International Journal of Geosciences, 2013, 4, 202-211

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2013.41017 Published Online January 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijg)

Environmental Impact of Casablanca Landfill on

Groundwater Quality, Morocco
Driss Smahi, Ahmed Fekri, Ouafa El Hammoumi
Laboratory of Geochemistry, Applied Geology and Environment, Faculty of Science Ben M’sick, University Hassan II,
Mohammedia-Casablanca, Morocco
Email: [email protected]

Received September 24, 2012; revised October 23, 2012; accepted November 25, 2012

ABSTRACT
The Casablanca landfill is one among many uncontrolled dumping sites in Morocco with no bottom liner. About 4000
tons/day of solid wastes from mixed urban and industrial origins are placed directly on the fifteen old sandstone quar-
ries. At the site of this landfill, the groundwaters circulate deeply (<10 m) in the fractured aquiferous quartzites, the site
has never been sealed before its opening. The aim of this study is the characterization the groundwater quality around
the landfill, to delimit the contaminated zone and the factors controlling the extent of groundwater contamination. To
evaluate groundwater pollution due to this landfill, piezometric level and geochemical analyses have been carried out on
19 wells. The results of geochemical analyses show an important qualitative degradation of the groundwater, especially
in the parts situated in the down gradient area and in direct proximity to the landfill. In these polluted zones, we have
observed the following values: higher than 11 mS/cm in electric conductivity, 1400 mg/L in bicarbonates, 275 mg/L in
chemical oxygen demand, 2616 and 100 mg/L respectively in chlorides and sulfate, 269.5 mg/L in nitrates, 50 - 100
mg/L in cadmium, and 40 - 230 µg/L in chromium. These concentrations widely exceed the standard values for potable
and irrigation water. Several determining factors in the evolution of groundwater contamination have been highlighted,
such as: depth of the water table, permeability of unsaturated zone and lineaments, effective infiltration, absence of a
system for leachate drainage. So, to reduce the pollution risks of the groundwater, it is necessary to set a system of col-
lection, drainage and treatment of landfill leachates and to emplace an impermeable surface at the site of landfill, in
order to limit the infiltration of leachate.

Keywords: Groundwater Pollution; Landfill Leachate; Uncontrolled Landfill; Lineament; Morocco

1. Introduction quantity of the wastes dumped into the landfill has in-
creased from 2.1 T in 1989 to 2600 T in 2000 to more
The quantity and quality of municipal solid waste de-
than 3200 T in 2010 of waste of different categories and
pends upon various factors such as population, life style,
from different sources [12]. The site of landfill is consid-
eating habits, standard of living, the extent and intensifi-
ered the largest nationwide, it has no waterproof device
cation of economical activities, the cultural tradition of
or system for collecting landfill leachate, which is esti-
the inhabitants, climate [1-5]. The demographical devel-
mated daily amount of 1277 m3/day in 2007. Because of
opment and the intensification of the economical activi-
the urban location of the landfill, this uncontrolled dump-
ties in Morocco, are accompanied by an increase of solid
ing has negative effects that are clearly identified such as
waste production [6-8] with 4.5 millions tons per year of
nauseous smells, smoke generation, pollution of the wa-
urban wastes. The composition of household waste [9,10],
ter table and the soil [13,14].
consist mainly of organic matter (50% - 70%), paper (5%
This study aims to update the status of knowledge on
- 10%), plastics (6% - 8%), metals (1% - 4%) and glass
the front of the pollution of groundwater by landfill lea-
(1% - 2%). The production of industrial waste is about
chate; to estimate to what extent the aquifer is polluted
one million tons per year, with 12.3% of hazardous waste.
and to determine the factors controlling the progress of
This waste is composed mainly by food waste (55%), pa-
the pollution front. We will also aim at giving a compa-
rachemical and chemical waste (32%).
rison with other studies already done.
The Casablanca landfill has starting since 1986; it re-
ceives the waste from the city of Casablanca and its sur-
2. Site Characteristics
roundings, in which the people (3,616,000 inhabitants) [11]
and life style are continuing to grow. Indeed, the daily Casablanca has uncontrolled waste dumping within a na-

