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Class 12 Physics Optics Notes (Best Notes)

This is the one of the best notes regarding class 12th optics chapter. I personally studied from this and you got the best derivations and proper detailed theories. If you are studying from this notes, you will definitely able to score good in examination.

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101 views45 pages

Class 12 Physics Optics Notes (Best Notes)

This is the one of the best notes regarding class 12th optics chapter. I personally studied from this and you got the best derivations and proper detailed theories. If you are studying from this notes, you will definitely able to score good in examination.

Uploaded by

ommsd1838
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Se oph’ex Roy ophep. ophea > Stud Aight Ophea > St Ia Hast pod gf clechormagnebic Spectrum Which help ug 4oO Bee Vonioug ob ects. Yizible. 4 \ucoo A” BooeA! Goreme, x ov NIBGYOR TR MW RW air! TRB wos lection. Lowe 4 Ref lection ' SNe wit Polished Law! Bs g Reflector. y Zi abe Cause) 2) The tncrolent toy» Notmol , reflected oxy die in te Same plone of the point 4 incidence. Note necral Lime shold paas treagdh Centre of sphere. Sphenica) omer Plone. mirror ) C Concave. Convex ™ivror mirrot Relecting (oot) Ca Reflecting Surface. (Con cene. mixror) Principal occig > Line pening centre, of cumokune | tm G) Farmed af oo O) Reo) < averted. Gui) Hiayhly ynagnigied NY) Mm =Ne [oi YI G) Feemed behind mirror ) virtual of ovect Gy) Enlanged Ot) ™ =tNe (m) >| + Formed of & « Nictuol of eweet “F : highly diminighed (Point sige) - m= te [mk<1 > object ot onny portion esccept Oo Fmoge. is Sdormed olurgys behind the smirrec 9 Nivtud) Pf evect > metve [mi egght ef object * Magnigicabion Paoduced by Q Concove mirror uu Orogrorm Shows the geemeotion g the real Image ae gy the object AS by the Concave miner. AGP ond AARP ane Similan pes 2 PA — wi) As PA Replying New canlerron Sign Ccomventhioms ag ch Ag = -h! PA s-k pal = - 0) becomes tht ot 1 “ek owt u meh. n * mognigicabion ig negahve in thig cage. magnificebion produced by Conese. mivrer. Olagoren Showp the. oemation gf Tmage a'a' 4 the abyect AR the convesc mirror: As AABP avd AA'BP ane Similar is’ . fA —4 AS PA Peplying Sign Convenor) Agioh Pa ay AwBzh PAz-U magmigicabion iB pogitive im hig cage. Leng. A lens is a -rangpanent wnefeocting medium bormded by two Surface , one g tahich rust be Sphenicall. “grag tenes (4) convex. feng (2) concone Dens (conversing teng) (diverging Jeng) zat F Thick (in middle Trick of adges Centre of Cunobune , Radius et Camohute. Primes pol ones} ophicad wag ophesd centre: A point on principe) ovis of Hrerengh taheh o mex of Digit poases Underiated. R= Re RS Ra ophica) centre com Ses ingide on Stayforce. os abgide the Sena depending uber alas of A, ot Ro. www.StudyPur.com Coniex Dens. a Fuleg for Fenage- gormokion. ’ MN BN 7, * Tmoge formed by O comuesc Leng. (17 then obyect Bes ot infinity. Trmoge i ) formed of Focus Fs Foy Read amd Invented. 