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Computer Networks Unit 3 DLL notes
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31 views12 pagesData Link Layer I
Computer Networks Unit 3 DLL notes
Uploaded by
Shruti GuptaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 12
Pata Link Layer—1 Bw
vided to the network layer, So, it can be said that
physical layer) and service provider (to network oe data link layer is both a service user (from
services Offered by the Data Link Layer
se data link layer accepts service from the physical
0 rye Theses testi a
de serviges to the network layer. This includes petted rele of data ink ye i to
network layer on source
Pothine tothe network layer on destination machine, Vari :
oi jnacknowledged Connect Ghana se --eaia neal provided by data link layer are:
+ Acknowledged connectionless service.
+ Acknowledged connection-oriented service.
In unacknowledged connectionle: ii i. : a
acknowledgement is sent by the So ee ey eee ee
- Gyeto noise on the line, no endeavour is made to recover from trols fate deta ik ee
service is best suited for real-time traffi ns nthe C2 Bi eed
of service 1s : or real-time traffic, such as speech. The problem with this service is, reliability—
most LANs use this service in the data link layer.
in terms of reliability, acknowledged connectionless service is preferable. When this service is
offered, still no direct connections are established between source and destination machines, Put each
frame sent is individually acknowledged.
‘The most sophisticated type of service that the data link layer can provide to the network layer is
acknowledged connection-oriented service. Here, before transferring any data, first direct connection
i: established between the source and destination machines. Each frame seve Ove" the connection is
numbered and acknowledged if properly received by the destination ‘machine. When connection-oriented
service is used, data transfer occurs in three distinct phases:
«Phase 1: Connection is established between the source and destination machines.
2 phase 2: Variables and counters are initialized on both sides 10 keep track of frames. One or more
data frames are transmitted.
+ Phase 3: The connection is released.
Framing
The data link layer uses the services of the physical layer to be able to provide services to the network
: i . * ane
i vides the continuous bit stream that physical layer uses into units:
layer. The data link layer divides the co it as a field called frame check sequence
frames, and tes the checksum for each frame and pu ame
(FCS) fe faae format, i.e. the way bits are organized in ie frame, Atthe destination, the checksum
i the frame arrives. This facilitates eo ection, si
oe ees boundaries as @ synchronous bit pattern arrives 1s called framing. watieg
the bit oa ae frames involves considering a lot of factors, One way (0 achieve this framing is
insert time gaps between frames. But there A chances of these gaps getting squeezed or others getting
ingen transmission. Since it is not feasible to use timing 10 ‘mark the frames, other metho
have been devised. ; ,
ren devine pamung meds ae maton Pl Dat ink tayer=1
Lh 3
Vt
SEFRI LEN CG agian a
2 haus oF8
i TB Wea (B/G ey aa
I
m orlrrod 1
wm OLLVOTUVIT OL PAP rorni dort iy ped
Stufled bits
© OL LOUt ta a aa a Wt Tt Wohnen ae
Fig. 17.2. Bit Seuffing(a) The Original Data. (b) The Data Appear on the Line
(o) Te Bat ity are Sred HON ts shee eae Ta ea
physical Layer Coding Violation
if encoding on the physical medium contains some redundancy, then this method ean be used for:
sraming. In this method an invalid sequence, in eee ee sant and
end of the frame
The receiver is able to detect the encoding scheme code violation and thus finds the b
frame. In Manchester encoding, each bit is specified by a high-low or low-high transitie
or low-low transition would be a violation.
® Error Control
Transmitting bit st
producing errors in the bits and thus data. Error control defines how a sender or:
for errors and what steps should be taken to correct them.
There are two techniques of implementing error control, one at the sender's
receiver's end. These are called forward error control and reverse error <
‘There can be two kinds of errors;
Content Error Content error, where *I" bit is received as ‘0
Flow Integrity Error Flow integrity error refers to missing block
impairments or having been delivered to wrong destination.
Additional checkbits are introduced in data to de
methods available. Sometimes, itis easier to ask for a
conection , ’
Thus, the content errors are detected using
retransmission of the frame.
the flow control mechanisms.
