Constructors and Destructors

Module 3
OOP (IT 2005)
4th Semester ECSc
 Contents
• Constructor
• Default constructor
• Parameterized constructor
• Copy constructor
• Constructor overloading
• Destructors

2
#include <iostream>
int main()
using namespace std;
{
rectangle r;
class rectangle {
cout << "Area: " << r.area() << endl;
private:
r.display();
int h;
return 0;
int w;
}
public:
int area();
void display();
};

int rectangle::area()
{
return (h * w);
}
void rectangle::display()
{
cout << "Sides are: " << h << " " << w << endl;
} 3
#include <iostream>
int main()
using namespace std;
{
rectangle r;
class rectangle {
cout << "Area: " << r.area() << endl;
private:
r.display();
int h;
return 0;
int w;
}
public:
int area();
void display();
};

int rectangle::area()
{
return (h * w);
} A garbage value
void rectangle::display()
{
cout << "Sides are: " << h << " " << w << endl;
} 4
 Introduction
• A constructor is a special type of member function that is called
automatically when an object is created.
• A constructor initializes the objects of the class.
Hardware
• A constructor has the same name as that of the class.
• Constructor does not have a return type.
• A constructor must be declared in the public section.

5
 Types of Constructors
• Constructor is called by the compiler whenever the object of the class is
created, it allocates the memory to the object and initializes class data
members by default values or values passed by the user while creating an
object.
• Three types
• Default constructor
• Parameterized constructor
• Copy constructor

6
 Basic Syntax
class class_name
{
private:
data members;
public:
class_name(); // constructor declaration
function declarations;
};

7
 Basic Syntax
class class_name class_name :: class_name( )
{ {
private: // constructor definition
data members; }
public:
class_name( ); // constructor declaration Constructor definition outside the class
function declarations;
};
Constructors can also be defined inside the class definition.
8
 Default Constructor
• A constructor with no parameters is known as a default constructor.
• See Program Example 3.1.
• A C++ program to calculate the area of a rectangle using class and default
constructor.

9
#include <iostream> void rectangle::display()
using namespace std; {
cout << "Sides are: " << h << " " << w << endl;
class rectangle { }
private:
int h;
int w;
public:
rectangle(); // constructor
int area();
void display();
}; int main()
{
rectangle::rectangle() rectangle r;
{ h = w = 0; } cout << "Area: " << r.area() << endl;
r.display();
int rectangle::area() return 0;
{ }
return (h * w);
} 10
#include <iostream> void rectangle::display()
using namespace std; {
cout << "Sides are: " << h << " " << w << endl;
class rectangle { }
private:
int h;
int w;
public:
rectangle(); // constructor
int area(); No garbage
void display();
}; int main()
{
rectangle::rectangle() rectangle r;
{ h = w = 0; } cout << "Area: " << r.area() << endl;
r.display();
int rectangle::area() return 0;
{ }
return (h * w);
} 11
 Parameterized Constructor
• A constructor with parameters is known as a parameterized constructor.
• This is the preferred method to initialize member data.
• See Program Example 3.2.
• A C++ program to calculate the area of a rectangle using class and
parameterized constructor.

12
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class rectangle {
private:
int h;
int w;
public:
rectangle(int height, int width); // constructor
int area();
void display();
};

rectangle::rectangle(int height, int width)

{
h = height;
w = width;
}

13
int rectangle::area()
{
return (h * w);
}

void rectangle::display()
{
cout << "Sides are: " << h << " " << w << endl;
}

int main()
{
int h1, w1;
cout << "Enter the values: ";
cin >> h1 >> w1;
rectangle r(h1, w1);
cout << "Area: " << r.area() << endl;
r.display();
return 0;
} 14
 Copy Constructor
• The copy constructor is used to copy data of one object to another.
• See Program Example 3.3.
• A C++ program to calculate the area of a rectangle using class and copy
constructor.

15
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class rectangle {
private:
int h;
int w;
public:
rectangle(int height, int width); // constructor
rectangle(rectangle& rec); // copy constructor
int area();
void display();
};
rectangle::rectangle(int height, int width)
{
h = height; w = width;
}
rectangle::rectangle(rectangle& rec)
{
h = rec.h; w = rec.w;
} 16
int rectangle::area()
{
return (h * w);
}
void rectangle::display()
{
cout << "Sides are: " << h << " " << w << endl;
}
int main()
{
int h1, w1;
cout << "Enter the values: ";
cin >> h1 >> w1;
rectangle r1(h1, w1);
rectangle r2 = r1;
r1.display(); r2.display();
cout << "Area of rectangle 1: " << r1.area() << endl;
cout << "Area of rectangle 2: " << (2 * r2.area()) << endl;
return 0;
} 17
int rectangle::area()
{
return (h * w);
}
void rectangle::display()
{
cout << "Sides are: " << h << " " << w << endl;
}
int main()
{
int h1, w1;
cout << "Enter the values: ";
cin >> h1 >> w1;
rectangle r1(h1, w1);
rectangle r2 = r1;
r1.display(); r2.display();
cout << "Area of rectangle 1: " << r1.area() << endl;
cout << "Area of rectangle 2: " << (2 * r2.area()) << endl;
return 0;
} 18
 Constructor Overloading
• Like function overloading, constructors can be overloaded.
• When a class has multiple constructors, they are called overloaded
constructors.
• See Program Example 3.4
• Write a C++ program that uses an overloaded constructor.

