Collection of information of control system of power plant

Introduction
“A power plant is an industrial facility used to general electric power with the help of one or
more generates which converts different energy sources into electric power”.
Electricity is a secondary energy sources, which means that electricity is obtained from the
conversion Of other primary sources of energy. Such as cool, natural gas, nuclear, solar or
wind energy. The energy sources used to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable
but electricity itself is Neither renewable nor non-renewable.

CONTROL SYSTEMS OF POWER PLANT-

Elements of Control System

1. Pressure Control System
Pressure control loops my new used for the control of boiler pressure or fuel oil pressure.
For the control of boiler pressure, the final control element regulates fuel flow to the
boiler in response to boiler drum steam pressure. For the control of fuel oil pressure, the
final control element is usually a pressure reducing control valve that regulates in
response to downstream pressure. A typical pressure control system is shown.

Fig. Pressure Control System

2. Temperature Control System

Temperature control loops may be used for the control of steam
temperature from boilers or fuel oil temperature from fuel oil heaters.

3. Level Control System

Liquid level control loops may be used for the control of boiler drum water level. A
typical level control loop is shown.
 Fig. Level Control System
4. Flow Control System
Flow control loops may be used for the control of fuel flow into the boiler burners,
burner draft airflow, feed water into a boiler, or steam flow out of a boiler. A typical
flow control

Steam Power Plant

A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy is
known as a steam power station. It can also called as the thermal power station or thermal
power generating plant. A steam power plant basically works on the Rankine cycle.

Fig. Steam Power Plant

Working of Hydroelectric Power Plant
Water from reservoir flows through penstocks to hydraulic turbine and during the passage its
potential energy (water head) is converted into kinetic energy. This high velocity jet of water
strikes the hydraulic turbine vanes where its KE, is converted into mechanical energy A
generator coupled to hydraulic turbine converts the available mechanical energy into
electrical Energy. The speed of the turbine and generator depends on the bead specific speed
and the power.

The electrical power generated is controlled by the governing mechanism attached to

hydraulic turbine which controls the quantity of water to be supplied to the turbine according
to the load on system.

Components of the hydro-electric power plant

Reservoir: A reservoir is provided to store water during rainy season and supplies the same
in dry season. The water from the reservoir is used to run the hydraulic turbine.

Dam: A dam is structure of considerable height built across the river. Its function is to
provide working head of water for power plant and to increase the storage capacity of
reservoir.

Trash rock : These are made up of steel bars Trash rock is provided to prevent entry of
debris into the intakes from dam or from the fore bay. Any debris into the intake water pipe
may damage the turbine runners or choke the nozzles of an impulse turbine.

Gate: The gate is provided for controlling of flow of water from reservoir to hydraulic
turbine through penstock. It is closed when maintenance of system is required.

Fore bays: It is small water reservoir at the end of water passage from the reservoir and
before the water is fed to the turbine to the penstock as

Waterway and Penstock : A waterway is used to carry water from the dam to the power. It
includes canal and penstock (closed pipe) or a tunnel. The penstock are made up of reinforced
concrete which are designed to withstand high pressures. Penstock are supported by anchors
sharp bends in penstocks are avoided in order to reduce the hydraulic losses.

Spillway: A spillway is provided to discharge the flood water and to keep the level of water
below the designed maximum level in the reservoir. Thus, a spillway saves the dam from
damage during floods.
Power house : A power house consists of hydraulic and electric equipments where the water
energy is converted into electrical energy. Usually the power house is located underground
whenever possible. E.g. as in case of koyana power house in Maharashtra state.

Hydraulic turbines: These are used to convert the kinetic energy of water into mechanical
energy.

Draft tube : A draft tube is a passage which connects the exit from the turbine runner down
to tail race water level. It supplements the action of runner of the reaction turbine by utilizing
the remainder K.E. of the water at discharge end of the runner. Another purpose of the draft
tube is to permit the setting of the runner of the reaction turbine wheel at a level above that of
water in the tail race under high water and flood conditions of the river.

Tail race: A tail race is a water way to lead the water discharged from the turbine to the
river. action of hydro-electric power plant

Site selection of hydroelectric power plant

Availability of head and storage capacity.
Distance of power station site from power demand centers.
Details of soil bearing capacity and rocky foundation conditions.
Availability of construction materials.
Access to site for men and materials.
Availability of transport facilities.
Cost of project and the period required for completion.
Free from mineral deposits of harmful nature.
Free from earthquake damage.
Less possibility of sediment collection
Advantages of Hydro Power Plant

Low operating cost compared to a thermal power plant.

The cost of generation is unaffected by the load factor.

No fuel charges.

The high useful life of about 100 – 125 years.

Low maintenance cost compared to the thermal power plant

Highly reliable.

It can be started quickly and synchronize the plant.

There is no problem with fuel and ash handling.

No nuisance of smoke exhaust gases and soots.

No health hazards due to air pollution.

It has no standby losses.

The machines used in hydroelectric plants are robust and have no problem with high
temperatures and pressure.

The efficiency of the hydroelectric plant does not change with age

Disadvantages of Hydro Power Plant

High capital cost.

Power generation only dependent on the quantity of water availability.

It takes a considerably long time for the construction

Site of the hydro-electric power station is always away from the load center, therefore
transmission cost becomes high.

Sometimes isolated sites are difficult to access.

 Annexure-II

Collection of information of control system of power plant

1.0 Rationale
In this micro project we learnt about how the various control systems of are work in
power plant

2.0 Aim/Benefit of Micro-project

Comparative study between hydroelectric power plants and diesel power plants to
analyze their efficiency, environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and overall
suitability for power generation..

3.0 Course outcome

Identify components of steam ,diesel and Gas turbine power plant

4.0 literature review

Comparative studies show that hydroelectric power plants outperform diesel

counterparts in efficiency, sustainability, and environmental impact. Hydro
plants provide steady power with minimal emissions, while diesel plants emit
pollutants and require ongoing fuel supply. Though hydro plants demand higher
initial costs, their long-term operational expenses are lower. Moreover, they
exhibit greater reliability and sustainability, relying on natural water resources.
Diesel plants, while geographically flexible, face constraints due to fuel
dependency and maintenance costs. Understanding the context-specific factors
is crucial when deciding between these energy sources. For the latest insights,
refer to contemporary academic databases and research journals.

5.0 Actual methodology followed

a) Selection of micro-project topic
b) Research on Hydroelectric power plant and Diesel Power plant
c) Data collection required to our micro project from internet & books.
d) Make a proper report on available data.

6.0 Actual Recourse used

Sr.
Name of Recourse Specifications Oty Remark
No

1 PPE textbook Author Tushar, C.Jagtap 01 _

2 Search engine Google Chrome 01 _

3 M.S world 2010 01 _

4 Printer HP 01 _

7.0 Output of the Micro-project

 Getting knowledge about conventional control systems power plant

8.0 Skill developed

• From this micro project identify parts and control systems of power plant

9.0 Application of Micro-project

 Micro-projects can be used to help to develop specific skills or knowledge.
 Pre study of conventional power plant control systems