The sender and receiver
acknowledgment
Acknowledgments are
of receipt of data frame. If
&
treams over a communication channel suffers from a number of Data Communication and Computer Networks
ling from t
sknowledgement frame travel 1
ade for this acknowledgement pach
ossible that th
n the sender will wait indefinitely
Further. itis pt
Jost; then i sed
time out fail is used. ime and then if it does not receive an
vi certain time an en ™ ‘ oh
‘The sender waits for a te cctrnamits i THIEN
i ‘ive the data frame
that the receiver did not rece! ame and
probe. jie. instead of the data packet missing, it was the acknowled;
comupted, so now the receiver will be burdened by duplicate copies of thes
this problem, sequence number is added to each packet so that the recei'
packet asa duplicate one and discard it
Flow Control
The two machines communicating could be of different configurations,
transfer rate. A sender may be sending data faster than the receiver is able t
receiver incapable of handling it, resulting in data loss. To strike a balance bet
sender sends data and the rate at which the receiver accepts it, a techmiqui
utilised. This control is in the form of an acknowledgement (ACK) which i
This acknowledgement serves the purpose of error control by ‘implicitly spec
data packets have been received and it also signals the sender to transmit |
commonly used flow control mechanisms are stop-and-wait and sliding wind
in detail in the next chapter.
(4) Link Management
‘The process of data transfer between two devices consists of the follox
Connect Phase Connect i i
phase involves functic i
between the two devices. ae
an Establishment Phase Link establishment phase includes
‘ink, call the other end, and set the mode of data transfer,
Data Transfer Phase Data transfer phase covers exchange
Termination Phase Termination phase consists of processes
Clear Phase Clear
hase: i .
the to devices. Phase consists of functions concern
Networks may work i mary.
the different configuration, crea ance
DATA LINK PROTOCOLS —— Pata Link Layer—T #2
|. Asynchronous protocols
2, Synchronous protocols
Asynchronous Protocols
In asynchronous protocol, cach character is treated as an independent bit stream. All these protacols
mainly used in modems. The main disadvantage of this scheme is that it issow Wecaase eae
spaces between frames as each frame starts with a start bit and ends witha stop bit. ‘Some asynehronous
pwoeols are: XMODEM, YMODEM, ZMODEM, BLAST, Kermit, cic. —_
Asynchronous protocols are simple and easy to implement. Some asynchronous protocols are described
below
XMODEM
jn 1979, Ward Cristiansen designed a file transfer protocol, known as XMODEM, basics
jele-communication between computers. XMODEM is a half-duplex stop and wait ARQ f
XMODEM frame format, the first field is Start Of Header (SOH) field and has the ler
‘The second field is header field of length two bytes. The fixed data field holds 128 bytes.
text, boolean, ASCH, etc.). The last field is Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) field
checking in the data field only.
(=) OL Oe
Je Header—=| _ [+—Data: 128 bytes ————+
2 bytes ’
Fig. 17.3 XMODEM Frame Format
es
YMODEM een ‘ese i
‘YMODEM frame format is similar to XMOI except for one thing. ‘
1024 bytes long. For error checking procedure it uses ITU-T CRC-16 codes. In
multiple files can be sent simultaneously. .
ZMODEM a
ZMODEM protocol combines the features of both the XMODEM and
BLAST
BLAST is Blocked Asynchronous Transmission Protocol. Its more
uses full-duplex operation with sliding window flow eontrol
KERMIT
Kermit is one of the most widely used asynchronous
Protocol,
Synchronous Protocols
Synchronous protocols take the
Protocols are of two types?
|, Character Oriented P
2 Bit Ori ‘The
CHARACTE
and Computer Networks
pata C ‘ommunication
ili sections.
re described in etal in the followin sect
are des
D proTOcoLs
known as byte oriented protocols that inte
one byte (oF eight bits).
s an addition t0 existing data frames.
code words carry
de words. These
The most popular character oriet
se oo proocols
p ORIENTE!
protoco
eparately of &
in the form of CO*
\d line discipline.
