Problem 3:

Summarized demand:
2
d T
Given: 2
=−f ( x)
dx
With f ( x )=25℃ /m2
Boundary conditions: T ( x=0 )=40℃ , T ( x=10 )=200 ℃
Step size: h=∆ x=2
Find temperature distribution.
a) The shooting method
Theory:
Given: y ”+ p (x) y ’ +q (x) y=r ( x ) with y ( a ) =γ 1 , y ( b )=γ 2
Supply initial conditions (Initial Value Problem - IVP)
y ”(x)+ p ( x ) y ’ (x)+q ( x ) y ( x)=f ( x )
y ( a ) =γ 1 , y ' ( a )=α
Divide [a , b ¿ equally into n subintervals with step size h: x 0=a , x k =x 0 + kh ,
b−a
(k =1 ,2 , … , n−1), x n=b with h=
n
Solve IVP to get the solution at y(b)

Finding suitable slope by Boundary Value Problem (BVP):

y ”(x)+ p ( x ) y ’ (x)+q ( x ) y ( x)=f ( x ) (a< x <b)
y ( a ) =γ 1 , y ( b )=γ 2
Use BVP as a system with α is assumed initial number:
'
y =z , y ( a )=γ 1 z ' =f ( x )− p ( x ) z −q ( x ) y , z ( a )= y ' ( a )=α
IVP can be solved by using method such as Runge-Kunta, Taylor-Seried…
The final target of the shooting method is find y ( b ; α )=γ 2 so that
| y ( b ; α )− y ( b )|< ε (acceptable error)
- The solution can be written like this (Euler’s formula):
∅ (α )= y ( b ; α )− y ( b )=0
α n−α n−1
α n+1=α n − ∗ ∅ (α n )
∅ ( α n )− ∅ ( α n−1 )
(α 0 , α 1 need ¿ be assumed ¿
+ IVP1: y ”(x)+ p ( x ) y ’ (x)+q ( x ) y ( x)=f ( x )
y ( a ) =γ 1 , y ' ( a )=α 0
+ IVP2: y ”(x)+ p ( x ) y ’ (x)+q ( x ) y ( x)=f ( x )
'
y ( a ) =γ 1 , y (a)=α 1
+ Solve IVP1 and IVP2 to get y ( b ; α 0 ) and y ( b ; α 1 )
∅ (α 0 )= y ( b ; α 0 )−γ 2
∅ ( α 1 )= y ( b ; α 1 )−γ 2
α n−α n−1
+ Use α n+1=α n − ∗∅ (α n ) to find α 2
∅ ( α n )− ∅ ( α n−1 )
 + Solve IVP3: y ” ( x ) + p ( x ) y ’ ( x ) +q ( x ) y ( x )=f ( x )
y ( a ) =γ 1 , y ' ( a )=α 2
+ Check if | y ( b ; α 2 )−γ 2|< ε , if not, then refine α via
α n−α n−1
α n+1=α n − ∗∅ (α n )
∅ ( α n )− ∅ ( α n−1 )

Solution:
Choose α 0=110 , α 1=120
'
z =T = {{d} ^ {2} T} over {d {x} ^ {2}} =- f(x) =-2
T 0=T ( 0 )=40, T 1=T (2) , T 2=T (4),T 3=T (6),T 4=T (8), T 5=T ( 10 )=200
T n+1=T n +h z n=T n +2 z n
'
z n+1=z n +h z =z n +2∗(−25 )=z n−50
- With α 0=110=z 0
T 1=T 0+ 2 z 0=40+2∗110=260
z 1=z 0−50=110−50=60
T 2=T 1 +2 z 1=260+2∗60=380
z 2=z 1−50=60−50=10
T 3=T 2+2 z 2=380+2∗10=400
z 3=z 3−50=10−50=−40
T 4=T 3 +2 z3 =400+2∗(−40)=320
z 4 =z 4−50=−40−50=−90
T 5=T 4 +2 z 4=320+2∗(−90)=140
∅ ( α 0 )= y ( b ; α 0 ) − y ( b )=140−200=−60

- With α 1=120= z0
T 1=T 0+ 2 z 0=40+2∗120=280
z 1=z 0−50=120−50=70
T 2=T 1 +2 z 1=280+2∗70=420
z 2=z 1−50=70−50=2 0
T 3=T 2+2 z 2=420+2∗20=46 0
z 3=z 3−50=20−50=−3 0
T 4=T 3 +2 z3 =460+2∗(−30)=40 0
z 4 =z 4−50=−30−50=−8 0
T 5=T 4 +2 z 4=400+2∗(−80)=2 40
∅ ( α 1 )= y ( b ; α 1 )− y ( b ) =240−200=40

α 1 −α 0 120−110
α 2=α 1− ∗∅ ( α 1 )=120− ∗40=116
∅ ( α 1 ) −∅ ( α 0 ) 40−(−60 )

- With α 2=116=z 0
T 1=T 0+ 2 z 0=40+2∗116=272
 z 1=z 0−50=116−50=66
T 2=T 1 +2 z 1=272+2∗66=404
z 2=z 1−50=66−50=16
T 3=T 2+2 z 2=404+2∗16=436
z 3=z 3−50=16−50=−34
T 4=T 3 +2 z3 =436+ 2∗(−34)=368
z 4 =z 4−50=−34−50=−84
T 5=T 4 +2 z 4=368+2∗(−84)=200
∅ ( α 2 )= y ( b ; α 2 )− y ( b )=200−200=0

