1 0 1

1. Consider 2 −1 0 .
3 1 2
(a) Find M 13.
(b) Find A31.
(c) Find A12 .

2 −1
(a) M 13 =
3 1
= (2)(1) − (−1)(3)
=5

0 1
(b) A31 =
−1 0
= (0)(0) − (1)( −1)
=1

2 0
(c) A12 = −
3 2
= −[(2)(2) − (0)(3)]
= −4

9 0 3
2. Consider 8 8 1 .
9 9 7
(a) Find M 23.
(b) Find A32.
(c) Find A21.

335
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 9 0
(a) M 23 =
9 9
= (9)(9) − (0)(9)
= 81

9 3
(b) A32 = −
8 1
= −[(9)(1) − (3)(8)]
= 15

0 3
(c) A21 = −
9 7
= −[(0)(7) − (3)(9)]
= 27

1 −6 1
3. Consider 2 3 − 4 .
5 −7 2
(a) Find M 12 .
(b) Find A21.
(c) Find A32.

2 −4
(a) M 12 =
5 2
= (2)(2) − (− 4)(5)
= 24

−6 1
(b) A21 = −
−7 2
= −[(−6)(2) − (1)(−7)]
=5

1 1
(c) A32 = −
2 −4
= −[(1)(− 4) − (1)(2)]
=6

336
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 4 5 6
4. Find the value of 2 0 −1 by the following methods.
1 2 1
(a) Expand along the 2nd column.
(b) Expand along the 2nd row.

4 5 6
2 −1 4 6
(a) 2 0 −1 = −5 +0−2
1 1 2 −1
1 2 1
= −5(3) − 2( −16)
= 17

4 5 6
5 6 4 5
(b) 2 0 −1 = −2 + 0 − (−1)
2 1 1 2
1 2 1
= −2(−7) + 3
= 17

2 1 0
5. Find the value of −1 −1 2 by the following methods.
1 1 3
(a) Expand along the 1st row.
(b) Expand along the 1st column.

2 1 0
−1 2 −1 2
(a) −1 −1 2 = 2 − +0
1 3 1 3
1 1 3
= 2(−5) − ( −5)
= −5

2 1 0
−1 2 1 0 1 0
(b) −1 −1 2 = 2 − (−1) +
1 3 1 3 −1 2
1 1 3
= 2(−5) + 3 + 2
= −5

337
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 7 2
6. Find the value of .
3 8

7 2
= (7)(8) − (2)(3)
3 8
= 50

−1 2
7. Find the value of .
3 −4

−1 2
= (−1)(− 4) − (2)(3)
3 −4
= −2

−11 −2
8. Find the value of .
9 3

−11 −2
= (−11)(3) − (−2)(9)
9 3
= −15

1 0 1
9. Find the value of 0 1 2 .
3 4 1

1 0 1
0 1 2 = (1)(1)(1) + (0)(2)(3) + (1)(0)(4) − (1)(1)(3) − (1)(2)(4) − (0)(0)(1)
3 4 1
= −10

338
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 1 −2 3
10. Find the value of −1 4 2 .
2 1 −2

1 −2 3
−1 4 2 = (1)(4)(−2) + (−2)(2)(2) + (3)(−1)(1) − (3)(4)(2) − (1)(2)(1) − (−2)(−1)(−2)
2 1 −2
= − 41

3 1 −2
11. Find the value of 4 5 −6 .
2 −2 3

3 1 −2
4 5 −6 = (3)(5)(3) + (1)(−6)(2) + (−2)(4)(−2) − (−2)(5)(2) − (3)(−6)(−2) − (1)(4)(3)
2 −2 3
= 21

4 7 2
12. Find the value of 8 −1 −3 .
9 −2 1

4 7 2
8 −1 −3 = (4)(−1)(1) + (7)(−3)(9) + (2)(8)(−2) − (2)(−1)(9) − (4)(−3)(−2) − (7)(8)(1)
9 −2 1
= −287

339
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 2 0 1
13. Find the value of 1 4 −2 by cofactor expansion.
−5 0 3

2 0 1
2 1
1 4 −2 = 0 + 4 +0
−5 3
−5 0 3
= 4(11)
= 44

7 −2 2
14. Find the value of 5 8 0 by cofactor expansion.
−1 − 4 6

7 −2 2
−2 2 7 2
5 8 0 = −5 +8 +0
−4 6 −1 6
−1 − 4 6
= −5(− 4) + 8(44)
= 372

−1 −1 5
15. Find the value of 2 2 −10 by cofactor expansion.
4 0 3

−1 −1 5
−1 5 −1 −1
2 2 −10 = 4 +0+3
2 −10 2 2
4 0 3
= 4(0) + 3(0)
=0

340
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 2 −1 3
16. Find the value of 4 5 7 by cofactor expansion.
−2 1 −3

2 −1 3
5 7 4 7 4 5
4 5 7 =2 − (−1) +3
1 −3 −2 −3 −2 1
−2 1 −3
= 2(−22) + 2 + 3(14)
=0

2 1 3
17. Find the value of 3 1 4 by cofactor expansion.
−1 1 5

2 1 3
3 4 2 3 2 3
3 1 4 =− + −
−1 5 −1 5 3 4
−1 1 5
= −19 + 13 − (−1)
= −5

7 −2 4
18. Find the value of −5 2 1 by cofactor expansion.
2 −6 3

7 −2 4
−5 2 7 −2 7 −2
−5 2 1 =4 − +3
2 −6 2 −6 −5 2
2 −6 3
= 4(26) − (−38) + 3(4)
= 154

341
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 x 2
19. Solve the equation = 4.
5 7

x 2
=4
5 7
( x)(7) − (2)(5) = 4
7 x − 10 = 4
7 x = 14
x=2

−3 x
20. Solve the equation = 2.
5 6

−3 x
=2
5 6
(−3)(6) − ( x)(5) = 2
−18 − 5 x = 2
5 x = −20
x = −4

x 2x
21. Solve the equation = 14.
3 4

x 2x
= 14
3 4
( x)( 4) − (2 x)(3) = 14
4 x − 6 x = 14
− 2 x = 14
x = −7

342
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 x 2x
22. Solve the equation = −20.
x 6

x 2x
= −20
x 6
( x)(6) − (2 x)( x) = −20
6 x − 2 x 2 = −20
x 2 − 3x − 10 = 0
( x + 2)( x − 5) = 0
x = −2 or x = 5

2 1 0
23. Solve the equation x 2 1 = 9.
1 −1 3

2 1 0
x 2 1 =9
1 −1 3

2 1 x 1
2 − +0=9
−1 3 1 3
2(7) − (3 x − 1) = 9
14 − 3 x + 1 = 9
3x = 6
x=2

343
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 1 0 1
24. Solve the equation −2 − 4 3 = 11.
x 1 2x