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 D. SMAHI ET AL. 203

tural landfill that is located within one mile of the Medi- constituting a diastheme [20-23]. The Pliocene higher ter-
ouna center (Figure 1), in the middle of residential areas. tiary sector and the quaternary are also marine forma-
This urban location can constitute a risk for the neigh- tions with lumachellic or conglomerate facies covered by
boring population [2,14-16]. sandstones. Card flayed of Plio-Quaternary shows a
The site is composed of 15 quarries, which add up a change in the nature of the aquifer matrix, the quartzitic
volume bordering 3 million m3 out of 78 hectares, of facies spend just downstream landfill to the mudstone
which 60 are assigned to the landfill. Nearby passes the formations. The bottom of the landfill consisted on frac-
main road (P.R.7), which is considered as a high quality tured aquiferous quartzites [14].
axis connecting Casablanca to Marrakech, an intense traf-
fic road [17]. Here, wastes have been landfilled since 3. Material and Methods
1986 that include domestic, industrial and hospital refuse The study area was the subject of two sampling cam-
with no preliminary treatment [13,14]. Currently, the land- paigns; the first in October 2010 is the period of low tide
fill receives 3,200 tons per day of refuse, which results and the second in April 2011 at high tide. The analyses
more than 1300 m3/day [18] of landfill leachate. are carried out on a network of 19 wells surrounding the
The climate is of semi-arid type with an annual rainfall landfill. The majority of sampled wells are used by neigh-
of 323.5 mm, a mean temperature of 19˚C and high atmo- boring population for daily drinking, irrigation, animal
spheric humidity. The dominating wind direction (North- alimentation and for agriculture.
Northest) blows from the landfill towards the Mediouna The temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC) and
[14,19]. pH were measured in situ using a multiparameter con-
The studied zone, which is a part of the Moroccan coa- ductimeter (USP 645) and pH meter HANNA (HI 9126).
stal Meseta, is formed by a Paleozoic substratum overlaid The concentration of chloride (Cl−), sulfate ( SO 24  ), cal-
by Mesozoic and Plioquaternary subtabular beds. Indeed, cium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), carbonates ( HCO3 ),
The primary formations constitute the substratum of the oxydability and chemical oxygen demand (COD), were
landfill. They are Cambrian and Ordovician marine sedi- determined using the volumetric method (AFNOR, 1990).
ments affetced by the Hercynian Orogeny. They were The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) was measured
compressed and their transformation gave rise to Acadian by BOD meter HANNA (HI 98186). Nitrate ( NO3 ) are
green schist surmounted by quartzite, between psammitic analysed by colorimetry method using spectrophotometer
series. They were folded, faulted and tilted. Their reliefs (Spectronic 20D). The heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Al,
were eroded, peneplained with a well marked surface Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr) were determined using atomic absorp-
tion spectrophotometer (Unicam 929 AA Spectrometer).
The piezometric level and thematic maps were gridded
using the inverse distance weighted.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Piezometric Level Study
Several measurements were made in December 2011
around the landfill for the establishment of the piezomet-
ric map (Figure 2). The overall flow direction of the aq-
uifer is North (from the landfill towards the Atlantic
Ocean). Indeed, we observe a bidirectional flow. One
from the West with a hydraulic gradient around 2% indi-
cating bad water circulation. The second from the East
with a low hydraulic gradient about 1%. So we have a
good flow of groundwater in this area.
The map (Figure 3) show that the small depths of the
groundwater table (generally inferior to 16 m with a mi-
nimum of 0m) were observed down gradient of the land-
fill area. The depths vary between 0 m downstream of the
landfill (spring of AinHallouf) and 10 m upstream of the
landfill. The presence of zero meter piezometric level in
the area indicates another potential source of pollution:
Figure 1. Geographical situation of landfill site. agricultural and industrial activities.

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204 D. SMAHI ET AL.

7˚33'00''W 7˚32'30''W 7˚32'00''W

33˚29'30''N

33˚29'00''N

Figure 2. Piezometric level map (December 2011).

7˚33'00''W 7˚32'30''W 7˚32'00''W

33˚29'30''N

33˚29'00''N

Figure 3. Water table map in meter (December 2011).

