2-2- Trigonometric functions : When an angle of measure θ is placed in

standard position at the center of a circle of radius r , the trigonometric

functions of θ are defined by the equations :
y 1 x 1 y 1 Sin
Sin   , Cos   , tan    
r csc  r sec  x Cot Cos

r
y
θ
o x

The following are some properties of these functions :

1) Sin 2  Cos 2  1
2 ) 1  tan 2   sec 2  and 1  Cot 2  csc 2 
3 ) Sin(    )  Sin .Cos  Cos .Sin
4 ) Cos(    )  Cos .Cos  Sin .Sin
tan   tan 
5 ) tan(    ) 
1  tan  . tan 
6 ) Sin 2  2 Sin .Cos and Cos 2  Cos 2   Sin 2
1  Cos 2 1  Cos 2
7 ) Cos 2  and Sin 2 
2 2
 
8 ) Sin(   )  Cos and Cos(   )   Sin
2 2
9) Sin(  )   Sin and Cos(  )  Cos and tan(  )   tan 
1
10 ) Sin .Sin  [ Cos(    )  Cos(    )]
2
1
Cos .Cos  [ Cos(    )  Cos(    )]
2
1
Sin .Cos  [ Sin(    )  Sin(    )]
2

1
   
11 ) Sin  Sin  2 Sin .Cos
2 2
  
Sin  Sin  2Cos .Sin
2 2
  
12 ) Cos  Cos  2Cos .Cos
2 2
  
Cos  Cos  2 Sin .Sin
2 2

θ 0 Π/6 Π/4 Π/3 Π/2 Π

Sinθ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1 0
Cosθ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0 -1
tanθ 0 1/√2 1 √3 ∞ 0

Graphs of the trigonometric functions are :

1.5

0.5

-2Л -Л
0 Л 2Л

-0.5

-1

-1.5

y  Sinx D x : x
R y : 1  y  1

2
 1.5

0.5

0
-2Л -Л Л 2Л
-0.5

-1

-1.5

y  Cosx D x : x
R y : 1  y  1

-2π -π 0 π 2π

2n  1
y  tan x D x : x  
2
R y : y

3
-2π -π 0 π 2π

y  Cotx D x : x  n 
R y : y

-2π -π 0 π 2π

-1

2n  1
y  Secx D x : x  
2
R y : y  1 or y  1

4
 1

-2π -π 0 π 2π

-1

y  csc x D x : x  n 
R y : y  1 or y  1

Where n  0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,......

EX-2 - Solve the following equations , for values of θ from 0o to 360o

inclusive .
a) tan θ = 2 Sin θ b) 1 + Cos θ = 2 Sin2 θ
Sol.-
Sin
a ) tan  2 Sin   2 Sin
Cos
 Sin ( 1  2Cos )  0
either Sin  0    0 o ,180 o ,360 o
1
or Cos     60 o ,300 o
2

Therefore the required values of θ are 0o,60o,180o,300o,360o .

b ) 1  Cos  2.Sin 2   1  Cos  2( 1  Cos 2 )

 ( 2Cos  1 )  0
1
Cos     60 o ,300 o
2
There the roots of the equation between 0 o and 360 o are 60 o and 300 o

5
EX-3- If tan θ = 7/24, find without using tables the values of Secθ and Sinθ.
Sol.-
y 7
tan     r  7 2  24 2  25
x 24 ٧
r 25 y 7
Sec   and Sin   
x 24 r 25
٢٤
EX-4- Prove the following identities :
a ) Csc  tan  .Sec  Csc .Sec 2
b ) Cos 4   Sin 4   Cos 2  Sin 2
Sec  Csc tan   Cot
c) 
tan   Cot Sec  Csc
Sol.-
1 Sin 1
a) L .H .S .  Csc  tan  .Sec   .
Sin Cos Cos
Cos 2  Sin 2 1 1
  .  Csc .Sec 2  R .H .S .
Sin .Cos 
2
Sin Cos  2

b ) L .H .S .  Cos   Sin   ( Cos 2  Sin 2 ).( Cos 2  Sin 2 )

4 4

 Cos 2  Sin 2  R .H .S .
1 1
 
Sec  Csc Cos Sin 1
c ) L .H .S .   
tan   Cot Sin Cos Sin  Cos

Cos Sin
1
Sin   Cos  Sin .Cos tan   Cot
2 2
 .   R .H .S .
Sin  Cos 1 Sec  Csc
Sin .Cos

1
EX-5- Simplify when x  a .Csc .
x a
2 2

1 1 1 1
Sol.-    tan  .
x2  a2 a 2 Csc 2   a 2 a Cot 2 a

EX-6- Eliminate θ from the equations :

i) x = a Sinθ and y = b tanθ
ii) x = 2 Secθ and y = Cos2θ
Sol.-

6
 x a
i) x  a .Sin  Sin   Csc 
a x
y b
y  b tan   tan    Cot 
b y
2 2
a b
Since Csc 2  Cot 2  1  2  2  1
x y

x
x2  4
2
ii ) x  2 Sec   Cos  
x
2
y  Cos 2  y  Cos 2   Sin 2 
4 x2  4
y 2  2
 x2 y  8  x2
x x
EX-7- If tan2θ – 2 tan2β = 1 , show that 2 Cos2θ – Cos2β = 0 .
Sol. –
tan 2   2 tan 2   1  Sec 2   1  2( Sec 2   1 )  1
1 2
 Sec 2  2 Sec 2   0   0
Cos  Cos 2 
2

 2Cos 2  Cos 2   0 Q .E .D .

