Optical DWDM

Networks
Raj Jain
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
[email protected]
These slides are available at
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/talks/h_5opt.htm
The Ohio State University Raj Jain
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 Overview
q Sparse and Dense WDM
q Recent WDM Records
q WDM Applications and Sample Products
q Key Technologies
q Types of Fibers: Limiting factors to single wavelength
q Wavelength router and optical crossconnect
q Upcoming Technologies: Optic wireless, Soliton,
Packet Switching, Optical CDMA, ...
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 Sparse and Dense WDM

q 10Mbps Ethernet (10Base-F) uses 850 nm

q 100 Mbps Ethernet (100Base-FX) + FDDI use 1310 nm
q Some telecommunication lines use 1550 nm
q WDM: 850nm + 1310nm or 1310nm + 1550nm
q Dense ⇒ Closely spaced ≈ 1nm separation

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 Recent WDM Records
q 1×40 G up to 65 km (Alcatel’98). PMD Limited.
q 32× 5 G to 9300 km (1998)
q 64× 5 G to 7200 km (Lucent’97)
q 100×10 G to 400 km (Lucent’97)
q 16×10 G to 6000 km (1998)
q 132×20 G to 120 km (NEC’96)
q 70×20 G to 600 km (NTT’97)
q 1022 Wavelengths on one fiber (Lucent 99)
q Ref: OFC’9x
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 WDM Applications
q WANs: Fiber links ⇒ WDM ⇒ DWDM Links
q Undersea Links: Amplifiers ⇒ High maintenance cost
⇒ Can't put too many fibers
q DWDM highly successful in long-haul market.
q Not yet cost-competitive in metro market.
Bandwidth demand is low and more dynamic.
Many new lower cost products for metro market.

The Ohio State University Raj Jain

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 Sample Products
q Nortel/Cambrian: Optera Metro: 32 × 2.5G Optera
LH: 2560×622Mbps, 1280×1.25Gbps (Gb Ethernet),
640×2.5Gbps, 160×10Gbps
q Pirelli Optical Systems: 128×10G TeraMuX
WaveMux H-DWDM with Soliton
OMDS 32λ WDM System
q Monterey Networks: Wavelength RouterTM
256×256 OC-48 scalable to 160 Tbps
Non-blocking any to any.
Fully hot swappable w/o fiber swap
1+1 or 1:N APS. Straight IP over DWDM.
The Ohio State University Raj Jain
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 Key Components
q Tunable Lasers
q Fast tuning receivers
q Frequency converters
q Amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers
(EDFA)’s
q Splitters, Combiners

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 Directional Couplers

Control Control Control

q Larger switches can be built out of 2 × 2 switches

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 Types of Fibers I
q Multimode Fiber: Core Diameter 50 or 62.5 µm
Wide core ⇒ Several rays (mode) enter the fiber
Each mode travels a different distance
q Single Mode Fiber: 10-µm core. Lower dispersion.

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 Types of Fibers II
q Dispersion-Shifted Fiber: Zero dispersion at 1310nm
EDFAs/DWDM systems operate at 1550 nm
Special core profile ⇒ zero dispersion at 1550 nm
q Dispersion Optimized Fiber: 3 ps/nm/km 1300-1700nm
Use 1300 nm now and 1550 in future
Low dispersion causes four-wave mixing
⇒ DSF/DFF not used in DWDM systems
Dispersion Standard DSF
0 DOF

Wavelength
The Ohio State University 1310nm 1550nm Raj Jain
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 Four-way Mixing (FWM)

2w1-w2 w1 w2 2w2-w1
q Caused when multiple wavelengths travel in the same
phase for long time
q New signals are generated at the same frequency
spacing as original: w1,w2 ⇒ 2w2-w1, 2w1-w2
q Closer channels ⇒ More FWM
q More power ⇒ More FWM
q Less dispersion ⇒ More time same phase
⇒ More FWM
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 Types of Fibers III
Amplifier