1 0 1
−2 − 4 3 = 11
x 1 2x

−4 3 −2 − 4
+0+ = 11
1 2x x 1
−8 x − 3 + (−2) + 4 x = 11
4 x = −16
x = −4

2 x 1
25. Solve the equation 0 −5 x = −7.
1 1 2

2 x 1
0 −5 x = −7
1 1 2

2 1 2 x
0 + (−5) −x = −7
1 2 1 1
(−5)(3) − x(2 − x) = −7
−15 − 2 x + x 2 = −7
x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
( x + 2)( x − 4) = 0
x = −2 or x = 4

344
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 x 2 x
26. Solve the equation −1 x 3 = 0.
x 2 1

x 2 x
−1 x 3 = 0
x 2 1

x 3 2 x 2 x
x − (−1) +x =0
2 1 2 1 x 3

x( x − 6) + (2 − 2 x) + x(6 − x 2 ) = 0
x 2 − 6 x + 2 − 2 x + 6 x − x3 = 0
x3 − x 2 + 2 x − 2 = 0
( x − 1)( x 2 + 2) = 0
x = 1 or x 2 = −2 (r ejec ted)

sin θ sin θ
27. Solve the equation = −1, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360° .
2 sin θ

sin θ sin θ
= −1
2 sin θ

sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ = −1
sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ + 1 = 0
(sin θ − 1) 2 = 0
sin θ = 1
θ = 90°

345
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28. Find the value of each of the following determinants.
3 6 9
7 7
(a) (b) 7 6 5
8 8
6 12 18

7 7
(a) =0
8 8

3 6 9 3 6 9
(b) 7 6 5 = 7 6 5
6 12 18 2(3) 2(6) 2(9)
=0

29. Find the value of each of the following determinants.

9 1 8 p p −1 2p
(a) 1 0 1 (b) q q − 1 2q
9 1 8 r r −1 2r

9 1 8
(a) 1 0 1 =0
9 1 8

p p −1 2p
(b) q q − 1 2q = 0
r r −1 2r

30. Without evaluating the determinant, find the unknown in the following.
3 7 3 2
=
2 1 7 x

3 7 3 2
=
2 1 7 1
∴ x =1

346
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31. Without evaluating the determinant, find the unknown in the following.
−1 8 −1 x
=−
8 −2 8 2

−1 8 −1 −8
=−
8 −2 8 2
∴ x = −8

32. Without evaluating the determinant, find the unknown in the following.
4 6 6 4
=−
8 7 −7 x

4 6 6 4
=−
8 7 7 8
6 4
=
−7 −8
∴ x = −8

33. Without evaluating the determinant, find the unknown in the following.
1 3 4 6
=x
2 4 8 8

1 3 1 4 3
=
2 4 4 8 4
1 1 4 6
= ⋅
4 2 8 8
1 4 6
=
8 8 8
1
∴ x=
8

347
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34. Without evaluating the determinant, find the unknown in the following.
1 2 1 1 1 1
1 4 4 =x1 4 2
1 6 9 1 9 3

1 2 1 1 1 2
1 4 4 =−1 4 4
1 6 9 1 9 6

1 1 1
= −2 1 4 2
1 9 3

∴ x = −2

35. Without evaluating the determinant, find the unknown in the following.
3 1 9 3 −5 9
3 5 1 = 3 −1 1
4 7 8 4 x 8

3 1 9 3 1− 2×3 9
3 5 1 = 3 5 − 2×3 1
4 7 8 4 7 − 2× 4 8

3 −5 9
= 3 −1 1
4 −1 8

∴ x = −1

348
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36. Without evaluating the determinant, find the unknown in the following.
1 0 1 1 2 3
2 −3 − 4 = 0 −1 x
1 1 2 1 −4 6

1 0 1 1 2 1
2 −3 − 4 = 0 −3 1
1 1 2 1 −4 2
1 2 3
1
= 0 −3 3
3
1 −4 6
1 2 3
= 0 −1 1
1 −4 6
∴ x =1

37. Without evaluating the determinant, find the unknown in the following.
2 3 5 2 4 2
4 4 2 = −2 3 3 y
4 3 3 5 3 1

2 3 5 2 4 4
4 4 2 = 3 4 3
4 3 3 5 2 3
2 4 4
=− 3 3 4
5 3 2
2 4 2
= −2 3 3 2
5 3 1
∴ y=2

349
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 3 1 −2
38. Simplify 0 −1 2 , and evaluate the determinant by expanding it along the 1st column.
1 4 2

3 1 −2 0 −11 −8
0 −1 2 = 0 −1 2
1 4 2 1 4 2

= (0)( A11) + (0)( A21) + (1)( A31)

−11 −8
=
−1 2

= −30

− 4 1 −5
39. Simplify 2 0 1 , and evaluate the determinant by expanding it along the 2nd row.
3 2 6

− 4 1 −5 6 1 −5
2 0 1 = 0 0 1
3 2 6 −9 2 6

= (0)( A21) + (0)( A22 ) + (1)( A23 )

6 1
=−
−9 2

= −21

350
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 2 6 5
40. Simplify − 4 −1 2 , and evaluate the determinant by expanding it along the 1st row.
1 3 2

2 6 5 0 0 1
− 4 −1 2 = − 4 −1 2
1 3 2 1 3 2
= (0)( A11) + (0)( A12 ) + (1)( A13 )
− 4 −1
=
1 3
= −11

6 −1 2
41. Simplify 12 4 5 , and evaluate the determinant by expanding it along the 3rd column.
9 −5 3

6 −1 2 6 −1 0
12 4 5 = 12 4 1
9 −5 3 9 −5 0
= (0)( A13 ) + (1)( A23 ) + (0)( A33 )
6 −1
=−
9 −5
= 21

p q p+r r
42. If = 3, find the value of .
r s q+s s

p+r r p r
=
q+s s q s
p q
=
r s
=3

351
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 p q 3r + 3s 2s
43. If = 2, find the value of .
r s 3 p + 3q 2q

3r + 3s 2 s 3(r + s ) s
=2
3 p + 3q 2q 3( p + q ) q
r+s s
= 2×3
p+q q
r s
=6
p q
p q
= −6
r s
= −6(2)
= −12

a b c p q r
44. If p q r = 5, find the value of a + 2 p b + 2q c + 2r .
x y z 3x − a 3 y − b 3z − r

p q r p q r
a + 2 p b + 2q c + 2r = a b c
3x − a 3 y − b 3z − r 3x − a 3 y − b 3z − r
p q r
= a b c
3x 3 y 3z
p q r
=3 a b c
x y z
a b c
= −3 p q r
x y z
= −3(5)
= −15