3 pornt siged/ Highly divmtghed. > me Ne IM\<>4 (Hy hen obyect Dien bo ¢ AF a ig 3 Fosrned on Same Side og thed 3 object dvietucl Bf ubwsight > magnigied } Enlanged > Mme ave \y) >I + Concone Deng: * Rules dv Frage foemotion. w @ Lf mage. gormed ba O& Comcone Leng. "When chyect ign of ifinty. Tmege i” 0) Formed of Focus (F) (h Virtuad R Ubvight ] evect (i) Point siged } highly diwrenighed QW) -metve Wm) 4d1 % Object cok any pegion ecccept So Trroge, ib tS Formed on the Some Side. a% thot ¢ obgect CBJu FP 0) ") Nivtuad ft Ubsight 1) OFramnighed. Ww) ome we Im) <1 Bending ef Right vaya when it pasned fram one medium to cmethen -meditem with different optical denmily medium in ushicl Light travel slowen—> optically denser. omedium: y ” » ” » Gaaten > optically ones smediunn “7% meenune. epticel denaity Refwactive adex (R-I) Las = > speed of Qighh in aie/vaccum VY speed gf Aight in trak medium wt =v > optically denge.. RI of ore wee me ={ Gy von : Dengen ts. At p44, Are a bigrd bendg fouwands the bight Benda aaa gon normal snormal. Nole!- Jose cage whene Sigh) ne Bend: N Lows dq Refraction gq Aight > The madent wey the wTepracted say emd the. narmoll to the intenPace ot the pomt a incidence Me in the. Some. plome. @y The stohio en omgle. ef Incidemce. +o te Sime. 4} tre angle. 3 nigpraction () ig Congtont ger twe given medio. Second dow 4 srefrvaction of Sight ig allo Known og Snell's Sow. Siri = congtemt Sine Sint o Te Sinv ™ tnathtne § eal) depth + Appanent depth Ye 24 2 Real depth nm a App depth d— Real depth a7 Apponect depth m— Sigge Aight Aa Rohi m,— Jigme Sight da, Rahi Teta) Tntemel “Rellechion CTIR) of Sigid Grikcad ongle => The oma le, of imerclence covrep pond te whidn ample of refsaction becomes do” IR called Gubeol oragte. CEL) Fraging emengence. ize Grtteol angle) seta) Fnterme) Reflechon. tshen He angle of meidence becomes grester than the Gitte! angle ,thene 8 ne cen af Aight and whee of Pre imeident Sught ig omflecked wack te the denen medium. Tig phenomenon i& known a2 Tote) imfennol odflection. \ \ | 1 ee CN Tote) Enteral a oS i lection CTR) a7 c i Reflechien 5 RePrackion " Sop dishes Condition gos TR ) Te wey of Dh sougt teenie from denaen te Slonen medium. 2) The angle imeidence. must be rnevre than the Gubicad orngle Jor the given pair of media. © tohy the suiging Sun tocka to be ved ? explein algo ot the time 4 Sum set ab The Sun ig mean the horizon ob time of Sunget or StrviBe. » So Swallight +hag to tone! +Hevough pwie hickened abmogphene: AR a uierult all the colowiA Umelengo Jonge Scaltening ag companed +o ved colour ie sted coloun scattered Seagt.st ig becastBe ed coloun og Joygent wowelength. Hence. the Sum oppson wneddigh at the time of sungel os Sunvige- @} How nil you excplain the shoinkling gf Shona? yy Stan® seems to be tesinnkeling dua +o mnefracton 8 Agr Coming from the sstang While. passing trraugh earth's akmogphene. Since. eantW’& odmogphene ante nat Stobi dyit Gam +he Stag dag to poss Arsough Gluctuating Xoayen Nanious floyena of ate ity Changin nd g noche AB a een tie opponent porition ot Stan fluctuates ie olBo toinkling Sten ig obgened. © Te Sim appeans befese the Sun wigeg and often sunaet gor gw aminuteg . cohy P evs Sum becomes Vigible eanlier to actual sige, due to sifvaction. whey) the Sun ig gust below the -rowigen, it 1% not Niigible +o ug bd clue -to siepraction 3g Aight groom chmogphene a Nivtual