BSC).
i xt and US
frame racer a
information can Be inserte\
vs, this information iS
control, error control an’ Wt
vynchronous Communication (
(BSC)
ronous Communication
In 1964, IBM developed a popular character oriented protocol for data link layer
Synchronous Communication (BSC), for both point-to-point and multipoint con
half-duplex operation using stop-and-wait ARQ flow control and error control mect
Control Characters
The standard control characters use
Table 17.1 Control Characters for BSC
provoc
flow
Binary S
Binary Synch
Jin BSC frame ae given in TaBIEAIE
Character ASCII Code Function
ae Bs = : Good even frame received or ready te
Ae ote Good odd frame received
ee ae Data transparency marker
an ae Request for a response
Sender terminating
ETB
E
ae ae End of transmission block; ACI
ns at End of text in a message
aie mn End of intermediate block i
xo eae Bad frame received or
a DLE and < a
ae Urgent message
STX STX *
SYN
STK and
DLE an NQ
BSC Frames
BSC frames
Olcee te
(ii) Data frames
* Control Frames Contro fray _— Data Link Layer—1 wy
Control frames are used for the following,
three purposes:
{i) To establish connections
(ii) For flow control and error control and
(ii) To terminate the connections
Dati Frames. The dnta frames begin with two Fig. 17.4 BSC Control Frame
or more SYNC (Synchronization) characters.
These characters notify the receiver that the S|S|S E
new group of data is about to begin. y|t| daa |r} Bee |
Usually, there must be some sort of infor- NIN|X x i
out the address of sending and
receiving device. So, the header field is used Fig. 17.5 A Simple BSC Daca Frame
for this purpose:
The last field is BCC (Block Check Count). Tg] g fg) Ts]? [ey 0
used for error detection. A BCC field can bea
cne-eharacter Longitudinal Redundadey iit) /c/aese a) aa a
Check (LRC) or’ 4 two-chatacter @yelio. (S012) //= linia is Latmermais YC
Redundaney Cheek (CRC).
BIT ORIENTED PROTOCOLS
Bit oriented protocols are more useful than character oriented protocols. The most important data |
bit-oriented protocol is HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) protocal..
HDLC was developed by ISO and is one of the most common data link,
oriented protocol and supparts both palf-duplex and full-duplex communication. In
s are treated as bit streams and not as byte values, 5 -
snake HDLC protocol applicable to various possible network configurations, hres
been defined. These are primary, secondary and combined stations.
Primary Station ‘The primary station manages the link, The
Station asking if it has data to send. If so, the secondary station §
‘ext secondary station, Primary stations may also establish and
Secondary Station secondary station responds t0 the
‘tions that primary issues are called corm and the |
Secondaries do not have the capability to issue eC
Other Control
Characters
<
o
Fig. 17.6 A BSC Frame with 2 Header
Combined Station “They ean act both es pHMmar
Sommands and send responses.
Data Transfer Modes in HDLC
Stations running HDLC can:
Normal Response sti
Jink, one primary ©
In Multipoint ink point NRM.
civesan example of mult
Station
Fig. 17.8 Multipoint NRM
This mode is most common for p
‘t command but it is more independ
n without any ex}
‘Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM)
though a secondary cannot issue an explici
ie. it can send data or control information to the primary station
“Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM) It is used for combined stations. B
commands and give responses (refer Fig. 17.9).
