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Lecture3 Structured Programming Part1

The document discusses algorithms and different control structures used in algorithms like sequences, conditions, and iterations. It explains concepts like if-else statements, while loops, for loops, nested control structures, and provides examples to calculate GCD and print patterns using loops.

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7 views

Lecture3 Structured Programming Part1

The document discusses algorithms and different control structures used in algorithms like sequences, conditions, and iterations. It explains concepts like if-else statements, while loops, for loops, nested control structures, and provides examples to calculate GCD and print patterns using loops.

Uploaded by

0jonnypapa0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mythili Vutukuru

IIT Bombay

Reference: “C How to Program”, Deitel and Deitel, 8th Edition, Chapter 3


 Algorithm = solution to a computing problem, consisting of
a sequence of actions executed in a particular order
 Structure of an algorithm or computer program:
 Statements to be executed sequentially
 Statements that control which statements to execute next
(condition/selection, iterations)
 Algorithm for morning routine
 Wake up Sequential structure
 Brush teeth
 If time >= 8 am, run to class Condition/selection structure
 Else if time < 8 am
 Repeat ten times: run around gymkhana ground Iteration structure
 Take bath, eat breakfast, go to class
 Pseudocode: English-like statements to “think out” an algorithm
 Actual program code that computer can run
 Has more details than pseudocode, e.g., variable definition

 Flow charts: graphical representation of an algorithm


 Rectangles: action statements
 Diamonds: decision statements to decide what to run next
 Small circles: entry and exit points
 Flow lines with arrows: connect all the shapes
 Control statements connected one after another to build a large
algorithm
 Sequence statements: block of statements execute one after
the other in a sequence
 Enclosed in a set of braces { }

 Condition statements: program flow branches out into one or


more paths, and which path is selected depends on whether
some condition satisfied
 If time is past 8 am, do something. Else, do something else
 Iteration statements: program flow repeats over a set of
statements, for a specified number of times or under some
condition is satisfied
 Repeat ten times: run around gymkhana ground
 Repeat until tired: run around gymkhana ground

 Iteration for fixed number of times: counter-controlled iteration


 Iteration until some end condition occurs: sentinel-controlled
iteration
 Sentinel = signal to stop iteration
 If a condition is met, program control shifts to a block of
statements written under the if condition

puts prints a string like printf


 If a condition is met, program control shifts to a block of
statements written under the if condition
 If a condition is met, a block of statements under “if” are
executed, otherwise, the block of statements under “else”
are executed
 If a condition is met, a block of statements under “if” are
executed, otherwise, the block of statements under “else”
are executed
 If you want to write a block of code and execute multiple
statements under if and else, then code block must be
enclosed in { }
 Ternary operator: succinct way of writing if-else statement
 Maybe confusing to read (personal opinion)
 Can check multiple cases by placing one if-else block
inside another if/else block
 Two equivalent ways of
writing nested if-else
statements
 Method 1: if-else inside
previous else block
 Two equivalent ways of
writing nested if-else
statements
 Method 2: Series of else-if
blocks
 If multiple if-else statements are present, and no
braces are used, compiler understands as follows:
 Every else is matched to the closest if
 Every if/else block is considered to have a single statement
 Compiler ignores code indentation

 Good idea to use braces always, to avoid ambiguity


 In the code shown here, if x = 5 and y = 8, output is?
 How would you change the code to get these outputs?
 Repeat an action as long as a condition holds true
 Body of the while statement should do something to cause
the condition to eventually become false, else results in
infinite loop

While loop exits when product reaches 243


Counter controlled iteration:
counter variable tracks how
many iterations to run

Code inside while block


must update counter
New keyword:
unsigned

Remember to initialize total


and counter, else garbage
values
Sentinel controlled iteration:
special variable (“sentinel”)
to indicate when to complete
iteration

Number of iterations not


known beforehand
New data type:
float (floating
point numbers) to
store average
Loop until sentinel

Avoid division by 0
Casting
(converting) result
of division to float

Format to print floating


point numbers
(number of digits after
decimal is specified)
Counter controlled iteration

Nesting control structures:


If-else block inside while block
 Given two numbers a and b int a, b; //suitably initialized
(a > b), Euclid’s algorithm is int remainder;
an efficient algorithm to
compute GCD, based on the while (b > 0) {
idea that GCD(a, b) =
remainder = a % b;
GCD(a-b, b)
a = b;
 Can you think of other b = remainder;
algorithms to compute GCD? }

printf(“GCD = %d\n”, a);


int a, b; //suitably initialized Example: GCD of a = 33 and b = 18
int remainder;
First iteration:
while (b > 0) { rem = 15, a = 18, b = 15
remainder = a % b;
a = b; Second iteration:
b = remainder; rem = 3, a = 15, b = 3
}
Third iteration:
printf(“GCD = %d\n”, a); rem = 0, a = 3, b = 0

Exit while loop


Print GCD = 3
 Outer loop runs ten times
 For every outer loop, inner
loop runs from 1 to value of
outer loop
 If outer loop is 5, inner loop
runs from 1 to 5
 Every iteration of inner
loop prints one asterisk
 At end of inner loop, outer
loop prints new line
 What is printed finally?

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