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Chapter 1 Notes To Print

Uploaded by

aanchal1203sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Role of aggregate in concrete

1. Strength and Load-Bearing Capacity.


2. Volume Stability and Control of Shrinkage.
3. Workability and Ease of Placement.
4. Economical
5. Long-Term Durability and Resistance to Weathering.
6. Thermal Insulation (for Lightweight Aggregates).
7. Bonding with Cement Paste for a Strong Structure.
8. Reducing Heat of Hydration (for Certain Aggregates).
9. Aesthetics in Decorative Concrete (Exposed Aggregate).

Bulking of sand
When we use sand in construction, it increases in volume and takes up more
space when it's damp compared to when it's dry. This is called bulking of sand. It's
essential to understand and account for this increase in volume because:
1. Accurate Mix: Considering bulking helps us use the right amount of sand,
ensuring that our concrete and mortar mixes are correct and work well.
2. Stronger Structures: When we use the right amount of sand, our buildings
and structures become strong and durable, making them last longer.
3. Easy to Use: By knowing about bulking, we can make the mix easy to handle
while building, making construction smoother.
4. Cost-Effective: Properly accounting for bulking helps us use sand efficiently,
saving money and reducing waste.
In short, understanding bulking of sand is crucial for making strong, long-lasting
structures and creating the best mix for construction work.

Manufacture of Portland cement


Portland cement is made through a series of steps:
1. Raw Material Collection: The main ingredients for making Portland cement
are limestone, clay, and iron ore. Other minor materials like silica sand and
aluminum are also added. These raw materials are extracted from mines
and quarries.
2. Crushing and Grinding: The extracted materials are crushed into small
pieces and then finely ground into a fine powder. Limestone and clay are
crushed together, while iron ore and other materials are ground separately.
This process creates a fine, homogenous powder.
3. Preheating: The powdered materials are sent to a preheater tower, where
hot gases from the kiln are used to heat them up. This preheating step
prepares the materials for the next stage.
4. Calcination: The preheated materials are transferred to a large, rotating,
and heated cylinder called a Rotary kiln. Inside the kiln, the temperature
reaches around 1450 degrees Celsius (1400-1500). At this high
temperature, the raw materials undergo a chemical transformation called
calcination. During calcination, the limestone breaks down into lime
(calcium oxide), and carbon dioxide gas is released.
5. Clinker Formation: The high-temperature process inside the kiln causes the
materials to partially melt and fuse together, forming small, marble-sized
nodules called "clinker." The clinker is grayish-black in color and is the main
component of cement.
6. Cooling: The clinker is then taken out of the kiln and rapidly cooled to retain
its quality. This cooling process is crucial to prevent the formation of
unwanted minerals and ensure the desired cement properties.
7. Grinding with Gypsum: The cooled clinker is mixed with a small amount of
gypsum (calcium sulfate) and finely ground to produce the final cement
powder. The addition of gypsum regulates the setting time of cement.
8. Packaging and Distribution: The finely ground cement powder is packed into
bags for distribution and sale to customers. It is transported to construction
sites or retail locations for use in various construction projects.
 Strength Test
 Compressive strength of cement is one of the most important properties
among all.
 Three cube of size 7.06cm2
 Cement: Sand = 1:3
 Water= (P/4+3)% of combine mass.
 2min Vibration with 2000vibration/min
 After 24hour of placing, curing shall be carried out.
 After Specified time - Compressive test gives data 35Mpa/min.
Normal Cement Type (OPC): Also called general purpose cement Used in general
construction type where corrosive environment/ sulphur is not present & the
special property of cement is not required. This is the most used type of cement in

all type of general construction. Normally available in three different grade –


33grade, 43grade & 53grade.
High Alumina Cement:
 Manufactured with Limestone (CaCO3) + Bauxite (High alumina) heating at
1550-1600 deg C.
 Characterized by very high alumina content & rapid strength gain.
 Produce very high heat of hydration.
 Used in high temperature application: Furnace, combustion chamber, boiler
etc.
Admixture can be defined as the ingredient added to concrete in order to achieve
desired property of concrete as required.

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