352
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 a b c 2a 2c 2b
45. If p q r = 7, find the value of p r q .
x y z x+a+ p z+c+r y+b+q

2a 2c 2b 2a 2b 2c
p r q =− p q r
x+a+ p z+c+r y+b+q x+a+ p y+b+q z+c+r
a b c
= −2 p q r
x+a+ p y+b+q z+c+r
a b c
= −2 p q r
x+a y+b z+c
a b c
= −2 p q r
x y z
= −2(7)
= −14

a +1 b c
46. Prove that a b +1 c = a + b + c + 1.
a b c +1

a +1 b c a +1 b c
a b +1 c = −1 1 0
a b c +1 −1 0 1
a + c +1 b c
= −1 1 0
0 0 1
a + c +1 b
=
−1 1
= a + c + 1 − ( −b )
= a + b + c +1

353
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 x4 x2 1
47. Prove that y 4 y 2 1 = ( y 2 − x 2 )( z 2 − x 2 )( y 2 − z 2 ).
z4 z2 1

x4 x2 1 x4 x2 1
4 2 4 4 2 2
y y 1 = y −x y −x 0
4 2 4 4 2 2
z z 1 z −x z −x 0

x4 x2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
= ( y − x )( z − x ) y + x 1 0
2 2
z +x 1 0

y 2 + x2 1
= ( y 2 − x 2 )( z 2 − x 2 )
z 2 + x2 1
= ( y 2 − x 2 )( z 2 − x 2 )[ y 2 + x 2 − ( z 2 + x 2 )]
= ( y 2 − x 2 )( z 2 − x 2 )( y 2 − z 2 )

1 x x3
48. Prove that 1 y y 3 = ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)( x + y + z ).
1 z z3

1 x x3 1 x x3
3
1 y y = 0 y−x y 3 − x3
1 z z3 0 z−x z 3 − x3

1 x x3
= ( y − x)( z − x) 0 1 y 2 + yx + x 2
0 1 z 2 + zx + x 2

1 y 2 + yx + x 2
= ( y − x)( z − x)
1 z 2 + zx + x 2
= ( y − x)( z − x)[ z 2 + zx + x 2 − ( y 2 + yx + x 2 )]
= ( y − x)( z − x)( z 2 − y 2 + zx − yx)
= ( y − x)( z − x)[( z − y )( z + y ) + x( z − y )]
= ( y − x)( z − x)( z − y )( z + y + x)
= ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)( x + y + z )

354
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 k7 k3 1
49. Prove that k 5 k 2 1 = k 5 (k − 1)3 (k + 1).
k3 k 1

k7 k3 1 k4 k2 1
k5 k2 1 = k3 ⋅ k k2 k 1
k3 k 1 1 1 1

k4 −1 k2 −1 1
= k4 k2 −1 k −1 1
0 0 1

k4 −1 k2 −1
= k4
k2 −1 k −1
(k + 1)(k 2 + 1) k + 1
= k 4 (k − 1) 2
k +1 1
k2 +1 k +1
= k 4 (k − 1) 2 (k + 1)
1 1
= k 4 (k − 1) 2 (k + 1)[k 2 + 1 − (k + 1)]
= k 5 (k − 1)3 (k + 1)

x x x
2 2
50. Prove that sin x sin y sin 2 z = 0.
cos2 x cos2 y cos2 z

x x x 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
sin x sin y sin z = x sin x sin y sin 2 z
cos 2 x cos 2 y cos 2 z cos 2 x cos 2 y cos 2 z
1 1 1
= x sin x + cos x sin y + cos y sin z + cos 2 z
2 2 2 2 2

cos 2 x cos 2 y cos 2 z

1 1 1
=x 1 1 1
cos x cos y cos 2 z
2 2

=0

355
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 sin θ sin θ + cos θ 1
2 2
51. Prove that −cos θ sin θ cos θ tan θ = 1.
sin θ sin θ 1

sin θ sin θ + cos θ 1 0 cos θ 0

2 2 2 2
−cos θ sin θ cos θ tan θ = −cos θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
sin θ sin θ 1 sin θ sin θ 1
−cos θ tan θ
= −cos θ
sin θ 1
= −cos θ(−cos θ − tan θ sin θ)
sin θ
= cos 2 θ + cos θ ⋅ ⋅ sin θ
cos θ
= cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
=1

x +1 1 1
52. (a) Prove that 1 y +1 1 = xy + yz + zx + xyz .
1 1 z +1

4 1 1
(b) Hence find the value of 1 5 1 .
1 1 6

x +1 1 1 x 0 1
(a) 1 y +1 1 = 0 y 1
1 1 z +1 −z −z z +1
0 0 1
= −x y 1
− z − x( z + 1) − z z +1
−x y
=
− z − xz − x − z
= xz − y (− z − xz − x)
= xy + yz + zx + xyz

356
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 (b) From (a), take x = 3, y = 4, z = 5,
4 1 1
1 5 1 = 3× 4 + 4× 5 + 5× 3 + 3× 4× 5
1 1 6
= 107

1 a bc
53. (a) Prove that 1 b ac = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a).
1 c ab

1 2 12
(b) Hence find the value of 1 3 8 .
1 4 6

1 a bc 1 a bc
(a) 1 b ac = 0 b − a ac − bc
1 c ab 0 c − a ab − bc
1 a bc
= (b − a )(c − a ) 0 1 −c
0 1 −b
1 −c
= (b − a )(c − a )
1 −b
= (b − a )(c − a )(−b + c)
= (a − b)(b − c)(c − a )

(b) From (a), take a = 2, b = 3, c = 4,

1 2 12
1 3 8 = (2 − 3)(3 − 4)(4 − 2)
1 4 6
= (−1)( −1)(2)
=2

357
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 x+ y y z
54. Factorize y + z z x .
z+x x y

x+ y y z x+ y+z y z
y+z z x = x+ y+z z x
z+x x y x+ y+z x y
1 y z
= ( x + y + z) 1 z x
1 x y
1 y z
= ( x + y + z) 0 z − y x−z
0 x− y y−z
z−y x−z
= ( x + y + z)
x− y y−z
= ( x + y + z )[( z − y )( y − z ) − ( x − z )( x − y )]
= ( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx − x 2 − y 2 − z 2 )

n n m
55. Factorize n m n .
m n n

n n m m + 2n n m
n m n = m + 2n m n
m n n m + 2n n n
1 n m
= ( m + 2 n) 1 m n
1 n n
1 n m
= ( m + 2 n) 0 m − n n − m
0 0 n−m
m−n n−m
= ( m + 2 n)
0 n−m
m−n 1
= (m + 2n)(n − m)
0 1
= − (m + 2n)(m − n) 2

