 to 10 using:

-While Loop
-For Loop
-Do…While loop
 Examples
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1-Write a program to calculate the sum of first 10 natural number.

2-Write a program that prints the sum of the even and odd integers.

3-Write a do-while loop that asks the user to enter two numbers. The numbers should be

added and the sum displayed. The loop should ask the user if he wishes to perform the

operation again. If so, the loop should repeat; otherwise it should terminate
 58

Functions(Methods)
Function
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Block of statements that perform a specific task.

 Why Function ?
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1-Avoid rewriting the same code over and over.

2-Easy maintenance for programs.

Tips
1- Function should be for only one specific task

2-Don’t write functions that are called only once.

Function Definition
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Write a function that adds two integers

and returns their sum
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Write a function that compares three numbers

and returns the smallest one of them
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Write a function that takes three numbers and

returns their average
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Write a function that takes any number of values

and returns their average
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 Function Types
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Built-in Functions User-Defined Functions

abs (int number ) • Value returning functions : have a return type

pow (double base , double exponent ) • Ex : int sum (int x,int y);
floor (double number • Void functions : do not have a return type
sqrt (double number • Ex: void printInfo ();
…. etc.

Note:
Parameter Arguments
• In function declaration • In function call
 abs method
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Returns the absolute value of a number

 ceil method
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returns the double value that is greater than or equal to the

argument and is equal to the nearest mathematical integer
 floor method
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returns the double value that is less than or equal to the

argument and is equal to the nearest mathematical integer
 round method
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returns the closest long to the argument

 sqrt method
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Returns the square root of the number

 pow method
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used to calculate a number raise to the power of some other number

 random method
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used to calculate a number raise to the power of some other number

(random()*((max-min)+1))+min;
int r = (int) (random()*((max-min)+1))+min;
 max method
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Returns the maximum value of two values

max(3,5)
max(2,(max(3,5))
 Method Overloading
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If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in

parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.
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In this example, we have three

methods withs the same name,
but three different
implementations
83

Use overloading to return the total of customer’s order.

If the order is done using delivery, the delivery cost is added to the total
If the user uses a promocode, he gets a discount of 2 USD
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Scope of a variable
Local variable : declared within a function (or block)

Global variable: declared outside of every function definition.

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Example
Calculate and print out The sum and the Average of 3 student marks.

calculateSum()
Hint:
calculateAverage()
print ()
 87

Arrays
 Arrays
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An object which contains elements of a similar data type

Syntax
data_type [ ] arrayName = new data_type [ Size ]

• Data_type : the data type of the array, which is the same type of all elements in the array.
• arrayName : is the reference variable.
• new : operator for initiation array
• Size : the number of elements in the array (must be int).
 Example 89

int [ ] arr = new int [ 5 ]

• int : the data type of the array.

• arr : the name of the array
• new : operator for initialization array
• 5 : the number of elements in the array
 90
**Using Constants as Sizes**
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**Using Expressions as Sizes**
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Accessing array Elements

arrayName[index]

Example: int list[10] ;

list[5] = 20;
 93
Array Initialization
• Arrays can be initialized during declaration : In this case, it is not necessary to specify the size of
the array.
• Example 1: int items [ ] = { 1 , 2 ,3,4,5 }
• Example 2 : int items [ ] = { 5 , 7 , 10 }

**Also you can use the For .. Loop to initialize it with values submitted after declaring the array**

for (int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++)

//process list[i];
94
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Use Loop
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Example
Write a program that ask the user to enter 10 Employee salaries and store them.

Write a program that ask the user to enter 10 Employee salaries and store them
then add a bonus of 10 for each employee and print out salary after adding
bonus
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Array as a Parameter to Function

The size of the array is usually passed as a parameter to the function.
 98

Example

Write a program that uses a function to search for an item within an

array
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Two Dimensional Array

It’s look like matrix in math

For Example : to store 4 Marks for 5 students.

mark1 mark2 mark3 mark4

Std1

Std2

Std3

Std4

Std5
Two dimensional Array declaration 100

data_type [][] arrayName = new data_type [rows]

[columns]
Example
float [][] arr = new float [6] [4];
Two dimensional Array Initialization 101

arr [5] [3]=10;

10
 Two dimensional Array Initialization 102

• Arrays can be initialized during declaration : In this case, it is not necessary to specify the size of
the array.
• float marks [4 ][3 ] ={{ 20,30,35},
{40,45,65},
{60,65,75},
{80,65,45}};

**Also you can use the two nested For .. Loop to initialize it with values submitted after declaring the
array**

for (int row = 0 ; row < 6;row ++)

for (int col = 0 ; col < 4 ; col++)
//process arr[row][col];
 103

Example

Write a program that build a matrix of 5 rows and 3 columns As the use to enter
the values for all the matrix items print out the sum of all matrix items and print
out the sum of the diagonal items
 104

Two dimensional Array as a Parameter to Function

The size of the array is usually passed as a parameter to the function.
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Handling Exceptions
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 107

Handling Exceptions
• An exception is an object that is generated as the result of an error or an unexpected
event.

int x = 5 , y = 0 ;
System.out.println (x/y);
Error

• Java allows you to create exception handlers.

 108

Handling Exceptions
• To handle an exception, you use a try statement.
try
{
(try block statements...)
}
catch (ExceptionType ParameterName)
{
(catch block statements...)
}

• A catch clause appears.

• ExceptionType :is the name of an exception class and
• ParameterName :is a variable name which will reference the exception object if the code
in the try block throws an exception.
• The code in the catch block is executed if the try block throws an exception.
 109

Exception Handlers
• There can be many polymorphic catch clauses.
 110

The finally Clause

• The statements in the finally block execute whether an exception occurs or not.
• finally clause must appear after all of the catch clauses.

try
{
(try block statements...)
}
catch (ExceptionType ParameterName)
{
(catch block statements...)
}
finally
{
(finally block statements...)
}