image ia gormed Jugt above. the hovigon So He sun becomes Vigible to ug. othenusige actual sun cuill -boke ti00 animuieg to come obsove the hovigon.So Sum becomes vigible tsp minute eontien thon actual) sige Similoody in the ering sm memes visible for tao sminute, enemy atten Be. So the engin g day decorned Geoun sminutey ~more. thom 8 actual) Aength. * Refeaction of a Convex “Refsacting Sonfoce when ohjeck Deg, in FRanen medium. ov Prove Hob <4 yae 2 Wed) os a Sol Let ug compides a Convex Sphenicol sefeacheng Surface wef sactive. index uz. Let it be placed im @ stoner medium gf neqbractive. Indes. wy tet &, BAY ve the orgies vmade by incident vey wiepracted aaa. omd normed rays ~reapectively waith Principle — ascig. te Now Sn AROC dsaty =i) Sn Aare YentB 12Y-8 —lii) Since. %<, @ and Y one -smollt omagie8 Astme , FatenB , Yet? Prem) A= ton + tan —t From(n) = tan - tom@ —wW) stony & = AA No tan PF = AAL NI ton Y = AN NC From (11) 4= 2m + An — WW) No NC Freon eg (wv) m7AN ~~AN = —> NI) Ne AL Since , point A Sieg vey Cloze to Nos Po, NC= Pc , ATPL Foor (v) az An + oe — wl Po Pc Frem (uy) sie AN ~ aN ——> QI) Po PL Acc. fo Snetl'g tow Sint, te Sine Bry Since ample i cod ¥ ane al&o Small andi = yt using ego. (vn) & Gn) an] ame + aos afb - a Po Po Po PL a Ay yp Be 2 He te Po Pe Po Pr tu de = tec = > &) Po PL Pe Acc. +0 new cantezion Sign Cenventioy) Pos-u ,PC=R PLaV Frem (i2] * Refraction of a Convex Refsactng ‘Sunface when Object Sieg, in Penzoy Medium or Prove Heb Wi - Ue 2 Wy Ma in) R Sol. Let ug consider an object 0 fie im the. denges Medien gf sreproctive, index 4, on the principal ooeig. Te formation g veal imngge = &f the okject 0 bet %, B and ¥ be the amples «mode by incident vray, aefracted soy and meme) omy sieppectively batt the priveipel oeig. Oso AN penpendiculo on the principal axig. am AARoc YS. js Y-« —ti) an aanic weety —> (ii) Since omg les =, B omd Y ane Small ongtes So. as tanx , Be tmp , Y= tony Getony - tone = —> (1) n= tanB+ tany —> (Vv) Row tanec = AN >) tomB= AC , tmy7= al NO NC AL From qu) i= AM AN =—> (N) Ne Wo From) a7 = AA + AN = —> I) wr ne Acc. to Snell's tow Sint L te Sine uy, Since emgle 4 end ¥ ane alBo Small Ani = aye —wvn) From (wv) ond {u), Subatituting the Value of (1 amd (a) in ex(ut) a0 “ asf aT = ana + a a4) = Li] = ay) 2 4b NC NO NI ANC Ae Mee yy Ne NO WL NC ~-Me - dy = 4 NO NI we NG — oe - we 2 Ay rsh No AT Ne (at) Since , pont A tieg Ney Cloze to P Nos Po, NCS Pe , ATPL Accorcling ned Contegion Sign Conventions Poe=-R | Po=-u , Prat Benivakon of Leng makers formula fora Convers Jena. Sel, Let W& congiden a feng mode of a motenial of obogolute. sigroctve imdex n,.The tena ia bounded by tis0 spherical Surface xAY and xPax. G Per be their centres cCunvahune and R ch Re be radii t camtoture. stepec Step - Refreachion a surfoce “AY Smee clyect Diea in the wanen medium Se we thove au) StepIE = Refvacton of Sunface xP” twhen okyect if placed im the denzen medium and image 18 germed mm the stenen -mediinm. + 4 5 Aue ae v, v A a Chane 02%) ile Si ov 4 Me = —(te- 41) — li) v Re Adding eg Gi) thi) “4 ”% 24a-4)) bot vty = Te a] Bee Ge A But te ow [Pelative nafoactive imdes. d dens Loret the “coment -medium rt su) (k- 2%) object 18 of infinity, the renege ig foerned of princiea) Gocus g dena. ¥ Uso then of als capeosl = ba) (4 -k) cos R Ry ily aad le oa Leng maken g l geemulo, > Leng formula: 1) When stead image. 