66 2.7 COMPRESSION PROCESS, 2.71 ( Torh s Fig. 2.1. Compression process Fig 2.1 shows a compression process in compressors and pumps 1 & 2 represent initial and final static states for actual compression 01 & 02 represent initial and final stagnation states for actual compression. 2! & 02! represent final static and stagnation states for ideal (isentropic) compression. 1 —2!— Ideal or isentropic compression at static state. 01 02! = Ideal or isentropic compression at stagnation state. For perfect gas, isentropic work done by the compression process is Wag Ba! hy = C, (Tg! =T) Actual work done by the compression process W.=hg=h,=C, (Ty!~Ty) Power required to the compression process P=mW, Efficiency of compression process Total — to - Total efficiency (n,,): It is defined as the ratio of ideal work to the actual work hetween the stagnation states. W, te Waa esha = Ta-Ta chashy Ta-Ta For theisentropic process 01-02!pesnoaynamics of Fuld Flow a “1, {.* -') Where p,. = Stagnation pressure ratio Actualshaft power required 1 pemW,=mx Niet = my Ta Ta P=mx With mechanicalefficiency a Ta (.. [ -) Tha * Nan Gi) Static - to — Static efficiency (n,,) Itis defined as the ratio of ideal work to the actual work between the static states. When gas velocities at entry and exit are neglected, the stagnation properties become equal to static properties. Actual work W,,,=h, —h, = C, (T,-T,) Ideal work W,,.,, = h,' —h, = C, (T,-T,) Static — to — Static efficiency W, nh, = Wises W, fact P=mx68 Turbo Maching Fig. 2.2: Effect of preheat on compressions process Fig. 2.2 shows T-$ diagram for compression process from pressure p, t0 P, Process | - 2 = Actual pressure compression Process | -2! = Reversible or ideal or isentropic compression It is assumed that the compression process may be divided up int » a large number of small stage of equal efficiency called stage efficiency or polytropic efficienc . For cach small stage Let, w, as the actual work input w, as the ideal work input Py» Py are intermediate pressure Now stage efficiency or polytropic efficiency hy-h,_hy—h, SEW, Since cach small stage has the same efficiency the n, isalso true. * S6W, ~ From the realtion T. ds = dh - vdp, for a constant pressure process (*) =T[vdp=0] ds. Pt : ‘This means, higher the fluid temperature the greater is the slope of the constant pressure lines © TS diagram, For a gas where h is a function of T, constant pressure lines diverge and the slop of the line p, is greater than the slope of line P, at the same value of entropy. =ics of Fluid Flow 6 ach the-hy +--+ mh hy -h, ~ pesause of the divergence of constant pressure lines {(te-) + (ho -h,)+----}>h} -h, ie, B5w, > Wor Therefore N, > Ne Then for a compression Process, the isentropic or overall efficiency of the machine is less than the small stage efficiency. Also the isentropic work for the small stage is greater by the virtue of the inefficiency of the previous stage. Similarly for the next stage also. W, ecThetemm a <10 W, The term is called as pre-heat factor. It is defined as the ratio of ideal work for the whole compression process to the cumulative isentropic or ideal works of small stages. The greater in stage efficiency is also due to the thermodynamic effect called preheating where the g25 is not intentionally heated at the end of each compression stage and this appears as the losses, in the subsequent stages. 2.7.3 Infinitesimal stage efficiency or Polytropic efficiency P, 2 p+dp 2 Torh| P or dT! —_ on o or dh - dn’ i Ss ee Fig. 2.3: Infinitesimal efficiency for a compression process Afien 2 Single stage compression process working between the pressures p, & P,- te compressor stage is assumed to be made of infinitesimal number of smal stages. Each of Gare Stages has an efficiency n, called polytropic or infinitesimal stage efficiency. The 4n infinitesimal stage working between the pressure p and p + dp ‘Wropic efficiency for the small stage isIsentropic temperature rise Te = Actual temperature rise av! _ dh! war dh Butdh = C,dT dh! =Tds+Vdp Forisentropic process Tds=0 c.dh! = Vdp vdp CT ButV=—— RT dj ama cam a_(r-l) 1 oe q -( 1 hr P aa Integrating log, T= (= =!) 14 + log, (constant, 7 Sm BP 1g. (constant) x =log, p™ + log. (constant) = constant or Integrating equation (1) between T, and T, and p, and p,. jt -(= pp.) . ¥ iP 1 Pp. 1 |n, log, 2 =}, totnw “Ee” ang the irreversible adiabatic compression process | ~2 as equivalent (0 polytropic process z.(2) ----(0) Ga ee Isentropic efficiency for the whole compression process: nt Foran ideal compression process = L. Then equation (2) become aah . T ny Now ne =