Course Code:- IRRE-2106

Course Name:-Introduction to International

Security
Course Instructor:- Ms. Misbah Wahid
Program:- BS-IRRE-4 ( Spring 2024)
Lecture:- 23,24
 Topic:-

Regional and International Institutions

A regional institutions is usually formed to promote political,

cooperation and economic integration among member states

within specific geopolitical boundaries. On the other hand, an

international institutions possesses elements of global

membership and has a wider scope and presence.

In a strict sense, an international organization can be defined

as one that involves two or more countries; a regional

organization, similarly, is one that pertains to a given

geographic region. A regional organization involving two or

more countries would also be an international organization.

1. Asian Development Bank

2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

3. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

4. Bank for International Settlements

5. European Union

6. The World Bank (IBRD)

7. International Finance Corporation (IFC)

8. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

9. US Federal Reserve: International Training and Assistance (ITA) for Bank Supervisors

10. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

11. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

12. United Nations

13. United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

14. World Health Organisation (WHO)

15. World Trade Organisation (WTO)

 1. Asian Development Bank
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development bank that aims to assist its developing
member countries in reducing poverty and improving the quality of life through inclusive economic
growth, environmentally sustainable growth and regional integration. The ADB was established on
December 19, 1966, and is headquartered in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.

2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

.
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a regional economic forum that was established in 1989
to leverage the growing interdependence of the Asia-Pacific. APEC's 21 members aim to create greater
prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative and
secure growth and by accelerating regional economic integration.
 3. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political and economic union of 10 states in

Southeast Asia, representing a population of over 600 million people and a land area of 4.5 million

square kilometers. The primary objectives of ASEAN are to accelerate economic growth, social

progress and cultural development in the region, and to promote regional peace and stability through

abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the region and

adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.

4. Bank for International Settlements

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international financial institution owned by member

central banks. Its primary goal is to foster international monetary and financial cooperation while

serving as a bank for central banks. The BIS carries out its work through its meetings, programs and

through the Basel Process, hosting international groups pursuing global financial stability and

facilitating their interaction. The BIS is based in Basel, Switzerland, with representative offices in Hong

Kong and Mexico City.

 5. European Union

.
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that

are located primarily in Europe. The EU was created by the Maastricht Treaty, which entered into

force on November 1, 1993. The EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts to promote

peace and democracy in Europe.

6. The World Bank (IBRD)

The World Bank is a global leader for equity, diversity, gender equality and inclusion, and is a

multilateral development bank that was created to help developing countries lift themselves out

of poverty. The World Bank has 189 member countries and 140 offices around the world. The

World Bank is the biggest multilateral funder of climate investments in developing countries.
7. International Finance Corporation (IFC)

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers

investment, advisory and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development in

less developed countries. The IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in

Washington, D.C. in the United States. It was established in 1956, as the private-sector arm of the

World Bank Group, to advance economic development by investing in for-profit and commercial

projects for poverty reduction and promoting development

8. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global organization that works to achieve sustainable

growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries by supporting economic policies that

promote financial stability and monetary cooperation. The IMF is governed by and accountable to its

member countries, and it fosters international financial stability by offering loans and concessional

financial assistance to member countries experiencing actual or potential balance-of-payments

problems.
9. US Federal Reserve: International Training and Assistance (ITA) for Bank
Supervisors

The US Federal Reserve's International Training and Assistance (ITA) program provides training and
technical assistance to bank supervisors and regulators from developing countries. The program aims to
enhance their skills and knowledge in bank supervision, regulation, and financial stability, in order to
promote sound banking systems and financial stability globally. The ITA program offers a range of training
programs, including:- Bank supervision and regulation- Risk management and examination techniques-
Financial analysis and accounting- Banking law and regulation- Financial crisis management and
resolution. The program is designed to support the development of strong and effective banking systems,
which is critical for economic growth and financial stability in developing countries. The ITA program is an
important part of the US Federal Reserve's efforts to promote global financial stability and cooperation.
10. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) is a member of the World Bank Group that

provides political risk insurance (guarantees) for projects in a broad range of sectors in developing

member countries, covering all regions of the world. MIGA was created in 1988 to promote foreign direct

investment into developing countries to support economic growth, reduce poverty and improve people’s

lives.
11. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an intergovernmental

organization with 38 member countries that was founded in 1961 to promote economic progress

and world trade. The organization's headquarters are located in Paris, France, and it is funded by

contributions from its member countries at varying rates

12. United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization dedicated to promoting peace, security and

cooperation among its member states . It was established in 1945 after World War II to prevent future

conflicts and succeeded the League of Nations. The UN has six main operational organizations and

numerous specialized agencies, funds and programs. The organization has 193 member states, with its

main headquarters located in New York City.

13. United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is a global organization that strives for safer, just and peaceful
communities, and is financed through global, non-voluntary contributions from UN member countries. The UNDP
also works with countries to develop policies, leadership skills, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities and
build resilience to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals

14. World Health Organisation (WHO)

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international
public health. WHO leads global efforts to expand universal health coverage, directs and coordinates the world’s
response to health emergencies and promotes healthier lives. The organization is headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland, and has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide
15. World Trade Organisation (WTO)

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees and facilitates

international trade. The WTO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has 164 member states. The

organization provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements, which are usually signed by

representatives of member governments and ratified by their legislatures. The WTO also administers

independent dispute resolution for enforcing participants' adherence to trade agreements and resolving

trade-related disputes.