1B formed by 0 conver tens. Sol. le} UB conziden a comer Seng g Jocod dengih 4. Led AB be on chyect placed snormellly on the principal axis of Hoe. Jeng: So @#B ig the see) image g the abject as. ae uc ——(i) Similonly AcoF & A'BF ane Similon co = SF ee Bid =CD=AB (Since all digtomce one meoguned Arem the ophcel centre of the denn) AB SF —> (i) Ae FA From eg.G) Pfr) use hove Jeng ia cpus) to the reciprocal 4 tte. food deagh 3g tre Jeng expregged in mebves Pe Sein mn) AB pen dena -mohen's gormulo, the focal dength. - = ung “K) Pe Oa) SI unit ¢ powen ig diophre (©) * Combination @ Trin Jenzea in contact hfe ConZiden -+rso thin, teryees of gored Jengins gi Bho sep pechively. placed in ck sith each then. Let o be the point object placed on the principal axiz a the Senges tn Comtack . 9p Seed Jena were net pregent trem the Fiat feng Ferma an imoge T, af the object O of Q aAigtence %, gyom it ehetelt —0) v 4 vi Since Second ‘ena ig in contack With the finst. So T, ad® ag Virtuo) obyect fow the Secmd Deng uohida Jormns the image ot a digtmce w Prom it = hot — (ii) at 2 Adding sg. alii) lg iG oe ute 4 5S as 4 ot , ca seats Wa cHVe gocad Jensth “aN ezuivellent fecal demgtn 7 OrBeuBB phenomenon gf sneftaction Areveugh a prism. Derive nelohion A+h=4 te. Show that Jov a Smelt angle prigm S=Cu-1)A, where Symbols trove ther uauel meaning’ - Sel. 48, +% § 2 4-% 0) ee =6,tb Crenticolhy. opPoaite enggles equal) Sp = @-%, ——i) Where S, is deviahon produced by ac Sunface gf Prism Tate) omple. 4 deuiohion S=§ +8 & = i-¥, + ee = (ite)-c4 442) Foor quodnilotenad ALonm ZA + Lato + LLom+ LomA = 3bo° ZA+90° + ZLOM + 90° =360" Léato=coma = 4c] 2A +220m = 180° — vy) gn ALom + LLOM + %z =180° Frm ep. (v) @) ZA + 4L0M =v, + LloM+o, — \) A =H +hL — (wv) Suostitule, the vobue of eqn. (vw) ay eg Qn) + ite-A vii) & ths ite —— iii) Acc. to Snell’® Jaw 41 = Sind Sint For Seal onsen wad Asus, Simi (ee From (vil S = Cur, +406,) -A S& = a(+,+.)-A & = wA-A [B= Gal’ tence pmed. e Ee % Oeive petam formula. jc5,+%, Crenkcally apponite emgles equal) $7 4-%, 0 @ 28, the S22 @-%, —lii) bohenee & is. deviahion produced by AC Sunfloce 3 Prigm Tote) ongle gq devioton S=S +8 & = A-¥, + e- = (i+e) “044%. —() From quadnilotenad ALomM ZA + Lato + LLom+ LomA = 360° 2A+90°+ ZL0M +90° =360" Lépto=zzoma = 40 ] ZA +Z20mM = 180° — av) Qn ALom + ZloM + by =180° — ly) From @p. @) 4) ZA + 40M =¥,+ LLoM +5, ASH — (vi) Sudogtitule the volue. ef 297 QW) mm ep Qn) &* ite-A vii) 4 — azn From obove figure we gird thet of the minmmum dleviahon +hene ig only. cme angle of incidence. lhe S= San thn = 42 & 28 3 Suppote From (vi) As to Aswav A= QT w= 2 Pom (wit) S= 44e-A Smme 4 tir ‘www.StudyPur.com a what ig cligpenzion of Dight P Explain it with seg chiagroom Algo deactibe the cage 4 dizpengzion x Sight. Tia phenernenen of Splitting Ff white Light into its congtiuent Colouy& on pasaing Hreogh oO pram ip Called digpenzion af Sight Cage ef Ovapenzion = adh low! throw ite own Chonacterighe woavelengtn( A) Agar is dliffenent ger diffeneant colouns. S= (-iA differert Coloung deviote