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 D. SMAHI ET AL. 205

4.2. Evaluation of the Landfill Leachate Effects Casablanca municipal landfill corresponds to the acid
phase of anaerobic. This phase is characterized by a de-
The landfill leachate is a result of leaching of soluble
crease in pH, a acids production and an increase of COD
compounds by the percolation non-uniform and intermit-
and BOD5 [2,15].
tent water through the waste and by bacterial degradation
The maps (Figures 4 and 5) show that a high electric
of organic substances [15].
conductivity (more than 8 mS/cm with a maximum ex-
The quantity and quality of leachate depend on the
ceeding 11 mS/cm), a high chloride content (2500 mg/L),
availability of water, weather conditions, waste characte-
and a high sulfate concentration (156 mg/L) are observed
ristics, the underlying soils, the degree of fermentation in
for the wells located down gradient and near the landfill.
the landfill, operational procedures, and the coexistence
Also, high metallic concentrations (0.05 - 0.1 mg/L in
of industrial waste [24-28].
cadmium and 0.04 - 0.23 mg/L in chromium) are ob-
The landfill leachate originating from the Mediouna
served in these wells.
landfill is highly concentrated (Table 1) with chloride
Such contents of chloride are much higher than the ac-
(5540 mg/L), sulfate (1320 mg/L) and nitrates (75 mg/L).
ceptable upper limits suggested by the OMS (600 mg/L).
It’s dissolved organic matter content (COD) is 50,000
In fact, this is observed for 37% of the 19 monitored
mg/L while its BOD5 is weak (34,000 mg/L).
wells.
The ratio BOD5 to COD indicates the degree of biode-
The concentration can exceed 2616 mg/L for chloride
gradability of the leachate and provides indications re-
and 156 mg/L for sulfate in the vicinity of the landfill
garding the age of a landfill and about biochemical al-
owing to the infiltration of highly salt loaded leachate
terations within the landfill. For a young landfill, where
(CE = 34.8 mS/cm, Cl− = 5540 mg/L, SO 24  = 1150
biological activity corresponds to the acid phase of an-
mg/L).
aerobic degradation, the BOD5/COD ratio reaches values
The distribution of the leachate within the unsaturated
of 0.85. It does decrease to a value of 0.05 for other land-
zone constitutes a salinity plume near the landfill.
fills (El Jadida, Rabat, Alger, Belfort) for which active
The extension and spreading of this plume are clearly
methane production in recorded. For the Casablanca
landfill the BOD5/COD is indicative of a mature landfill evidenced down gradient of the landfill, as expected from
with a ratio of 0.68. These suggest that leachate from the the groundwater main flow direction. This migration of
pollutants is favored by:
Table 1. Chemical composition of the leachate of the Medi-  Ascent of the water table within the landfill, at the
ouna landfill [19]. bottom of the quarries (direct contact of groundwater
with landfill leachate);
Parameter Value  Low depth of the water table down gradient of the
EC (µS/cm) 34,800 landfill, generally lower than 16 m;
pH 6.3  Absence of drainage network and recovery devices of
the leachate that forms within the landfill and reaches
COD (mg O2/l) 50,000
soils and groundwater;
BOD5 (mg O2/L) 34,000  High permeability of quartzites fractures;

HCO (mg/L)
3 2250  Drainage of the water table from the landfill towards

NO (mg/L) 75
the North.
3

2
The salinity is mainly determined by chloride and sul-
SO (mg/L) 1320
4
fate ions that are very mobile and constitute non-reactive
−
Cl (mg/L) 5540 tracers. The comparison of these results with those of
+
Na (mg/L) 3860 other studies in the Eljadida area [29] and in the Rabat
area [8] and in the Belfort region [30], shows that the
K+ (mg/L) 3300
impact of landfill leachates on the groundwater quality is
2+
Ca (mg/L) 170 important, especially for the wells located down gradient
Fe (µg/L) 1800 and near the landfill. In fact, the Amhoud (1997) data
Zn (µg/L) 3000
indicate that the electric conductivity and chloride con-
tents of the groundwaters are relatively similar than our
Cu (µg/L) 1000
values (11 mS/cm in EC and 2500 mg/L in Cl−).
Cr (µg/L) 750 For wells located far from the landfill, high salinity
Pb (µg/L) 360 records are related to another source of pollution, agricul-
tural or industrial activities [14]. In fact, the spatiotem-
Hg (µg/L) 22
poral variations of the chemical elements are connected
Mg (µg/L) 12 with the lithological nature of the aquifer, soil nature,

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206 D. SMAHI ET AL.