358
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 m+n n m
56. Factorize m m+n n .
n m m+n

m+n n m 2m + 2n n m
m m+n n = 2m + 2n m + n n
n m m+n 2m + 2n m m+n

1 n m
= ( 2m + 2n) 1 m + n n
1 m m+n

1 n m
= 2( m + n ) 0 m n−m
0 m−n n

m n−m
= 2( m + n )
m−n n

= 2( m + n)[mn − ( n − m)(m − n)]

= 2( m + n)(mn + m 2 − 2mn + n 2 )

= 2( m + n)(m 2 − mn + n 2 )

x x2 yz
57. (a) Prove that y y2 xz = ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)( xy + yz + xz).
z z2 xy

2 1 6
(b) Hence find the value of 4 4 3 .
6 9 2

359
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 x x2 yz x2 x3 xyz
1
(a) y y2 xz = y2 y3 xyz
xyz 2
z z2 xy z z3 xyz

x2 x3 1
= y2 y3 1
z2 z3 1

x2 x3 1
2 2 3 3
= y −x y −x 0
2 2 3 3
z −x z −x 0

x2 x3 1
2 2
= ( y − x)( z − x) y + x y + yx + x 0
2 2
z+x z + zx + x 0

y+x y 2 + yx + x 2
= ( y − x)( z − x)
z+x z 2 + zx + x 2
y+x y 2 + yx + x 2
= ( y − x)( z − x)
z−y z 2 + zx − y 2 − yx
y+x y 2 + yx + x 2
= ( y − x)( z − x)
z − y ( z − y )( z + y + x)
y+x y 2 + yx + x 2
= ( y − x)( z − x)( z − y )
1 z+ y+x
= ( y − x)( z − x)( z − y )[( y + x)( z + y + x) − ( y 2 + yx + x 2 )]
= ( y − x)( z − x)( z − y )( yz + y 2 + yx + xz + xy + x 2 − y 2 − yx − x 2 )
= ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)( xy + yz + xz)

2 1 6 1 1 6
(b) 4 4 3 =2 2 4 3
6 9 2 3 9 2
From (a), take x = 1, y = 2, z = 3,
2 1 6
4 4 3 = 2(1 − 2)(2 − 3)(3 − 1)(1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 1 × 3)
6 9 2
= 2(−1)(−1)(2)(11)
= 44

360
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 1 1 1
58. (a) Factorize yz xz xy .
2 2
x y z2

1 30 16
(b) Hence find the value of 1 24 25 .
1 20 36

1 1 1 1 0 0
(a) yz xz xy = yz xz − yz xy − yz
x2 y2 z2 x2 y 2 − x2 z 2 − x2

1 0 0
= ( x − y )( x − z ) yz z y
2
x − ( x + y) − ( x + z)

z y
= ( x − y )( x − z )
− ( x + y) − ( x + z)

= − ( x − y )( x − z )[ z ( x + z ) − y ( x + y )]
= − ( x − y )( x − z )( xz + z 2 − xy − y 2 )
= − ( x − y )( x − z )( z 2 − y 2 + xz − xy)
= − ( x − y )( x − z )[( z − y )( z + y ) + x( z − y )]
= − ( x − y )( x − z )( z − y )( z + y + x)
= ( x − y )( y − z )( x − z )( x + y + z )

1 30 16 1 1 1
(b) 1 24 25 = 30 24 20
1 20 36 16 25 36

From (a), take x = 4, y = 5, z = 6,

1 30 16
1 24 25 = (4 − 5)(5 − 6)(4 − 6)(4 + 5 + 6)
1 20 36
= (−1)(−1)(−2)(15)
= −30

361
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59. Given that x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 , x7 , x8 , x9 form a geometric sequence, find the value of
x1 x2 x3
x4 x5 x6 .
x7 x8 x9

Let r be the common ratio of the sequence.

x4 = r 3 x1 , x5 = r 3 x2 , x6 = r 3 x3
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3
3 3 3
x4 x5 x6 = r x1 r x2 r x3
x7 x8 x9 x7 x8 x9
x1 x2 x3
3
= r x1 x2 x3
x7 x8 x9
= r 3 ( 0)
=0

60. Given that x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 , x7 , x8 , x9 form a geometric sequence, find the value of

x1 x4 x7
x2 x5 x8 .
x3 x6 x9

Let d be the common difference of the sequence.

x4 = x1 + 3d , x5 = x2 + 3d , x6 = x3 + 3d , x7 = x1 + 6d , x8 = x2 + 6d , x9 = x3 + 6d
x1 x4 x7 x1 x1 + 3d x1 + 6d
x2 x5 x8 = x2 x2 + 3d x2 + 6 d
x3 x6 x9 x3 x3 + 3d x3 + 6d
x1 3d 6d
= x2 3d 6d
x3 3d 6d
x1 3d 3d
= 2 x2 3d 3d
x3 3d 3d
= 2(0)
=0

362
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61. Given that F1 , F2 , F3 , ! is the Fibonacci sequence (i.e. F1 = F2 = 1, Fn = Fn − 2 + Fn −1 , where n > 2 ),
F11 F14 F17
find the value of F12 F15 F18 .
F13 F16 F19

F13 = F11 + F12 , F16 = F14 + F15 , F19 = F17 + F18

F11 F14 F17 F11 F14 F17
F12 F15 F18 = F12 F15 F18
F13 F16 F19 F11 + F12 F14 + F15 F17 + F18
F11 F14 F17
= F12 F15 F18
F12 F15 F18
=0

⎧2 x + y = 4
62. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨ by Cramer’s rule.
⎩3x − 2 y = −1

2 1
D= = −7
3 −2

4 1
Dx = = −7
−1 −2

2 4
Dy = = −14
3 −1

Dx −7 Dy −14
= = 1, = =2
D −7 D −7
∴ The solution of the system is x = 1, y = 2.

363
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 ⎧3x − 5 y = 1
63. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨ by Cramer’s rule.
⎩4 x − 3 y = 5

3 −5
D= = 11
4 −3
1 −5
Dx = = 22
5 −3
3 1
Dy = = 11
4 5
Dx 22 Dy 11
= = 2, = =1
D 11 D 11
∴ The solution of the system is x = 2, y = 1.

⎧−7 x + 5 y = 12
64. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨ by Cramer’s rule.
⎩ 2 x − 3 y = −5

−7 5
D= = 11
2 −3
12 5
Dx = = −11
−5 −3
−7 12
Dy = = 11
2 −5
Dx −11 Dy 11
= = −1, = =1
D 11 D 11
∴ The solution of the system is x = −1, y = 1.