EX-8- If a Sinθ = p – b Cosθ and b Sinθ = q + a Cosθ .Show that :

a2 +b2 = p2 +q2
Sol.-
p  a .Sin  b .Cos and q  b .Sin  a .Cos
p 2  q 2  ( aSin  bCos ) 2  ( bSin  aCos ) 2
 a 2 ( Sin 2  Cos 2  )  b 2 ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  a 2  b 2

EX-9- If Sin A = 4 / 5 and Cos B = 12 / 13 ,where A is obtuse and B is

acute . Find , without tables , the values of :
a) Sin ( A – B ) , b) tan ( A – B ) , c) tan ( A + B ) .
Sol. -

5 13
5
4 A
B
-3 12

7
 a ) Sin ( A  B )  SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB
4 12 3 5 63
 .  . 
5 13 5 13 65
tan A  tan B
b) tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A .tan B
4 5
 
63
 3 12  
4 5 16
1 .
3 12
tan A  tan B
c) tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A .tan B
4 5
 
33
 3 12 
4 5 56
1 .
3 12

EX-10 – Prove the following identities:

a) Sin ( A  B )  Sin ( A  B )  2.SinA .CosB

Sin ( A  B )
b) tan A  tan B 
CosA .CosB
SecA .SecB .CscA .CscB
c) Sec ( A  B ) 
CscA .CscB  SecA .SecB
Sin 2  Cos 2  1
d)  Cot 
Sin 2  Cos 2  1

8
 Sol.-
a ) L .H .S .  Sin ( A  B )  Sin ( A  B )
 SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB  SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB
 2 .SinA .CosB  R .H .S .
Sin ( A  B ) SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB
b) R .H .S .  
CosA .CosB CosA .CosB
 tan A  tan B  L .H .S .
1 1 1 1
. . .
SecA .SecB .CscA .CscB
c) R .H .S   CosA CosB SinA SinB
CscA .CscB  SecA .SecB 1 1 1 1
.  .
SinA SinB CosA CosB
1 1
 
CosA .CosB  SinA .SinB Cos ( A  B )
 Sec ( A  B )  L .H .S .
Sin 2  Cos 2  1 2 Sin  .Cos   ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  1
d) L .H .S .  
Sin 2  Cos 2  1 2 Sin  .Cos   ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  1
2 Sin  .Cos   2 Cos 2 Cos 
   Cot   R .H .S .
2 Sin  .Cos   2 Sin 
2
Sin 

EX-11 – Find , without using tables , the values of Sin 2θ and Cos 2θ, when:
a) Sinθ = 3 / 5 , b) Cos θ = 12/13 , c) Sin θ = -√3 / 2 .
Sol. –
a)

٥ 3 5
3
θ θ
٤ -4

3 4 24
Sin 2  2.Sin .Cos  2. .(  )  
5 5 25
4 3 7
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2  (  ) 2  ( ) 2 
5 5 25

9
 b)

١٣
5
θ

θ
١٢
-5
١٣

5 12 120
Sin 2  2.Sin .Cos  2(  ).( )  
13 13 169
12 5 2 119
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2   ( ) 2  (  ) 
13 13 169

c)

-١ 1
θ θ
-√3
-√3
2 2

3 1 3
Sin 2  2 Sin .Cos  2(  ).(  )  
2 2 2
1 3 2 1
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2   (  ) 2  (  ) 
2 2 2

EX-12- Solve the following equations for values of θ from 0o to 360o

inclusive:
a) Cos 2θ + Cos θ + 1 = 0 , b) 4 tan θ . tan 2θ = 1

Sol.-

١0
 a ) Cos 2  Cos  1  0  2Cos 2  1  Cos  1  0
 Cos( 2.Cos  1 )  0
either Cos  0    90 o ,270 o
1
or Cos      120 o ,240 o
2
  90 ,120 ,240 ,270 o 
o o o

2 tan 
b) 4. tan  . tan 2  1  4. tan  . 1
1  tan 2 
 9 tan 2   1
1
either tan      18.4 o ,198.4 o
3
1
or tan       161.6 o ,341.6 o
3
  18.4 ,161.6 ,198.4 o ,341.6 o 
o o

2-3- The inverse trigonometric functions : The inverse trigonometric

functions arise in problems that require finding angles from side
measurements in triangles :

y  Sinx  x  Sin 1 y

-1 1

200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-
-200

y  Sin 1 x D x : 1  x  1
R y : 90  y  90

11