7˚33'00''W 7˚32'30''W 7˚32'00''W

33˚29'30''N

33˚29'00''N

Figure 4. Electric conductivity map in µS/cm (April 2011).

7˚33'00''W 7˚32'30''W 7˚32'00''W

33˚29'30''N

33˚29'00''N

Figure 5. Chloride map in mg/L (April 2011).

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 D. SMAHI ET AL. 207

depth of the water level, frequency of the pumping op- waters are used for human activities (the case of the pub-
erations, rainfall, nitrogen fertilization, evaporation [13, lic bath in Morocco), some wells contain an important
14,31]. organic matter (oxydability = 35 mgO2/L). Such ground-
All the monitored wells show nitrate contents exceed- waters must not to be used for domestical activities.
ing 50 mg/L [32]. These high concentrations were ob- Generally, human activities such as the combustion of
served (Figure 6) especially in: fossils fuels, mining and smelting operations, processing
 The areas wich the wells near the habitats (septic and manufacturing industries, waste disposal including
tanks); dumping, release of domestic sewage, and scrap metal
 The agricultural zones where we observe an excessive handling are the major source of metals in the environ-
use of fertilizers; ment [38]. Some metals are essential (like Zinc), because
 Down gradient of the Casablanca landfill. they are an integral part of at least one enzyme, and since
The same results were demonstrated in the other stud- the primary action of such essential metals is to act as ca-
ied regions: Morocco [8,29,33-35], Europe [36,37]. In talyst, only trace amounts are necessary for optimal cel-
these areas, the principal sources of nitrate contamination lular function [39]. Other metals are toxic, producing
are fertilizers and domestic waste waters. a wide range of effects. As elements, metals are inde-
The non-contaminated groundwater generally contains structible and therefore have the potential for accumula-
little or no organic matter in semi-arid regions. tion in the biological tissues and so become toxic when
However, in wells W4 and W5 located near the land- reaching critical concentrations and induce serious dis-
fill (Figure 7), COD contents that can largely exceed 240 eases: genetic anomalies and cancers risks (cadmium, ar-
mg/L are found. This is close to the concentration gener- senic); neurotoxic effects, renal failure (lead, mercury…);
ally observed for Moroccan waste water [35]. cardiac and breathing complications (nickel) [39-42].
The wells situated down gradient of the landfill dis- The results shown in Table 2 evidence clearly the im-
play much lower COD content, likely owing to the pres- portant metallic load of Casablanca landfill leachate, in
ence of redox fronts. It could be linked to a distribution comparison with other landfills in the Alger area [43],
of the organic pollution of the landfill, by drainage of the Rabat region [8], in the Belfort area [30] and in El Jadida
water table. In the studied urban areas where the ground- area [29]. The measured concentrations show the fol-

7˚33'00''W 7˚32'30''W 7˚32'00''W

33˚29'30''N

33˚29'00''N

Figure 6. Nitrates map in mg/L (April 2011).

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208 D. SMAHI ET AL.

7˚33'00''W 7˚32'30''W 7˚32'00''W

33˚29'30''N

33˚29'00''N

Figure 7. Chemical oxygen demand map in mg/L.

Table 2. Comparison of metal concentrations of Casablanca landfill leachates (data of 2007) in relation to others national and
international landfills.

Concentration of Landfill of Landfill of Variation of metal

Landfill of El Jadida Landfill of Rabat Landfill of Alger
heavy metals in Casablanca Etueffont concentrations of urban
(Morocco) [29] (Morocco) [8] (Algeria) [43]
leachates (µg/L) (Morocco) (France) [30] landfill leachates [3]
Zn 845 747.2 - 700 740 30 - 1 × 106
Fe 18,000 24,000 23,000 12,300 2630 3 × 103 - 55 × 105
Cu 460 157.8 118 450 270 5 - 1 × 104
Mn 1320 1256.72 4922 400 - 30 - 14 × 105
Ni 113.2 133.8 133.6 250 210 15 - 13 × 103
Cr 150 156.33 517 500 270 20 - 15 × 102
Co 220 208.6 - - 60 5 - 15 × 102
Cd 31 34 8.38 - 10 0.1 - 4 × 102

lowing classifications: Fe >Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb and Co > landfills.