⎧2 x − 5 y = −19
65. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨ by Cramer’s rule.
⎩−7 x + 2 y = 20

2 −5
D= = −31
−7 2
−19 −5
Dx = = 62
20 2

364
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 2 −19
Dy = = −93
−7 20
Dx 62 Dy −93
= = −2, = =3
D −31 D −31
∴ The solution of the system is x = −2, y = 3.

⎧9 x + 5 y = − 46
66. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨ by Cramer’s rule.
⎩7 x − 2 y = −24

9 5
D= = −53
7 −2
− 46 5
Dx = = 212
−24 − 2
9 − 46
Dy = = 106
7 −24
Dx 212 Dy 106
= = −4, = = −2
D −53 D −53
∴ The solution of the system is x = −4, y = −2.

⎧2 x − 2 y + z = −1
⎪
67. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨ x − y + 2 z = −2 by Cramer’s rule.
⎪4 x − y + 2 z = 1
⎩

2 −2 1
D= 1 −1 2 = −9
4 −1 2
−1 −2 1
Dx = −2 −1 2 = −9
1 −1 2
2 −1 1
D y = 1 −2 2 = −9
4 1 2

365
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 2 −2 −1
Dz = 1 −1 −2 = 9
4 −1 1
Dx −9 Dy −9 D 9
= = 1, = = 1, z = = −1
D −9 D −9 D −9
∴ The solution of the system is x = 1, y = 1, z = −1.

⎧2 x − 3 y + z = 7
⎪
68. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨4 x + 5 y − z = −3 by Cramer’s rule.
⎪ x + y − z = −2
⎩

2 −3 1
D= 4 5 −1 = −18
1 1 −1
7 −3 1
Dx = − 3 5 −1 = −18
−2 1 −1
2 7 1
D y = 4 −3 −1 = 18
1 −2 −1
2 −3 7
Dz = 4 5 −3 = −36
1 1 −2
Dx −18 Dy 18 D −36
= = 1, = = −1, z = =2
D −18 D −18 D −18
∴ The solution of the system is x = 1, y = −1, z = 2.

⎧2 x − 5 y + z = 7
⎪
69. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨− x + 4 y + 2 z = 7 by Cramer’s rule.
⎪3x − 11y − z = − 4
⎩

2 −5 1
D = −1 4 2 = 10
3 −11 −1

366
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 7 −5 1
Dx = 7 4 2 = 70
− 4 −11 −1

2 7 1
D y = −1 7 2 = 20
3 − 4 −1
2 −5 7
Dz = −1 4 7 = 30
3 −11 − 4

Dx 70 Dy 20 D 30
= = 7, = = 2, z = =3
D 10 D 10 D 10
∴ The solution of the system is x = 7, y = 2, z = 3.

⎧2 x − 3 y + 4 z = 15
⎪
70. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨− x + 2 y + 3z = 2 by Cramer’s rule.
⎪4 x + 2 y + 5 z = 16
⎩

2 −3 4
D = −1 2 3 = −83
4 2 5
15 −3 4
Dx = 2 2 3 = −166
16 2 5

2 15 4
Dy = −1 2 3 = 83
4 16 5
2 −3 15
Dz = −1 2 2 = −166
4 2 16

Dx −166 Dy 83 D −166
= = 2, = = −1, z = =2
D −83 D −83 D −83
∴ The solution of the system is x = 2, y = −1, z = 2.

367
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 ⎧11x + 7 y + 5 z = −8
⎪
71. Solve the system of linear equations ⎨− 4 x − 9 y − 8 z = −21 by Cramer’s rule.
⎪9 x − 4 y + 2 z = 8
⎩

11 7 5
D = − 4 −9 −8 = −513
9 −4 2

−8 7 5
Dx = −21 −9 −8 = 1 026
8 −4 2

11 −8 5
D y = − 4 −21 −8 = 1 539
9 8 2

11 7 −8
Dz = − 4 −9 −21 = −3 591
9 −4 8

Dx 1 026 Dy 1 539 D −3 591

= = −2, = = −3, z = =7
D −513 D −513 D −513
∴ The solution of the system is x = −2, y = −3, z = 7.

⎧x − 2 y = 1
72. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨ has solutions. If it does, solve the system
⎩2 x − 4 y = 3
of equations.

1 −2
D= =0
2 −4

1 −2
Dx = =2≠0
3 −4

∴ There are no solutions.

368
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 ⎧x + 3 y = 2
73. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨ has solutions. If it does, solve the system
⎩3 x + 9 y = 5
of equations.

1 3
D= =0
3 9
2 3
Dx = =3≠0
5 9
∴ There are no solutions.

⎧ 4 x − 3 y = −2
74. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨ has solutions. If it does, solve the
⎩2 x + y = 4
system of equations.

4 −3
D= = 10
2 1
−2 −3
Dx = = 10
4 1
4 −2
Dy = = 20
2 4
Dx 10 Dy 20
= = 1, = =2
D 10 D 10
∴ The solution of the system is x = 1, y = 2.

⎧3 x + 2 y = 2
75. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨ has solutions. If it does, solve the
⎩7 x − 3 y = −26
system of equations.

3 2
D= = −23
7 −3
2 2
Dx = = 46
−26 −3
3 2
Dy = = −92
7 −26
Dx 46 Dy −92
= = −2, = =4
D −23 D −23
∴ The solution of the system is x = −2, y = 4.

369
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 ⎧x − y = 2
76. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨ has solutions. If it does, solve the system
⎩3 x − 3 y = 6
of equations.

1 −1
D= =0
3 −3

2 −1
Dx = =0
6 −3

1 2
Dy = =0
3 6
∴ There are infinitely many solutions.

⎧⎪ x − y = 2 ........................................ (1)
⎨
⎪⎩3 x − 3 y = 6 .................................... (2)

(1) × 3: 3x − 3 y = 6 ......................... (3)

∵ (3) and (2) are the same.
∴ The solutions of the above system are equal to those of the equation x − y = 2.
Let x = t (where t is any real number), then y = t + 2.
∴ The solutions of the system are x = t , y = t + 2 (where t is any real number).

⎧ x + 5 y = −8
77. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨ has solutions. If it does, solve the
⎩− 4 x − 20 y = 32
system of equations.

1 5
D= =0
− 4 −20

−8 5
Dx = =0
32 −20

1 −8
Dy = =0
− 4 32
∴ There are infinitely many solutions.

