Chapter 5

by
Mahmoud Ossaimee
Professor
Eng. Physics Dept.
[email protected]
Room 119
 Course Contents
Chapter Course Content
1 Force, Work and Energy
2 Simple Harmonic Motion
3 Mass-Spring System
4 Damped Oscillation
5 Forced Vibration and Resonance
6 Superposition of Simple Harmonic Motions
7 Wave Motion
8 Mechanical and Sound Waves
9 Wave Reflection and Interference
10 Wave Diffraction
2
 Chapter 5
Force 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑜 cos Ω𝑡
Vibration and
Resonance

3
Forced Oscillation
It is possible to produce and maintain simple harmonic motion of
an object by applying an addition of external sinusoidal force on it
If this force has an amplitude 𝐹𝑜 and angular frequency  then :
F = Fo cos ( Ωt )

Hence, Newton's second law can be written as: mx = −rx − kx + Fo cos ( Ωt )

r k F
or x=− x − x + o cos ( Ωt )
m m m
k r
Put = o2 (o  natural angular frequency ) , = 2
m m

Fo
Equation of motion will be x = −02 x − 2 x + cos ( Ωt )
m

4
 𝐹𝑜
Let the solution of differential equation 𝑥ሷ = −𝜔02 𝑥 − 2𝛼𝑥ሶ + cos Ωt
𝑚
Steady
state
be in theform x = A cos ( Ωt − Φ ) = A cos Ωt cos Φ + sin Ωt sin Φ  solution

so x = − AΩsin ( Ωt − Φ ) = − AΩ sin Ωt cos Φ − cos Ωt sin Φ 

and x = − AΩ 2 cos ( Ωt − Φ ) = − Ω 2 x

By substituting 𝑥ሷ in the differential equation

F
− Ω 2 x = −02 x − 2 x + + o cos ( Ωt )
m
(02 − Ω2 ) x + 2 x = + Fo
m
cos ( Ωt )

By substituting 𝑥 and 𝑥ሶ in the differential equation

(2
0 − Ω 2 ) A cos Ωt cos Φ + sin Ωt sin Φ  − 2 AΩ sin Ωt cos Φ − cos Ωt sin Φ  =
Fo
m
cos ( Ωt )

the coefficients of cos t

(02 − Ω2 ) A cosΦ +2 AΩsin Φ = Fo
m
(1)
and sin  t in both sides
of the last equation will ( 2
0 − Ω 2 ) A sin Φ −2 AΩ cos Φ = 0 (2)
be the same.
5
 (02 − Ω2 ) A cosΦ +2 AΩsin Φ = Fo
m
(1)

(2
0 − Ω 2 ) A sin Φ −2 AΩcosΦ = 0 (2)

By squaring Eq. (1) and Eq. (2), then adding

Fo 2
( 2
0 −Ω )
2 2
A cos Φ +(2 AΩ) sin Φ+2 Ω ( − Ω ) A cos Φ sin Φ = 2
2 2 2 2 2
0
m
2 2

(02 − Ω2 ) A2 sin 2 Φ +(2 AΩ)2 cos2 Φ -2 Ω (02 − Ω2 ) A2 cos Φ sin Φ = 0

2

Fo 2
( 2
0 −Ω )
2 2
A 2
+ (2 AΩ) 2
+0 = 2
m
Fo 2
A (0 − Ω ) + (2 Ω) = 2

2 2 2 2 2 
A
  m

Form Eq. (2) ( 2

0 − Ω 2 ) A sin Φ = 2 AΩcosΦ Φ

6
 By squaring Eq. (1) and Eq. (2), then adding
Fo 2
(2
0 −Ω )
2 2
A cos Φ +(2 AΩ) sin Φ+2 Ω ( − Ω ) A cos Φ sin Φ = 2
2 2 2 2 2
0
m
2 2

(02 − Ω2 ) A2 sin 2 Φ +(2 AΩ)2 cos2 Φ -2 Ω (02 − Ω2 ) A2 cos Φ sin Φ = 0

2

Fo 2
(2
0 −Ω )
2 2
A 2
+ (2 AΩ) 2
+0 = 2
m
2
A  ( − Ω ) + (2 Ω)  = o2
2 2 2 2 2 F
 0  m
The amplitude of forced vibration
Fo
A=
(02 − Ω2 ) + (2 Ω)2
2
m

From Eq. (2) ( 2

0 − Ω 2 ) A sin Φ = 2 AΩ cos Φ

2 Ω
tan Φ =
(02 − Ω2 )
7
 Complete Solution
❑ It is very important here to note that the solution we got so far is called the “steady state
solution”. This is the solution of the form 𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(Ω𝑡 − Φ). This is not the complete
solution of the equation of motion
❑ The other part of the solution is the “transient solution” which takes the form studied
under the damped oscillation topic. This part is 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑒−𝛼𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙), where. The
amplitude of the transient solution takes the symbol 𝐷 to distinguish it from the amplitude
of the steady state solution, 𝐴.
❑ Then the complete solution is

8
Behaviour of displacement Amplitude with force A=
( 2
0
Fo

)
m  −Ω 2 + (2Ω) 2
2

angular frequency  Amax (Amplitude

at Resonance)