Cr > Ni > Cd. The same classifications have been ob- The results of the heavy metal analysis of groundwa-
served for leachates originating from landfills of El ters are shown in Table 3. They show that, generally, the
Jadida and Rabat (Morocco) and of Alger (Algeria). undesirable metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) are predominant in
Generally, the metallic load of studied leachate corre- relation to the toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Al). However,
sponds to a typical composition of leachate generated by the wells (W4, W5, W12, W13, W14 and W17) that are
urban landfill, like the other urban landfills, nationally situated in the neighborhood of the landfill present high
and internationally (Table 2). In fact, the concentrations concentrations in:
of metallic elements of the studied leachate are globally  Undesirables metals: W4 = 0.35, W5 = 0.36, W12 =
similar to other leachates generated by other municipal 0.43, W13 = 0.46, W14 = W17 = 0.43 and 0.32 mg/L

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 D. SMAHI ET AL. 209

Table 3. Comparison of the metal averages of wells with the standards.

Heavy metals (µg/L) Moroccan standard (MS) [46] Frensh standard (FS) Nbr wells > MS Nbr wells > FS Leachate (µg/L)
Fe 300 200 15 19 18,000
Zn 3000 5000 0 0 845
Pb 10 50 19 18 360
Al 200 200 19 19
Cu 2000 1000 0 0 460
Cr 50 50 19 19 150
Cd 3 5 19 19 31
Mn 500 50 3 4 -

for iron = 0.14 and W4 = 0.14, W5 = 0.08, W12 = This groundwater pollution and its distribution in the
0.08, W13 = 0.15, W14 = 0.12 and W17 = 0.04 mg/L unsaturated zone are favored by: low depth of water table,
for copper. high soil permeability, fracturation of aquifer matrix,
 Toxics metals: W4 = 0.23, W5 = 0.19, W12 = 0.09, absence of drainage systems of the leachate, direct con-
W13 = 0.17, W14 = W17 = 0.12 and 0.04 mg/L for tact of groundwaters with leachate at the bottom of land-
chromium and W4 = 0.05, W5 = 0.09, W12 = 0.10, fill carriers, semi-arid climate.
W13 = 0.06, W14 = 0.09 and W17 = 0.08 mg/L for The effect of other potential sources of groundwater
cadmium. pollution has been shown: septic tanks, excessive use of
These metallic element concentrations exceed signifi- fertilizers in agriculture practice and industrial activities.
cantly the Moroccan and French standards for potable The use of mathematical modeling investigations,
water (Table 3). These high concentrations are linked to should allow better constraint of groundwater dynamics
the contamination by the landfill leachates, which are as related to climate variations, leachate contamination
high in heavy metals [44,45]. Other factors favor the me- and geology.
tallic groundwater contamination [27,41,43]: So as to palliate to the pollution risks of the ground-
 Direct contact between groundwater and leachate from water, it is necessary to:
the landfill at the bottom of landfill carries;  stop immediately to dump wastes in this urban land-
 Fracturing and lineaments that constitute the leachate fill;
drains;  set a system of collection, treatment and drainage of
 The proximity of the water table to surface, since wa- landfill leachates;
ter depths range from 0m downstream of the landfill  set an impermeable surface at the site of landfill in
and 10 m upstream; order to limit the infiltration of leachates and to avoid
 The high permeability of the surrounding geology. the contamination of groundwaters;
 control the groundwater quality and survey its evolu-
5. Conclusions tion (especially the metallic elements) in time and in
space, by choosing a representative network of wells.
This investigation strongly suggests that the Casablanca
A particular attention should be paid to the wells situ-
landfill, operational since 1986, shows environmental
ated down gradient of the landfill and in the direction of
and health impacts that could be related to observed dis-
groundwaters flow.
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within a residential zone. This landfill produces a highly
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