370
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 ⎧ x + 5 y = −8 .................... .................. (1)
⎨
⎩− 4 x − 20 y = 32 .......... .................... .. (2)
−4 × (1): −4 x − 20 y = 32 ................... (3)
∵ (3) and (2) are the same.
∴ The solutions of the above system are equal to those of the equation x + 5 y = −8.
t +8
Let x = t (where t is any real number), then y = − .
5
t +8
∴ The solutions of the system are x = t , y = − (where t is any real number).
5

⎧x − y + z = 1
⎪
78. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨2 x − 2 y + 3z = 3 has solutions. If it does, solve the
⎪4 x − 4 y + 4 z = 3
⎩
system of equations.

1 −1 1
D = 2 −2 3 = 0
4 −4 4
1 −1 1
Dx = 3 −2 3 = 1 ≠ 0
3 −4 4
∴ There are no solutions.

⎧3x + y − 2 z = 4
⎪
79. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨6 x + y − 2 z = 5 has solutions. If it does, solve the
⎪6 x + 2 y − 4 z = 7
⎩
system of equations.

3 1 −2
D = 6 1 −2 = 0
6 2 −4
3 4 −2
D y = 6 5 −2 = 6 ≠ 0
6 7 −4
∴ There are no solutions.

371
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 ⎧2 x − y + z = 1
⎪
80. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨3x − 2 y − z = −2 has solutions. If it does, solve the
⎪x + y − z = 2
⎩
system of equations.

2 −1 1
D = 3 −2 −1 = 9
1 1 −1
1 −1 1
Dx = −2 −2 −1 = 9
2 1 −1
2 1 1
D y = 3 −2 −1 = 18
1 2 −1
2 −1 1
Dz = 3 −2 −2 = 9
1 1 2
Dx 9 Dy 18 D 9
= = 1, = = 2, z = = 1
D 9 D 9 D 9
∴ The solution of the system is x = 1, y = 2, z = 1.

⎧x − y + z = 2
⎪
81. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨2 x + y + 4 z = −3 has solutions. If it does, solve the
⎪x − 4 y − 6z = 4
⎩
system of equations.

1 −1 1
D= 2 1 4 = −15
1 − 4 −6
2 −1 1
D x = −3 1 4 = 30
4 − 4 −6
1 2 1
D y = 2 −3 4 = 45
1 4 −6

372
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 1 −1 2
Dz = 2 1 −3 = −15
1 −4 4
Dx 30 Dy 45 D −15
= = −2, = = −3, z = =1
D −15 D −15 D −15
∴ The solution of the system is x = −2, y = −3, z = 1.

⎧ x − y − z = −2
⎪
82. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨3x + y + 5 z = 14 has solutions. If it does, solve the
⎪3x − y + z = 4
⎩
system of equations.

1 −1 −1
D= 3 1 5 =0
3 −1 1
−2 −1 −1
Dx = 14 1 5 =0
4 −1 1
1 −2 −1
D y = 3 14 5 =0
3 4 1
1 −1 −2
Dz = 3 1 14 = 0
3 −1 4
∴ There are infinitely many solutions or no solutions.
⎧ x − y − z = −2 ......................... (1)
⎪
⎨3x + y + 5 z = 14 ..................... (2)
⎪3x − y + z = 4 ......................... (3)
⎩
(2) + (3): 6 x + 6 z = 18
z = 3 − x ......... ( 4)
Substitute (4) into (1),
x − y − (3 − x) = −2
y = 2x − 1
Let x = t (where t is any real number), then y = 2t − 1 and z = 3 − t .
∴ The solutions of the system are x = t , y = 2t − 1, z = 3 − t (where t is any real number).

373
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 ⎧ x + y − z = −2
⎪
83. Determine whether the system of equations ⎨2 x + y − 4 z = −9 has solutions. If it does, solve
⎪2 x − y − 8 z = −19
⎩
the system of equations.

1 1 −1
D= 2 1 −4 = 0
2 −1 −8

−2 1 −1
Dx = − 9 1 −4 = 0
−19 −1 −8

1 −2 −1
Dy = 2 −9 −4 = 0
2 −19 −8

1 1 −2
Dz = 2 1 −9 = 0
2 −1 −19

∴ There are infinitely many solutions or no solutions.

⎧ x + y − z = −2 .......... ................... (1)

⎪
⎨2 x + y − 4 z = −9 .................... .... (2)
⎪2 x − y − 8 z = −19 .......... .......... ... (3)
⎩
(2) + (3): 4 x − 12z = −28
x+7
z= ........... (4)
3
Substitute (4) into (1),
x+7
x+ y− = −2
3
1 − 2x
y=
3
1 − 2t t+7
Let x = t (where t is any real number), then y = and z = .
3 3
1 − 2t t+7
∴ The solution of the system are x = t , y = ,z= (where t is any real number).
3 3

374
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
84. Find the range of values of k such that the following system of equations has a unique solution.
⎧2 x − 3 y = 4
⎪
⎨ky + z = 5 , where k is a real number.
⎪x − y + z = 3
⎩

∵ The system of equations has a unique solution.

2 −3 0
∴ 0 k 1 ≠0
1 −1 1
k 1 0 1 0 k
(2) − (−3) + (0) ≠0
−1 1 1 1 1 −1
2k + 2 − 3 ≠ 0
1
k≠
2

85. Find the range of values of k such that the following system of equations has a unique solution.
⎧x − y + z = 2
⎪
⎨2 x − y − kz = 1 , where k is a real number.
⎪3x + 2 y + 5 z = −3
⎩

∵ The system of equations has a unique solution.

1 −1 1
∴ 2 −1 − k ≠ 0
3 2 5
1 −1 1
0 1 −k − 2 ≠ 0
0 5 2
1 −k − 2
≠0
5 2
2 − ( − k − 2)(5) ≠ 0
2 + 5k + 10 ≠ 0
12
k≠−
5

375
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 ⎧x − y + z = 2
⎪
86. Consider the system of equations (*) ⎨ x + ky + z = 1 , where k is a real number.
⎪2 x − y + 3 z = 4
⎩
(a) Find the value of k such that the system (*) has no unique solution.
(b) For the value of k obtained in (a), determine whether the system (*) has solutions.

1 −1 1
(a) D = 1 k 1
2 −1 3
If the system has no unique solution, then
1 −1 1
1 k 1 =0
2 −1 3
0 −1 − k 0
1 k 1 =0
2 −1 3
1 1
− (−1 − k ) =0
2 3
(1 + k )(3 − 2) = 0
k = −1

(b) For (*):

⎧ x − y + z = 2 .......... .......... (1)
⎪
⎨ x − y + z = 1 .......... .......... . (2)
⎪2 x − y + 3z = 4 ................ (3)
⎩
(1) and (2) cannot hold simultaneously.
∴ The system (*) has no solutions.

