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ANSWER PAPER FOR “TRAINEE AUTOMATION ENGINEER”

Part: A :
1. WRITE SYMBOLS FOR THE BELOW ITEMS:
(a)Diode and Zener Diode.

(b) Step up Transformer and Step down Transformer

(d) Resistors , Capacitor and Inductor.

2. Write a Circuit diagram for Half wave Rectifier and Full wave rectifier?
Half wave Rectifier

Full wave Rectifier

3. What is a relay?
A relay is an electromagnetic switch that is operated by a small electrical current. It consists of a
coil and one or more sets of contacts. When an electrical current flows through the coil, it
generates a magnetic field that attracts a movable armature or lever. This movement, in turn,
causes a set of contacts to open or close, allowing the relay to control the electrical connection in
another circuit.
 4. What are active and passive devices?

Active Devices:
 Definition: Active devices are electronic components that are capable of amplifying or
controlling electrical signals. They require an external power source for their operation.
 Example: Transistors, operational amplifiers (op-amps), integrated circuits (ICs), and vacuum
tubes are examples of active devices.
Passive Devices:
 Definition: Passive devices are electronic components that do not require an external power
source to perform their basic function. They do not amplify or control signals actively.
 Examples: Resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, and passive filters are examples of
passive devices.

5. What is Rheostat and potentiometer?

Rheostat:
 A rheostat is a variable resistor with two terminals, and it is used to control the current in a
circuit by adjusting the resistance. The most common application is to control the brightness of
lamps or the speed of motors.
Potentiometer:
 A potentiometer, often referred to as a "pot," is also a variable resistor but has three terminals.
It is primarily used to measure voltage and can be used as a voltage divider.

6. What is Ohms Law? What are factors affecting the resistor?

Ohm's Law: Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that relates the
voltage (V), current ( I), and resistance ( R) in an electrical circuit. It is named after the
German physicist Georg Simon Ohm, who first formulated it. Ohm's Law is expressed by the
equation:

V=I⋅R

Factors Affecting Resistance:

1. Material
2. Length
3. Cross-Sectional Area
4. Temperature
5. Type of Resistor
7. Write circuit diagram for Resistances connected in series and parallel and equation of Current and
Voltage.
8. Write a wiring diagram for a lamp / Fan?

9.
10. What is a fuse? What is MCB?
A fuse is a protective device that consists of a metal wire or strip that melts when exposed to an
excessive current, thus breaking the circuit and interrupting the flow of current.
An MCB is an electromagnetic device that functions as a switch to open or close a circuit. It is
designed to trip and disconnect the circuit when it detects an overcurrent or a fault.

11. What is earthing & what’s is importance of Earthing?

Earthing (Grounding): Earthing, also known as grounding, is a safety measure in electrical systems
that involves connecting electrical equipment and installations to the Earth or a conductive body
that serves as the Earth's substitute. This is typically done through the use of grounding electrodes,
such as metal rods or plates, buried in the ground.
Importance of Earthing:
1. Safety
2. Equipment Protection
3. Lightning Protection
Part B : Digital Electronics:
1. Write any two Gates and its Truth Table.

2. Write Flow Chart?

a.Start: The process begins.

b.Enter Input: User provides input.
c.Process Data: Some data processing or action is performed.
d.Decision: A decision point based on certain conditions.
i. Yes: If the condition is true, move to the next action.
ii. No: If the condition is false, end the process.
e. Perform Action: An action is performed based on the decision.
f. Output Result: The result or output of the process.
g. End: The process concludes.
Example :
3. Define Amplifier?
An amplifier is an electronic device or circuit that increases the amplitude (strength) of an
electrical signal without significantly distorting its waveform.
4. What is Flip-flop, Timers, Comparators?
Flip-Flop: A flip-flop is a digital circuit that stores a binary state (either 0 or 1). It is a bistable
multivibrator, meaning it has two stable states. Flip-flops are widely used in digital circuits for storing
binary information and as building blocks for sequential logic circuits.
Timers: Timers are electronic devices or circuits that measure time intervals. They can be
implemented using various components such as resistors, capacitors, and operational amplifiers.
Comparators: A comparator is an electronic circuit that compares two voltage signals and
determines which one is larger. It produces a digital output indicating whether the first voltage is
greater than the second.
5. Define - Boolean, Integer, Real, Decimal?

a. Boolean: Represents true or false values.

b. Integer: Represents whole numbers.
c. Real: Represents numbers with both integer and fractional parts.
d. Decimal: Refers to the base-10 number system or, in computing, to a representation of
real numbers with a decimal point.

6. Convert - Boolean to Decimal (a) 10101010 (b) 1010111

7. Convert … Boolean to Hexadecimal (a) 10101011 (b) 11001101
Part C : Instrumentation :

1. What are the Main parameters of instrumentation?

Level, Flow, Pressure, Temperature
2. What is Sensors and Transducers and the difference between both?
Sensors: A sensor is a device or instrument that detects or measures a physical quantity and converts it
into an electrical signal.
Transducers: A transducer is a broader term that refers to a device or system that converts one form of
energy or signal into another.
3. What is PID?
a. Proportional (P):
i. Function: The proportional term is directly proportional to the current error,
which is the difference between the setpoint and the actual process variable.
ii. Effect: The P-term contributes to the output in proportion to the magnitude of
the error. It helps reduce steady-state error and improves the responsiveness of
the system.
b. Integral (I):
i. Function: The integral term is proportional to the accumulation of past errors
over time.
ii. Effect: The I-term helps eliminate steady-state error by accumulating and
responding to any residual error over time. It provides a correction to the system
over the long term.
c. Derivative (D):
i. Function: The derivative term is proportional to the rate of change of the error.
ii. Effect: The D-term anticipates future behavior by responding to the rate at which
the error is changing. It helps dampen the system's response and improve
stability.

4. What is RTD?
RTD stands for Resistance Temperature Detector. It is a type of temperature sensor that
measures temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature.
RTDs are commonly used in industrial applications where accurate and stable temperature
measurements are required.
5. What is Thermocouple?
A thermocouple is a temperature sensor that consists of two different metal wires joined at one
end, forming a junction.

6. What is Open / Close loop circuit with an example?

a. Open Loop: No feedback; the system operates based on a preset input without
adjusting to actual output conditions. Eg. Lamp, Fan, AC etc…
 b. Closed Loop: Utilizes feedback to continuously monitor and adjust the system output,
improving accuracy and responsiveness. Eg. Traffic light(which can change timings
respective to the crowd)

Part D : PLC :
1. What is PLC, Architecture, DI / DO?
PLC stands for Programmable Logic Controller. It is a specialized industrial computer used for
automation and control in various manufacturing processes and industries. PLCs are designed to
perform control functions, such as sequencing, timing, counting, and logic operations, and they
play a crucial role in automating complex processes
2. What are different programming languages use in PLC.
1. Ladder Logic (LAD)
2. Structured Text (ST)
3. Function Block Diagram (FBD)
4. Instruction List
5. Sequential Function Chart
6. Structured Control Language
3. Difference between PLC and DCS?
a) PLC:
b. Typically has a centralized architecture with a single processor or controller.
c. Designed for discrete control tasks, such as machine control and automation.
d. Can be used in stand-alone applications or small to medium-sized control
systems.
b) DCS:
a. Has a distributed architecture with multiple controllers distributed across the
plant.
b. Designed for process control applications, where the control functions are
distributed and coordinated.
c. Centralized supervisory control provides a unified view of the entire system.
4. What are different communication protocols?
1. Modbus
2. Profibus
3. Ethernet/IP
4. DeviceNet
5. CANopen
6. Profinet