Standard Dispersion
Fiber Compensating Fiber
q Dispersion Optimized Fiber:
m Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF)
⇒ 4 ps/nm/km near 1530-1570nm band
m Avoids four-way mixing

q Dispersion Compensating Fiber:

m Standard fiber has 17 ps/nm/km. DCF -100 ps/nm/km

m 100 km of standard fiber followed by 17 km of DCF

⇒ zero dispersion
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 Polarization Mode Dispersion

q Each light pulse consists of two orthogonally

polarized pulses.
q These polarizations experience different delays
through the fiber.
q Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) limits distances
to square of the bit rate
⇒ OC-192 to 1/16th of OC-48, OC-768 to 1/256th.
q Need Regenerators to compensate for PMD
⇒ Expensive
⇒ Most DWDM systems operate at OC-48
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 Wavelength Grafting Router
λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4 λ1 λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4
λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4 λ2 λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4

λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4 λ3 λ , λ , λ , λ

1 2 3 4
λ4 λ4
λ
λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4 λ12 λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4
λ3
q Wavelength k on port i is route to output port i+k mod
M, k ∈ [0,M]
q Passive ⇒ Reliable
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 Wavelength Routed Networks
Light Path

q Light path through a WGR network

q Routing ⇒ Wavelength assignment problem
q Two wavelengths from different fibers should not be
mixed ⇒ Need wavelength conversion

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 Optical (Wavelength) Cross
Connect
q Slow switching nodes.
q Configuration changed by management.
q May allow any wavelength on any fiber to go to any
fiber.
q Programmable.
q Control channel could be electronic or optical.

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 Upcoming Technologies
q Optic Wireless
q Optical Time Domain Multiplexing (OTDM)
q Soliton
q Optical Packet Switching

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 Optical Wireless
Receiver
EDFA
Telescope
Laser
Source
q Uses WDM in open air
q Sample Product:
Lucent WaveStar OpticAir: 4×2.5Gbps to 5 km
Available March'00.

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 Optical
Source 1
Time Division Muxing
Source 2 Bit
Source 3
Source 4 Multiplexing
110101 11010101 0 1

Splitter Delay lines Modulators Combiner

q A laser produces short pulses.
Pulse stream divided in to 4 substreams
Each substream modulated by different source.
Combined.
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 Solitons
q Light velocity is a function of amplitude
⇒ Index of dispersion is non-linear:
m n=n0 + n2E2, Where, E=field strength

m No dispersion if the pulse is sech(t)

q Need high amplitude pulses (100 mW) and high non-

linearity

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 Solitons (Cont)
q Solitons have no distortion but must be amplified
periodically. Erbium doped fiber amplifiers are used
q Can be very short duration 10 ps ⇒ High bit rate
20 Gb/s×8λ over 10,000 km using solitons
q Sample Product: Pirelli Optical Systems
q Soliton (nonlinear) systems are superior for ultra long
distance and 10+ Gbps. Linear systems are superior
for short-medium-long distances and lower rates.
q Problem: Closely packed solitons can attract or
repulse ⇒ Errors ⇒ Bit rate < 10 × soliton width
q 10 ps pulses ⇒ 100 ps spacing ⇒ 10 Gbps
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 Optical Packet Switching
q Example: Keys to Optical Packet Switching (KEOPS)
Project in Europe
q 1.646µs slots (1500B at 10G = 1.2 ms)
q 14B 622 Mb/s header processed electronically
q Fixed-duration payload at variable rate ⇒ Transparant
q 64 packet optical buffering feasible now
⇒ 10-10 loss up to 80% load
Guard Header Routing Guard Load Payload Guard
Time Sync bits Tags Time Sync bits Time
5B 14B 2B 102B 5B
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 KEOPS (Cont)
q High dispersion fiber for fine synchronization
q Delay lines for coarse synchronization
q Multicast using optical components 1→N λ
q Input Interface: Header detection, payload alignment,
header erasure
q Switching Matrix: Payload routing using Wavelength
router, contention resolution using buffering (delay
lines)
q Output Interface: Wavelength reallocation, header re-
writing
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 Architecture of KEOPS Switch