Commands and Responses
[sf ‘Commands and Responses
The Modes of Operation in HDLC
‘The modes of operation in HDLC are:
Normal Disconnect Mode (NI
: DI iar
setting commands are mae Can aa Se
Primary station, a secondary
Asynchronous Disconnected,
enter asynchronous response Mode bee ) When
secondary sation can equst the primary sation toe re
Inidatzation Mode(IM) Operational
by a primary station if it finds oe
unable to function properly, abnormal Data Link Layer—I
Frame Format
HDLC uses oe transmission 0 all transmissions are in the form of frames. There are basically
use oes of HDL frames, i¢. Information frames (frames), Supervisory frames (S-frames)
and Van ed eee Each is a minor variation of a single frame format. This frame
sontains flag, address ntrol fields as a head :
on ae ler, data field, FCS (Frame Check Sequence) and flag
Number of bits: Variable 16 or 32 8
Fig. 17.10 HDLC Frame Format
‘The flag field marks the beginning and end of each frame and is specified by the bit pattern 01111110.
pit stuffing (as discussed earlier) can be used to overcome the problem of this pattem occurring as data.
The address field can be of 8 or 16-bit and specifies the address of the destination. This field occurs in
bit is called extended format. The choice of the format (standard or
the above two sizes,
ic decided when the link is established. If the secondary station is sending the frame, the address field
contains the identity of the sender. In some C0368, the address field might contain a broadcast address
fall's) implying that the frame is meant for all secondaries i
also be standard and extended, i.e. 8 or 16-bit long
commands. Its contents vary according to the 1yP® of
first one or two bits define the frame tyPe- -
Number of bits: 1 3 1 a ial
(a) Information frame
Number ofbits: 1! pata com! .
. er, The data field contains the da
™ Fit ame iS used only to convey contr
ce ion, THs field may Be in 8
mer “i Ne nis a 16-bit field usin,
e Roane of pits. Most commo!
.d forma
es
:
Information Frames (-Frames) sean etd UsgONE foe
used primarily (0 transfer information in Ha ic Goel a
Ta ec ee window. it and next three bits are th
i Ba stb frame is‘ bits are
trol field of n
james The ist iO ty () ad fit Bt ise Poll/Final er i F ses
e ie bei 3 sare of
the frame Pye by the primary station and F signifies the 7 me comet
Ss ae three pits specify the sequence number of the ac nowledgé
The last thre :
» and is represented Dy NV (R)-
Frame (S-Frames)
station
‘on the J-frat
Supervisory
This frame has no data field ; g
and requests for retransmission The first two bits I
that can ake RR (Receive Ready), RNR (Receiv® Not Ready), REJ (Reject) and!
acknowledgements. The fifth bit is (P/F) bit and last three bits are the sequence
next frame:
RR (00) A receiver sends this frame wI
acknowledge the receipt of frames.
and is used for sending flow and error
s of control field are
hhen it is ready to accept inform: i
.e when it is not ready to receive further ff
RNR (10) Axeceiver sends this fram
of empty buffers or some error in the link.
REJ(O1) Thisissimilac to negative acknowledgements. Itisa request f
starting from the number specified in NV (R).
SRE] (11) \c requests that the sender retransmits the frame whose n
Unnumbered Frames (U-Frames)
‘These establish how the i y
protocol will proceed.
link mangement nde seting ik a ae aa
its for TYPE field. The fifth bit is (PIF) bit and th ee e
unnumbered function bits). a
Procedures of HDLC
HDLC operation consists
sists of th frames,
It involves the following Neel me
Initialization :
It involves signallin; i
ig the other side
requested along with the length of re ‘Data Link Layer B
quest it sends back an unnumbered acknowledge (UA) frame to primary cise a (DM) disconnected
voge frame is Se.
Data Transfer
poth sides after connection establishment are ready for data transfer, Bs ides frames
qarting with sequence number 0, N(R) and N(S) elds of J-frame are ee ie i = flow
control implementation Sequence number is modulo 8 or 128 depending on it being 4 or 7 bit long.
ve isthe acknowledgement frame and an indication as to which f-frame the eee next. 5-
wees are also used for error and flow control, a
The RR, REJ, RNR, SREJ are all used for this purpose,
connect
Link disconnect 18 similar to link connect. The secondary sends an unnumbered acknow]
ie the F bit set to “I? in response to the (DISC) disconnect frame issued by the SEE ve
Ghility of primary station to ensure that all frames have been received by the receiver correctly
the link 1s disconnected.
Other Bit-Oriented Data Link Protocols