19
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Person {
private:
string first_name;
string middle_name;
string last_name;
int age;
public:
Person(); // default constructor
Person(int a); // constructor with 1 argument
Person(string s1, int a); // constructor with 2 arguments
Person(string s2); // constructor with 1 argument
Person(string s1, string s2, string s3, int a); // constructor with 4 arguments
void display();
};

20
Person::Person() Person::Person(string s1, int a)
{ {
age = 0; age = a;
first_name = " "; first_name = s1;
middle_name = " "; middle_name = " ";
last_name = " "; last_name = " ";
} }

Person::Person(int a) Person::Person(string s2)

{ {
age = a; age = 0;
first_name = " "; first_name = s2;
middle_name = " "; middle_name = " ";
last_name = " "; last_name = " ";
} }

21
Person::Person(string s1, string s2, string s3, int a)
{
age = a;
first_name = s1;
middle_name = s2;
last_name = s3;
}

void Person::display()
{
cout << "Name: " << first_name << " " <<
middle_name << " " << last_name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}

22
int main()
{
Person P1;
Person P2(55);
Person P3("John");
Person P4("John", "K.", "Smith", 55);
P1.display();
P2.display();
P3.display();
P4.display();
return 0;
}

23
 Destructors
• Like a constructor, a destructor is also a member function that is
automatically invoked.
• The job of the destructor is to delete the object.
• When a destructor is invoked, the memory allocated for an object is de-
allocated or released.

24
 Important Note on Destructors
• The name of the destructor is also the same as that of the class.
• The destructor’s name is preceded by a symbol ~.
• A destructor must be declared in the public section.
• A destructor does not take any argument and hence cannot be overloaded.
• A destructor does not return any value.

25
 Program Example 3.5
• A C++ program to demonstrate the use of destructors.

26
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class rectangle {
private:
int h;
int w;
public:
rectangle(int height, int width); // constructor
int area();
~rectangle(); // destructor
};

rectangle::rectangle(int height, int width)

{
h = height;
w = width;
cout << "Sides are: " << h << " " << w << endl;
}
27
rectangle::~rectangle() Destructor definition
{
cout << "Delete " << h << " " << w << endl;
}

int rectangle::area()
{ int main()
return (h * w); {
} int h1, w1, h2, w2;
cout << "Enter the values: ";
cin >> h1 >> w1;
cout << "Enter the values: ";
cin >> h2 >> w2;
rectangle r1(h1, w1);
rectangle r2(h2, w2);
cout << "Area: " << r1.area() << endl;
cout << "Area: " << r2.area() << endl;
return 0;
} 28
Observe the order of destructor call

29
Observe the order of destructor call

Object r1 Object r2 Object r2 Object r1

created created deleted deleted

30
 Exercise 3.1
• Define a class to represent a bank account. Include the following data members:
Name of the account holder
Account number
Balance amount in the account
Write constructors to update the balance amount in the account after every deposit and withdraw.
Also display the balance amount after each deposit or withdraw.

31
 Exercise 3.2
• Write a C++ program that calculates the commission of 3 salespersons. For every salesperson, a
target is defined. If a salesperson sells products less than the target assigned, he gets no
commission. If a salesperson completes the target, he/she gets a 10% commission on the extra sales
made; if he/she sells beyond the target, he/she gets a 25% commission on extra sales. The program
must record the sales of each month made by the salesman. The commission is calculated at the end
of the year. Use class and constructor to design the program.

32
 Exercise 3.3
• A class has 3 students. Each student must read 3 subjects. Write a C++
program to read the marks obtained by each student in each subject. Also
calculate the total marks obtained by each student and average marks
obtained in each subject. Apply the concept of constructor and destructor in
your code.
Student ID Subject 1 (100) Subject 2 (100) Subject 3 (100)
Student 1 75 80 55
Student 2 80 75 63
Student 3 70 64 42
33
 Exercise 3.4
• A book shop maintains the inventory of books that are being sold at the shop. The list includes
details such as author, title, price, publisher and stock position. Whenever a customer wants a book,
the sales person enters the title and author and the system searches the list and displays whether it is
available or not. If it is not, an appropriate message is displayed. If it is, then the system displays
the book details and requests for the number of copies required. If the requested copies are
available, the total cost of the requested copies is displayed; otherwise “Required copies not in
stock” is displayed. Write a C++ program consisting of a class called book with suitable member
functions and constructors.

34
Constructors and Destructors
Module 3
OOP (IT 2005)
4th Semester ECSc