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 Optical CDMA
0 1
Data

01001011011011010010

Time
q Allows Time, Frequency, and Space Overlap
q Spreading factor = Code bits/data bit, 10-100 commercial
(Min 10 by FCC), 10,000 for military
q Signal bandwidth >10 × data bandwidth
q Correlation between codes ⇒ Interference ⇒Orthogonal
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 Optical CDMA (Cont)
q Coherent phase-shifted: More complex, higher SNR
q Incoherent intensity modulated
q 4 Codes/λ ⇒ Hybrid OCDMA/WDM allows
150 × 10 Gb/s using 38 wavelengths
at 100 GHz spacing. 25 GHz with WDM.
q Orthogonal codes on each link
⇒ Need code conversion
q Currently code conversion done electronically.
Optical code conversion possible in future
q Broad WDM (1300nm-1600nm) possible in future
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 Other Research Topics
q Dark Solitons: A Gap in a high-powered beam
q Light Guiding Light: A high-powered beam in a
dispersive substance alters its refrection index and
forms a waveguide. Other light waves will follow this
waveguide.
q ZBLAN Fiber: Zirconium, barium, lanthanum,
aluminium, and sodium (Na) fiber. 10-2 or 10-3 dB/km
attenuation. Cross oceans without amplification. Need
2.55 micron wavelength ⇒ Larger core.

The Ohio State University Raj Jain

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 Summary

q DWDM allows 32- to 128- channels per fiber

q Several types of fibers with different dispersion
characteristics
q Wavelength routers/switches ⇒ all-optical networks
q Solitons allow high-datarate over very long distances
q Optical Packet switching is around the corner.
The Ohio State University Raj Jain
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 References:
q See references in http://www.cis.ohio-
state.edu/~jain/refs/opt_refs.htm
q Recommended books on optical networking,
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/refs/opt_book.htm
q Optical networking and DWDM, http://www.cis.ohio-
state.edu/~jain/cis788-99/dwdm/index.html
q IP over DWDM, http://www.cis.ohio-
state.edu/~jain/cis788-99/ip_dwdm/index.html
q Newsgroup: sci.optics.fiber

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 Standards Organization
q ITU:
m G.681 Functional characteristics of interoffice and
long-haul line systems using optical amplifiers
including optical multiplexing
m G.692 Optical Interfaces for multichannel systems
with optical amplifiers (Oct 98): 50 and 100 GHz
spacing centered at 193.1 THz (1553.5 nm)
m G.872 Architecture for Optical Transport
Networks, 1999
m Several others in preparation

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 Standards (Cont)
q ANSI T1X1.5: http://www.t1.org/t1x1/_x1-grid.htm
q IETF: MPLS over DWDM
q Optical Interoperability Forum (OIF):
www.oiforum.com
m Started April 1998 by CISCO, Ciena, ...Now over
128 members
m Working groups on Architecture, Physical and Link
Layer, OAM&P
m Signaling protocols for rapid provisioning and
restoration
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 Products
q Ciena MultiWave Family: 16, 40, 96-channel systems
with SONET/ATM/IP to DWDM
m CoreDirector: 256× OC-48 or 64× OC192 (640G
total) Switch, Optical signaling and routing
protocol
m EdgeDirector: ATM VP ring with 50ms APS, DS1
to OC3, 10-100Base-T interfaces, RIP and OSPF
m CoreStream: 2.5G or 10G (to 2 Tbps total) DWDM
Long Haul transport
m Metro: 24×2.5G duplex ADM nodes on a 2 fiber
ring
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 Products (Cont)
m Sentry: 40×2.5G long haul 800 km
m Optical Line Amplifier: EDFA, 1540-1560nm

m Sentry ADM: OC-48 ADM at any amplifier site

m Firefly: 24×2.5G Short haul, point-to-point,

1310nm
m WaveWatcher SNMP & TMN Fault Management
System
m WaveWatcher SNMP & TMN Element
Management System

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 Products (Cont)
q Sycamore:
m SN 6000 Intelligent Optical Transport Node

m OC-192 DWDM

m Allows OC-48 IP/ATM/SONET inputs

m Private line applications

m 28 OC-48 inputs per rack

m SILVX Optical Network Management System

q Corvis: CorWave supports OC-192 SONET/ATM/IP

streams to 3200 km

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 Products (Cont)
q Optical Networks Inc: ONLINE 9000 Metro Nodes,
OPTX Metro Network Operating System (design,
configuration, operation), OLMP Optical link
management
q NEC: Submarine WDM System 16×10G up to 300
km expandable to 32×10G
q Monterey Networks:
m Teraseed: Single chip. Clustered to create switch
matrix.
m Wavelength Routing ProtocolTM (WaRPTM)