⎧x + z = 1
⎪
87. Consider the system of equations (*) ⎨ y − kz = 2 , where k is a real number.
⎪x − y + z = 3
⎩
(a) Find the value of k such that the system (*) has no unique solution.
(b) For the value of k obtained in (a), determine whether the system (*) has solutions.

376
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 1 0 1
(a) D = 0 1 − k
1 −1 1
If the system has no unique solution, then
1 0 1
0 1 −k = 0
1 −1 1
0 0 1
k 1 −k = 0
0 −1 1
0 1
−k =0
−1 1
− k (0 + 1) = 0
k =0
(b) For (*):
⎧ x + z = 1 ...................... (1)
⎪
⎨ y = 2 .......................... (2)
⎪ x − y + z = 3 ............... (3)
⎩
D=0
1 0 1
Dx = 2 1 0 = − 4 ≠ 0
3 −1 1
∴ The system (*) has no solutions.

⎧ax + by = 1
⎪
88. Consider the system of equations (*) ⎨ax + (b + c) y + az = 1, prove that (*) has a unique solution
⎪(a + c) x + by + bz = 1
⎩
when all a, b and c are not equal to zero.

a b 0
D= a b+c a
a+c b b
a b 0
= 0 c a
c 0 b
= abc + abc
= 2abc

377
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 When all a, b and c are not equal to zero,
D = 2abc ≠ 0
i.e. (*) has a unique solution.

⎧x + y − 2z = p
⎪
89. If the system of equations ⎨ x + y − 8 z = p has solutions, where p is a non-zero real number,
.

⎪ 2
⎩2 x + 2 y + 6 z = p
find the value of p and solve the system of equations.

1 1 −2
D = 1 1 −8 = 0
2 2 6
∵ The system of equations has solutions.
∴ Dx = Dy = Dz = 0
p 1 −2
Dx = p 1 −8
p2 2 6
p 1 −2
= 0 0 −6
2
p − 2 p 0 10
0 −6
=− 2
p − 2 p 10
= 6 p(2 − p)
Dx = 0
6 p(2 − p) = 0
p = 0 (r ejec t ed ) o r p = 2
1 p −2
Dy = 1 p −8
2 p2 6
p 1 −2
=− p 1 −8
p2 2 6
= −6 p(2 − p)
= 6 p ( p − 2)

378
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 Dy = 0
6 p( p − 2) = 0
p = 0 (r ejec t ed) o r p = 2

1 1 p
Dz = 1 1 p
2 2 p2
=0
When p = 2,

⎧ x + y − 2 z = 2 .......... .......... (1)

⎪
⎨ x + y − 8 z = 2 .......... .......... (2)
⎪
⎩2 x + 2 y + 6 z = 4 .......... ...... (3)
(1) − (2): 6 z = 0
z=0
Substitute z = 0 into (3),
2x + 2 y = 4
x+ y = 2
y = 2− x
Let x = t (where t is any real number), then y = 2 − t .
∴ When p = 2 , the system of equations has solutions. The solutions of the system are
x = t , y = 2 − t , z = 0 (where t is any real number).

x 1 1
90. (a) Solve the equation 1 x 1 = 0.
1 1 x
⎧kx + y + z = 1
⎪
(b) Consider the system of equations (*) ⎨ x + ky + z = k , where k is a real number.
⎪ 2
⎩ x + y + kz = k
(i) Find the range of values of k such that (*) has a unique solution.
(ii) Suppose that k = −2 . Solve (*).

379
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 x 1 1
(a) 1 x 1 =0
1 1 x
x+2 1 1
x+2 x 1 =0
x+2 1 x
1 1 1
( x + 2) 1 x 1 = 0
1 1 x
1 1 1
( x + 2) 0 x − 1 0 =0
0 0 x −1
x −1 0
( x + 2) =0
0 x −1

( x + 2)( x − 1) 2 = 0
x = −2 or x = 1

(b) (i) ∵ The system of equations has a unique solution.

k 1 1
∴ 1 k 1 ≠0
1 1 k
k ≠ −2 and k ≠ 1

(ii) When k = −2 ,
⎧−2 x + y + z = 1
⎪
⎨ x − 2 y + z = −2
⎪x + y − 2z = 4
⎩
−2 1 1
D= 1 −2 1 =0
1 1 −2

1 1 1
Dx = −2 −2 1 =9≠0
4 1 −2
∴ There are no solutions.

380
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 ⎧(k − 1) x + y + z = 1
⎪
91. Consider the system of equations (*) ⎨ x + (k − 1) y + z = k , where k is a real number.
⎪ 2
⎩ x + y + (k − 1) z = k

(a) Find the range of values of k such that (*) has a unique solution.
(b) Solve (*) when it has a unique solution.
(c) Suppose that k = 2 . Solve (*).

(a) ∵ The system of equations has a unique solution.

k −1 1 1
∴ 1 k −1 1 ≠ 0
1 1 k −1

k +1 1 1
k +1 k −1 1 ≠ 0
k +1 1 k −1

1 1 1
(k + 1) 1 k − 1 1 ≠ 0
1 1 k −1

1 1 1
(k + 1) 0 k − 2 0 ≠0
0 0 k −2

k −2 0
(k + 1) ≠0
0 k −2

(k + 1)(k − 2) 2 ≠ 0
k ≠ −1 and k ≠ 2

k −1 1 1
(b) D = 1 k −1 1
1 1 k −1

= ( k + 1)( k − 2) 2

381
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 1 1 1
Dx = k k −1 1
k2 1 k −1
1 0 0
= k −1 1− k
k 1− k2
2
k −1− k2
−1 1− k
=
1− k2 k −1− k2
= k 2 (2 − k )

k −1 1 1
Dy = 1 k 1
1 k2 k −1
k −1 1 1
= 1 k 1
2
0 k −k k −2
k 1 1 1
= (k − 1) 2 − 2
k −k k −2 k −k k −2
= −k + 2
k −1 1 1
Dz = 1 k −1 k
1 1 k2
k −1 1 0
= 1 k −1 1
2
1 1 k −1
k −1 1 k −1 1
=− + (k 2 − 1)
1 1 1 k −1
= (k − 2)(k 3 − k − 1)
Dx k 2 (2 − k ) −k 2
= = ,
D (k + 1)(k − 2) 2 (k + 1)(k − 2)
Dy −k + 2 −1
= 2
= ,
D (k + 1)(k − 2) (k + 1)(k − 2)
Dz (k − 2)(k 3 − k − 1) k3 − k −1
= =
D (k + 1)(k − 2) 2 (k + 1)(k − 2)
−k 2 −1 k3 − k −1
∴ The solution of the system is x = , y= , z= .
(k + 1)(k − 2) (k + 1)(k − 2) (k + 1)(k − 2)

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 (c) When k = 2 ,
⎧ x + y + z = 1 ............... (1)
⎪
⎨ x + y + z = 2 .............. (2)
⎪ x + y + z = 4 .............. (3)
⎩
(1), (2) and (3) cannot hold simultaneously.
∴ The system (*) has no solutions.