Hrough differnt angles. Niolet Celows clevtioteg moocimnum ond the sted coloun deviate sminivnum. Therefore the. other colours Loill dexiote in buasted amd Violet. Red aeange. Yebtor Green Sine, Indie vail OY Stake the neazon for Ho Sollowing cogemnotion seceded from Surface of room: wo Sky oppea clark. oy Sky appears donk Grom the Suxface of meen due to she absence of the akmozphene. on men. (0X) Rambow ig —neven domed, gy Foe te formation of ssormbow, preaenice. ef atmosphere ond woten droplelg in abmosphene i& meceazony Gath of these. ane abzent an the Moen. So coinbowd 18 even dormed on the mom. a) loka tre Shy dooka +o be blue? vy When the Aight the Sum enter almogphene, then bluz ond wolet Colour scotter too much due +o fneit Smolen woudength . Teh ig ashy the Sky appear blu Hunn exe: Len Cornea Redine, Aqueoug Blind spot Huemay Pupil Optic. newen Cilianes muacle. 1d Comnen.=> the aden grote) cumued pant gf the ye allows Aight to enten the eqe- &) Leng => The eye Jeng in a crystoltine double Convex 3- Ter > UH ig a colouned cireulan iaphrogn hosing a central tele is called pupil. Tig conholg He amamt ¢ Agnt entering the eye Yneough the pupil U. Retna => St acta ag a Screen to obtain He irenage gq the obyect. Optre nenve => Opie mene th commeg newe rmpuacs or sands +o the bwoms. Ss. Acconnmedadion:- The ces& ushich Ciliorvy mugde chomgs the focal engih 4 tho nae m Such a Woy trot re Shane tmoqe- of an obect ot orn, position grom the eye ia doomed om the selina YB known ag atéyamedshan ef the ee: * Oghecks g Nizion and theis Comrechon. (1) Leng Signtedvness/ Fon Sightedness / Hypermebwopio, A human eye wshich com gee gan Bf okjects, os Aigtant olyesta Cleanly ig Said to be Buffer goom a defect Known of Jeng Sightednens ox hypenmebropia. Couge of Hypermelropra GQ) Dnenease mM the gece! engin 4 ye dens fh) decneope im the Rize 3 the exe boll Coste chon of tong - Sghtednas Thig. defect com be covrectecd by using a convex Seng 4 Suitoble focal Length. aso a, ° a Neon pomt SS 4 marere aye: a2, % dgfective ge Le ©) Correction of Jong Sightecvegs (*) Sheek - Sighedneap /rean- sightednesa / Myopia A theme eye iB short-sighted ee Myopic yf it Can Bee the ~nean objects cleanly dub 18 unoble to cleonly See Son- off obyect Cie digkent object) Cause ¢ myopia. ty Imcneage in the engin dg the we boll hy Phe epeceggive Cunvatune the comea oF clecnease in the focal denngth a eye Lens. Cosrection ef Sheet “Sightedvega myopia. Th. olefect Can be casrected by uning a cmcave Leng a Suitoble. Se Sifgening groom myppio ron ENS ©) Correction g Jong Poni eye Presbuopra ze A Ahem eye Which Comvot gee +he Near —_—_ object Cleorly but cam Bee cligtonct cbyects Cleonly ip Said to Ruffen from a defect Known of peepbppia- Thia defect 1B Sirenilon to hyperrmet wopia but she cauge of hapenmmeteopia, ond preabyopia one. afferent: www.StudyPur.com fA el ne 7m Astigmohern A humo eye cdhich Comet See beth hsrigental omd venkcad portion af am object Simultoneeugly with Some cleanity 3 sufferrng grmm o defect Known og Aatigen otis Cocsection :- ot indica) Jenges. OQ) whet is Simple rmicwoRcope P Denive om) exepveggion ger ite mosnifur Pousen- a 8S oe amicnoRcople iR om optico) inghrusrment +> Bee tiny