Fo
A=
m (
2
0 −Ω )
2 2
+ (2 Ω) 2

Fo/k

The next Fig. depicts the variation of the amplitude (A) versus the 0 A

driving angular frequency 

Fo Fo
• When  → 0 A= =
mo k

• When  → ∞ A =0

9
• The amplitude of the motion is maximum at a certain driving
Fo
A=
( )
m  −Ω 2 + (2Ω) 2
2
2
0

angular frequency Ω𝐴 which marks a phenomenon called the

Amax (Amplitude
“Displacement Resonance” at Resonance)

dA 𝑑𝐴 𝑑 [ 𝐹𝑜
=0 = ]=0
𝑑Ω 𝑑Ω 𝑚 2
dΩ 𝜔02 − Ω2 +(2𝛼Ω)2

( )
−
1
− Fo    m (02 − Ω A 2 ) + (2 Ω A ) 2    2 (02 − Ω A 2 )  ( −2Ω A ) +4 Ω A  2  − Fo   4Ω A Ω A 2 − 02 +8 2Ω A 
2 2

 2    = 3/2 = 0

m 2 (02 − Ω A 2 ) + (2 Ω A ) 2 

2


(


2
)
2 2
2m 0 − Ω A + (2 Ω A ) 2


− Fo   4Ω A ( Ω A 2 − 02 ) +8 2Ω A  = 0 Resonance Angular Frequency Ω A = 02 − 2 2

Fo / m
Displacement Resonance Amax =
2 o2 −  2

10
The Fig. below shows the displacement amplitude (A) versus the driving angular frequency
() for a body executing a forced oscillation for different values of the damping coefficient r

m = 2 kg
k = 200 N/m
Fo = 1 N
o = 10 r/s

decreasing r
or 

s s
o

• the resonance curve is more sharp for small values of r or 

• If the resistance of the medium has small value of r ( also small  )
Resonance Angular Frequency Ω A = 02 − 2 2  o

11
Behaviour of velocity Amplitude with force angular frequency 
x = − AΩsin ( Ωt − Φ )

Fo Ω Fo Ω
 vo = AΩ = =
  (02 − Ω 2 )  
( )
2
2 2
m 2
−Ω + (2 Ω) 2
0
m  Ω   + (2 Ω) 2
  Ω 
   
Fo Ω Fo
= =
( 0 )
  2 − Ω 2  
( )
  2 − Ω 2  2 
2

m Ω 2  + (2 ) 2  m  0  + (2 ) 2 
 Ω    Ω  
       

Velocity Amplitude Resonance

Fo/r
 (02 − Ω 2 ) 
2

vo → vo (max)   → 0

velocity
when
 Ω 
 
F F
at v = o vo (max) = o = o
2 m r 
v=o
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 Summary

Instantenous position 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos Ω𝑡 − Φ

Fo
The amplitude of forced vibration A=
m ( 02−Ω ) + (2Ω)
2 2 2

2 Ω
The phase angle of forced vibration tan Φ =
(02 − Ω2 )

Resonance Angular Frequency Ω A = 02 − 2 2  o

𝐹𝑜 /𝑚 𝐹𝑜
Displacement Resonance 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
2𝛼 𝜔𝑜2 −𝛼2 𝑟 𝜔𝑜2 −𝛼2

Fo F
Velocity Amplitude Resonance at v = o vo (max) = = o
2 m r 13
 Solved
Examples

14
Example 1 A forced oscillation is described in the following figure. The moving object has a
mass of 1 𝑘𝑔. The spring constant is 100 𝑁/𝑠. The force amplitude is 1 𝑁. Find:

a. The natural angular frequency.

b. The friction coefficient.

15
c. The y-coordinate of point 𝑃1.

c. The y-coordinate of 𝑃1 is 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥.

d. The y-coordinate of point 𝑃2.

16
Example 2 A mass of 1.5 𝑘𝑔 rests on a horizontal table and is attached to one end of a spring of
a spring constant 150 N m−1.The mass oscillates according to 𝑥 = 5 cos(6π𝑡 − Φ) 𝑚𝑚. The
damping coefficient is 𝑟 = 3 N s m−1. Determine the maximum force and the phase of the steady
state oscillations of the mass. Find the motion amplitude, if the applied frequency is adjusted
for resonance.

However, in the previous analysis,  must be a positive angle in the first or second quadrant
in order to represent delay. Therefore, we find the equivalent to this value simply by adding
180 which means that  = 180 − 8.5 = 171.5

17
Example 3 A periodic external force F = 8.1 cos  t (N) acts on a 1.5 kg mass suspended from
one end of a horizontal massless spring. The damping force is proportional to the instantaneous
speed of the mass. The next figure shows the amplitude variation versus the driving angular
frequency . Calculate
(a) the spring constant k
At  = 0  A = Fo / k  0.2 = 8.1 / k  k = 40.5 N/m

(b) the natural angular frequency of the system

(c) the damping coefficient α

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(d) write down the equation of motion at amplitude resonance (x(t)).

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(Ω𝑡 − 𝜙)
𝑥𝑟𝑒 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos Ω𝐴𝑡 − 𝜙

𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 0.52 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ; Ω𝐴 = 5 𝑟𝑎d /s

2𝛼 Ω
tan 𝜙 = = 2 (1)(5) = 5 → 𝜙 = 78.7° = 1.37 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 2 −Ω 2 27−25

→ 𝑥𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑡 = 0.52 cos 5𝑡 − 1.37 𝑚

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