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 Products (Cont)
q Tellium:
m Aurora 32: Carrier Class Optical Switch

m Aurora 512: Bidirectional carrier class 1.2 Tbps

nonblocking optical switch
q Alidian Networks:
m Optical Service Networks (OSN): Metro and
Access Rings with
m ATM/FR/TDM/SONET Services with QoS

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 Products (Cont)
q CISCO:
m 12000 Gigabit Switch Router with OC-48c line
card
m Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT)

q Uses SONET framing

q Dual Ring

q Both rings used simultaneously

m Spatial Reuse Protocol (SRP)

m SRP fairness algorithm

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 Products (Cont)
mIntelligent Protection Switching (IPS): Handles
events at layer 1, 2, and 3 (APS handles only layer
1). Can provide reduced capacity during failures.
q Canoga Perkins Corp: Converter MMF/SMF 8M-
1.25G to 1310/1550nm
q Integral Access: PurePacket Node DSL Access Mux
(DSLAM), Voice, Data to DWDM/MPLS

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 Products (Cont)
q Lucent WaveStar Family:
m OLS 400G/80G/40G/10G/2.5G: 80×OC-48 or
40×OC-192 (point-to-point)
m Bandwidth Manager: 1152 STS-1/384 STM-1
Switch Fabric with electrical and optical interfaces
q Lucent OpticGate Family: Allows connecting ATM
Switches and IP routers to 400G.
m MetroPoint: 16×2.5G to 60 km

m AllMetro: 40×2.5G with add/drop

m OpticAir: 4×2.5Gbps to 5 km

m FT-2000: STS-1 to OC-48 SONET

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 Products (Cont)
q Lucent OptiStar Family: OC48/OC12/1G: non-
DWDM Network adapters for NT/2000/Linux
q OSICOM: 32×2.5G Gigamux (point-to-point)
q More Vendors: ADC, Bosch, DSC, Ericsson, Fujitsu,
Hitachi, NEC, Scientific-Atlanta, and Tellabs

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 Acronyms
q ADM Add-Drop Multiplexer
q PANDA Polarization maintaining AND Absorption
reducing
q ANSI American National Standards Institute
q APS Automatic Protection Switching
q ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
q CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
q DARPA Defense Advanced Research Project
Agency
q DCF Dispersion Compensating Fiber
q DPT Dynamic Packet Transport
q DSF
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Dispersion Shifted Fiber Raj Jain
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q DFF Dispersion Flattened Fiber
q DSL Digital Subscriber Lines
q DWDM Digital Wavelength Division Multiplexing
q EDFAs Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
q FCC Federal Communications Commission
q FWM Four-Wave Mixing
q GHz Giga Hertz
q IEEE Institution of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
q IETF Internet Engineering Taskforce
q IPS Intelligent Protection Switching
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q ITU International Telecommunications Union
q KEOPS Keys to Optical Packet Switching
q LAN Local Area Network
q LED Light Emitting Diode
q MMF Multimode Fiber
q NRZ Non-return to zero
q NTONC National Transparent Optical Network
Consortium
q OAM Operation Administration and Maintenance
q OC Optical Carrier
q OCh Optical Channel Layer
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q OFC Optical Fiber Conference
q OIF Optical Interoperability Forum
q OMS Optical Multiplex Section
q OPP Optical Packet Path
q SPP Secondary Packet Paths
q OSC Optical Supervisory Channel
q OSN Optical Service Networks
q OSPF Open Shortest Path First
q OTDM Optical Time Domain Multiplexing
q OTS Optical Tranmission Section
q OXC Opical cross connect
q PMD
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Polarization Mode Dispersion Raj Jain
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q PMF Polarization Maintening Fiber
q PMMA PolyMethylMethyelAcrylate
q RI Refrective Index
q RIP Routing Information Protocol
q SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
q SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
q SONET Synchronous Optical Network
q SRP Spatial Reuse Protoco
q TDM Time Division Multiplexing
q WAN Wide Area Network
q WC Wavelength converter
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q WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
q WGR Wavelength Grafting Router
q WIXC Wavelength Interchanging Crossconnect
q WSXC Wavelength Selective Crossconnect
q ZBLAN Zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminium,
and sodium

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