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Lecture2 Variables Operators

The document discusses variables and data types in C programming. It explains how variables are used to store and represent data, and different data types like integers, their sizes, and ranges of values they can represent. It also covers arithmetic, logical, and relational operators that can be used on variables, and how conditions are evaluated.

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3 views

Lecture2 Variables Operators

The document discusses variables and data types in C programming. It explains how variables are used to store and represent data, and different data types like integers, their sizes, and ranges of values they can represent. It also covers arithmetic, logical, and relational operators that can be used on variables, and how conditions are evaluated.

Uploaded by

0jonnypapa0
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mythili Vutukuru

IIT Bombay

Reference: “C How to Program”, Deitel and Deitel, 8th Edition, Chapter 2 (and Appendix C)
Declare variables to store user data
Variable declaration: data type and name

Read integer from standard input


%d specifies format of integer

Define variable sum, assign value


computed using addition operator
 Variables are user data stored in program memory
 Variable has a data type (say, integer) and name (say, sum)
 Users can set values to variables directly in the program, or
get from user via standard input
 Users can print values of variables on standard output
 CPU instructions read and write values of variables, and
perform operations (e.g., addition) on variables
 The statement “sum = integer1 + integer2” is translated
by compiler into multiple CPU instructions
 Read “integer1” and “integer2” from memory
 Add them up
 Write resulting value into memory location of variable “sum”
 Every data type in C has a size and range of
values it can represent
 Usually depends on underlying machine, but common
case discussed below
 For example, integer data type is 4 bytes = 32 bits
 Can represent 2^32 values, from -2^31 to 2^31-1, that is,
[-2147483648 , 2147483647]
 Permitted ranges of data types defined in
<limits.h>
 Data types with more bits (e.g., long int) store a bigger
range of values, and less bits (e.g., short int) store a smaller
range
 Unsigned integer type (unsigned int) stores from 0 to 2^32-
1, that is, [0, 4294967295], used when negative values not
needed
 What happens if a value larger than the permitted range is
stored in a variable? OVERFLOW BUG!
 Example: if one is added to an integer storing the maximum value,
it will lead to wrong results
 Can perform several arithmetic operations on variables
 Note: integer division: if result of division stored in integer, only
integer part of the answer is retained, the remainder can be obtained
via mod operation
 Arithmetic operations applied according to precedence rules
Order of evaluation shown
 Concise way of doing arithmetic operation and assigning to variable
 These two statements are equivalent:
 Concise way to increment/decrement a counter by 1 “c=c+1” same as “c++”
 Increment/decrement can be done after using the variable in an expression
(post-increment) or before (pre-increment)
 Used to compare the value of variables and take decisions in program
 Used to make decisions in program based on whether a condition is
true or not

Declare variables, input from user

If the numbers are equal, print to screen


Check various conditions
Print suitably to screen
 Equality (==) or relational operators (<, >, ..) allow for testing
one condition only
 Logical operators allow testing multiple conditions at the
same time
 Logical AND (&&) is true only if all conditions are true
 Logical OR (||) is true if any one of the conditions is true

 Logical NOT (!) negates the original condition (achievable using other ways)
 C evaluates all equality, relational, logical expressions to 0 or 1
 0 indicates false, 1 or any non zero value indicates true
 C also has bool data type, takes true or false values (more on this later)

 Truth tables shows how an expression evaluates for every


combination of inputs
 Precedence of operators seen so far: highest to lowest
 Parentheses
 Post increment/decrement, pre increment/decrement
 Multiplication, division, modulus
 Addition, subtraction
 Relational / equality operators (comparisons, equal to, not equal to)
 Logical AND
 Logical OR
 Assignment and assignment+arithmetic operators
 Syntax error: mistake in syntax or format of code
 Example: spelling mistake in variable name or keyword
 Example: Missing braces or semicolons
 Compiler prints error during compilation, executable not produced

 Logic error: program compiles and runs, but wrong result


 Example: Using the wrong relational operator (“<“ instead of “>”)

 Example: Using assignment (“=“) instead of equal to (“==“)


 if(num1 == num2) checks if num1 is equal to num2
 if(num1 = num2) is equivalent to num1 = num2; if(num1)
 if(num1 = num2) will be true whenever assigned value of num1 > 0
 Fatal vs. non-fatal errors: some logic errors crash the
program (fatal), while others let program continue with
wrong results
 How to debug your program
 Read code carefully, do dry run execution
 Use print statements to trace execution
 Use debuggers to step through code (advanced, not for now)
 How are integers (positive and negative) represented in a
computer?
 How are sign and magnitude encoded in 32 bits?

 Most significant bit (MSB) indicates sign (0: positive, 1: negative)


 For positive integers: 2^31 – 1 numbers represented within 31
bits, MSB is 0
 What about negative integers? Two’s complement method
 Take complement of number (one’s complement), add one to it
 For example, consider a positive integer, say, int value = 13
 Why is this a good representation? Adding the positive and negative
values will result in 0 as expected (ignore carry)

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