 So the temperature distribution:

T 0=T ( 0 )=40℃
T 1=T ( 2 )=272℃
T 2=T ( 4 )=404 ℃
T 3=T ( 6 )=436 ℃
T 4=T ( 8 )=368 ℃
T 5=T ( 10 )=20 0 ℃

Code (Matlab):
%Input data.
x0=0;
xn=10;
T=40;
Tn=200;
dz=-25;
h=2;
i=int64((xn-x0)/h);
T0=T;T1=T;
%Input different random values of z0 and z1.
z00=input('input an assumed value of z0');
z01=input('input an assumed value of z1');
%Loop from a=1 to a=5 to find T0, T1, phi0 and phi1.
z0=z00; z1=z01;
for a=1:i
T0=T0+2*(z0-(a-1)*50); T1=T1+2*(z1-(a-1)*50);
%Save every value of T0 and T1 from loop.
m(1,a)=T0; n(1,a)=T1;
phi0=T0-Tn; phi1=T1-Tn;
%If phi0=0 then display every value of T0 from loop to screen.
if phi0==0
disp(m(1,a));
%If phi1=0 then display every value of T1 from loop to screen.
elseif phi1==0
disp(n(1,a));
%If phi0, phi1 <> 0 then compute initial z2 from initial z1 and z0.
else
z02=z01-(z01-z00)*phi1/(phi1-phi0);
end
end
%Loop from b=1 to b=5 to find T2 and phi2.
z2=z02;T2=T;
 for b=1:i
T2=T2+2*(z2-(b-1)*50);
phi2=T2-Tn;
%Save every value of T2 from loop.
x(1,b)=T2;
end
%If phi2=0 then display every value of T2.
if phi2==0
for b=1:i
disp(x(1,b));
end
else
disp('input other z0 and z1');
end

Code output:

With z 0=110 , z 1=120 :

With z 0=10 , z 1=20:
With z 0=300 , z 1=200:
 b) The finite-difference method
Theory:
The boundary problem related to linear second order differential equation:
p(x ) y ”(x)+q ( x ) y ’(x )+r ( x ) y (x )=f ( x )
a< x< b
y ( a ) =α , y ( b )= β
Divide [a , b ¿ equally into n subintervals with step size h: x 0=a , x k =x 0 + kh ,
b−a
(k =1 ,2 , … , n−1), x n=b with h=
n
At nodes x k (k =1 ,2 , … , n−1) inside interval [a , b ¿, use centered difference formula:
'
y ( x k+1 )− y ( x k−1 ) y k+1− y k−1
y ( xk) ≈ =
2h 2h
} left ({x} rsub {k} right ) ≈ {y left ({x} rsub {k+1} right ) -2y( {x} rsub {k} )+ y left ({x} rsub {k-1} right )} over {{h} ^ {2}} = {{y} rsub {k+1} -2 {y} rsub {k} +
y

Solution:
} left ({x} rsub {k} right ) = {T left (x+∆x right ) -2T(x)+ T left (x-∆x right )} over {( {∆x)} ^ {2}} =-f left (x right ) =-2¿
T
- With x=2 , ∆ x=2:
T ( x+ ∆ x )−2 T ( x)+T ( x−∆ x )
¿¿
 T ( 4 ) −2T ( 2 )+ 40=−100
 T ( 4 ) −2T ( 2 )=−14 0 (1)
- With x=4 , ∆ x=2:
T ( x+ ∆ x )−2 T ( x)+T ( x−∆ x )
¿¿
 T ( 6 )−2 T ( 4 ) + y ( 2 )=−100 (2)
- With x=6 , ∆ x=2:
T ( x+ ∆ x )−2 T ( x)+T ( x−∆ x )
¿¿
 T ( 8 )−2 T ( 6 )+ y ( 4 )=−100 (3)
- With x=8 , ∆ x=2:
T ( x+ ∆ x )−2 T ( x)+T ( x−∆ x )
¿¿
 200−2T ( 8 ) +T ( 6 )=−100
 −2 T ( 8 ) +T ( 6 )=−30 0 (4)
- From (1), (2), (3), (4), using Casio we have:
T ( 2 ) =272
T ( 4 ) =404
T ( 6 )=436
T ( 8 )=368
 So the temperature distribution:
T 0=T ( 0 )=40℃
T 1=T ( 2 )=272℃
T 2=T ( 4 )=404 ℃
T 3=T ( 6 )=436 ℃
T 4=T ( 8 )=368 ℃
 T 5=T ( 10 )=20 0 ℃

Code (Matlab):
syms T2 T4 T6 T8 %List the variables.
pt1=-2*T2+T4==-140; %Equation 1 from the finite methods.
pt2=T2-2*T4+T6==-100; %Equation 2 from the finite methods.
pt3=T4-2*T6+T8==-100; %Equation 3 from the finite methods.
pt4=T6-2*T8==-300; %Equation 4 from the finite methods.

eq=[pt1,pt2,pt3,pt4];
var=[T2,T4,T6,T8];
[T2,T4,T6,T8]=solve(eq,var) %Solve and display the answer.

Code output:

 The output are:

T ( 2 ) =272
T ( 4 ) =404
T ( 6 )=436
T ( 8 )=368