obyecta, az ~mosified ome. Principle -- An object placed d/o. the optical) centre ond the Pocug 3 a Convex Jeng, forma a vivtudd , erect om magnigied Tage on the Some. Side a the Lena. Or: mognigving powen me —w) Since. & and B one Smolll omyles & atom Be tmB +m B= Ae ca’ torn = AE cA orn & = ag, [ re=nsd BR ey ©) beamer me tonB 2 hornee ™ = a's AS 9 Sige gf trope (hr) Sige d okyect h) mee ot Ace. to Sign Comiention. wamd de mk mP= ob a Acc: to Deng, goomula. -L4tet ay rs ck etet a F mrudtighamg: bath: sides by id, ues get a-ded Go a ¢s eeccoisfcbyell v $ * * ith the hedp of Labelled dicupram , que the principle and magnifying power of Comparnd micwpeepe. Unen Sinell image. ig formed at Seaat distance af digknet Nigion. Sol. A compound -miciozcape ig uged to Zee the. Airy. pombeles 6s Soll abject which ane rot Seer by Simple “mictaB Cope - Psinciple:- When om obyect (AS) ia placed im dront of A Conves. Leng Cobjective dleng) of a digterce dha BH 4 2h, then ig eal, Mwerted ord wragmnified (AB) frmage. it §ormed on the other Bide gf the Leng. Sf thik imager ies waitin Gace) Jengtin ¢ another conerteng of tanye operune then thip ienoge- actg ag am object few ege dieng . The. Sinol mognigiing powen me —w Since. & omd B&B one Small oragles XK tome Be tmB sen B = 8 ge” torn = ae cA" jon® = AB [ e'e=ne] ca’ 4 W beames ef" me tomB , SO ttomee BS. Al ge meet 3 (i mmudliply od clivide. ight bend sside ¢f eg (u) ay ae me fa x Rat a's’, a’at m= ry *ag ms Me Xm — Ww) mes ota! . a’! Ue me = ft 2a = — >) AR Ue Since. gined image (% germed ot Deogt digtemce g dighmnct wigion tus) From (1) meng — &) Ace: to sie Comiention. O=-Ue 4, Ve-d = ae Gli *Eay > Je ie e+ fs A es mudtiply. doth side by d dete d Ue Se aeteod Ue. Se ee a de uaing 4 (mw) Me MX Me "ag*($) Since. obyect ig very cloge to J, 4, =4o 9 Vorb @) vith the heb of Lobelled cliggrarm , give the principle and roegmifying fowen gf ogtonernical tcleacope , cahen gino) image 13 farmed ot eagt dighant a dighnct vigion. Solr Apksmomica) telegeope ig uged to obgenve Areavenly. obyect slike ~moon, digtence. stang amd planeta etc. Principle - when the. ginad image. i& ormed ot a digbence 3 clighnd Migion ,the teleacope ig Said 4o be im aliptinct wraion adpuatment . objective. Aeng e megnigiing powen met —u) Since o¢ ond B one Small Orage’ Ratan Be tmB +m B= fe) gar “torn & = fle! cA‘ Acc. +o New Cantegion Sim Comembiang. cA =f, and Gals ntl m= fo — Ue Foe chigtont vision (a) od 44 oY Se Pur a= tte a vend ape ee We od Ses dete YW Se —b sdfrete) — wi De ek 4s) © Substitubing the veluc. Sk ing & we gd ©) explain oghonomica) telescope, under normal adjustment with Lodt debated weet and clean cliagvorn and clenive. a9 ecpeesgion dow itp rag ngying pouieng. Sel Pphernornica) telegcope ig uged to obpenve Dreavenly. olyect Ske rmesn , digtomce. stang amd planeia etc: Principle :- Lather ane final Fmage iB armed of infinity the telescepe. 1% oid to be nome! adyuxtment moanigiing powen me —w Since. & amd B ane small oragles X Sten Be tons +n B= 8B) gn" torn = fie gAt fe m= GA" -| car 5. % al cLAt Ace: to New Conteaion Sinn Comenhiong A= and Gals —te m= cf st (1); le, Fer varmed odkughnent de = “fe

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