⎧kx − 2 y + z = 0
⎪
92. Consider the system of equations (*) ⎨− x + ky + z = −k , where k is a real number.
⎪ 2
⎩k x + (k − 2) y − z = k
(a) Find the range of values of k such that (*) has a unique solution.
(b) Suppose that k = 1. Solve (*).
⎧x − 2 y + z = 0
⎪
(c) Suppose (x, y, z) satisfies ⎨− x + y + z = −1. Find the least value of 2 x 2 + y 2 + 3 z 2 and the
⎪x − y − z = 1
⎩
corresponding values of x, y, z.

(a) ∵ The system of equations has a unique solution.

k −2 1
∴ −1 k 1 ≠0
k2 k − 2 −1
k2 + k k −4 0
2
k − 1 2k − 2 0 ≠0
2
k k −2 −1

k2 + k k −4
( −1) 2
≠0
k − 1 2k − 2
k ( k + 1) k −4
− ≠0
( k − 1)( k + 1) 2( k − 1)
k k −4
− ( k + 1) ≠0
k − 1 2( k − 1)
k k −4
− ( k + 1)(k − 1) ≠0
1 2
− ( k + 1)( k − 1)[2k − ( k − 4)] ≠ 0
− ( k + 4)( k + 1)( k − 1) ≠ 0
k ≠ −4, k ≠ −1 and k ≠ 1

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 (b) When k = 1,

⎧ x − 2 y + z = 0 ........................... (1)
⎪
⎨− x + y + z = −1 ......................... (2)
⎪
⎩ x − y − z = 1 .............................. (3)
1 −2 1
D = −1 1 1
1 −1 −1
=0
0 −2 1
Dx = − 1 1 1
1 −1 −1
=0

1 0 1
D y = −1 −1 1
1 1 −1
=0
1 −2 0
Dz = −1 1 −1
1 −1 1
=0
∴ There are infinitely many solutions or no solutions.

(1) − (2): 2 x − 3 y = 1
2x − 1
y= .......... (4)
3
Substitute (4) into (3),
2x − 1
x− − z =1
3
x−2
z=
3
2t − 1 t−2
Let x = t (where t is any real number), then y = and z = .
3 3
2t − 1 t−2
∴ The solutions of the system are x = t , y = ,z= (where t is any real number).
3 3

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 2t − 1 t−2
(c) From (b), take k = 1, we have x = t , y = ,z= (where t is any real number).
3 3
2t − 1 t−2
Substitute x = t , y = ,z= into 2 x 2 + y 2 + 3 z 2,
3 3
2t − 1 2 t−2 2
2 x 2 + y 2 + 3 z 2 = 2t 2 + ( ) + 3( )
3 3
4t 2 − 4t + 1 t 2 − 4t + 4
= 2t 2 + +
9 3
25 2 16 13
= t − t+
9 9 9
25 2 16 13
= (t − t ) +
9 25 9
25 8 8 13
= [(t − ) 2 − ( ) 2 ] +
9 25 25 9
25 8 29
= (t − ) 2 +
9 25 25
29
∴ Least value =
25
8
When t = ,
25
8
8 2( 8 ) − 1 3 25
−2 14
x = , y = 25 =− , z= =−
25 3 25 3 25

⎧ax + by + c = 0 a d g
⎪
93. (a) Prove that if the system of equations (*) ⎨dx + ey + f = 0 is consistent, then Δ = b e h = 0.
⎪ gx + hy + i = 0 c f i
⎩
(b) If Δ = 0, is the system (*) consistent for sure?

⎧ax + by + cz = 0
⎪
(a) Consider the system of equations (**) ⎨dx + ey + fz = 0.
⎪ gx + hy + iz = 0
⎩
If the system (*) is consistent, let x = α , y = β be a solution of (*), then x = α , y = β, z = 1 is
a solution of (**).
Clearly, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 is a solution of (**).
∴ (**) has more than one solution.

385
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 a b c
i.e. d e f =0
g h i
a d g
b e h =0
c f i

⎧ x + y + 1 = 0 .......... ...... (1)

⎪
(b) Consider the system of equations ⎨ x + y + 2 = 0 .......... ..... (2)
⎪ x + y + 3 = 0 .......... ..... (3)
⎩
1 1 1
1 1 1 =0
1 2 3
But (1), (2) and (3) cannot hold simultaneously.
∴ If Δ = 0 , (*) may not be consistent.

⎧ax + by + cz = 0
94. (a) Consider the system of equations ⎨ , where ae − bd ≠ 0.
⎩dx + ey + fz = 0
c b a c b a
Prove that x : y : z = : : .
f e d f e d

⎧2 x − y + z = 0
⎪
(b) Hence solve the system of equations ⎨ x − 2 y − 4 z = 0 .
⎪ 3 3 3
⎩ x − y − 3z = −128

⎧ax + by + cz = 0
(a) ⎨
⎩dx + ey + fz = 0
⎧ax + by = −cz
⎨
⎩dx + ey = − fz
Given that ae − bd ≠ 0,
a b
i.e. ≠ 0,
d e
−cz b c b
Dx = = −z
− fz e f e

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 a −cz a c
Dy = = −z
d − fz d f
c b a c
−z −z
f e d f
x= , y=
a b a b
d e d e

c b a c
x f e y d f
= , =
z a b z a b
− −
d e d e

c b a c a b
∴ x: y:z = : : (− )
f e d f d e
c b a c b a
= : :
f e d f e d

⎧2 x − y + z = 0
(b) Consider ⎨ .
⎩x − 2 y − 4z = 0
2(−2) − (−1)(1) = −3
≠0
1 −1 2 1 −1 2
From (a), x : y : z = : :
− 4 −2 1 − 4 −2 1
= (−6) : (−9) : 3
= (−2) : (−3) : 1

Let z = t (where t is any real number), then x = −2t and y = −3t.

x 3 − y 3 − 3 z 3 = −128
(−2t )3 − ( −3t )3 − 3t 3 = −128
16t 3 = −128
t 3 = −8
t = −2
∴ x = −2(−2) = 4, y = −3(−2) = 6, z = −2
∴ The solution of the system is x = 4, y = 6, z = −2.

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