Duplex Stainless Steel AL 2205 Alloy

(UNS S31803 and S32205)

GENERAL PROPERTIES
The AL 2205 alloy (UNS S31803 and/or S32205) is a nitrogen-enhanced duplex stainless steel alloy. The nitrogen serves to significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy; especially in the welded condition. Earlier duplex alloys have had moderate resistance to general corrosion and chloride stress corrosion cracking, but suffered a substantial loss of properties when used in the as-welded condition. To impart the metallurgical benefits of nitrogen to both improved corrosion performance and as-welded properties, the AL 2205 alloy is produced to a 0.15% minimum nitrogen content compared to the ASTM range of 0.08-0.20% for S31803 and 0.14-0.20% for S32205. The minimum Cr, Mo and Ni contents of AL 2205 alloy (22.0, 3.1 and 5.5% respectively) satisfy the requirements of both the UNS S31803 and S32205 composition specifications. The typical high Cr, Mo and Ni contents of AL 2205 alloy give it a high PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent) of 35.8, further enhancing its corrosion resistance. The PREN of AL 2205 alloy exceeds those of types 316L and 317L stainless steels. When heat-treated properly, the composition of AL 2205 alloy produces a microstructure that consists of a nearly equal mixture of austenite and ferrite phases as shown in the photomicrograph above right. The microstructure and composition of the AL 2205 alloy provides corrosion resistance to many environments that is superior to Types 316 or 317, and a minimum yield strength that is more than double that of conventional austenitic stainless steels. The microstructure and phase balance of AL 2205 alloy have been designed to facilitate the production of pipe and tube products. All AL 2205 alloy is metallographically examined to ensure that the as-shipped product is essentially free from the presence of detrimental precipitate phases such as sigma.

Duplex microstructure of AL 2205 alloy. The ferrite phase appears darker than the austenite due to KOH etch. The ferrite content is 40% in this sample.

The AL 2205 alloy is the most widely used of the duplex stainless steels and is often used in the form of welded pipe or tubular components. The alloy has also been applied as a formed and welded sheet product in environments where resistance to general corrosion and chloride stress corrosion cracking is important.

COMPOSITION
Composition in Weight Percent per ASTM A 240 Element AL 2205 S31803 S32205 Carbon 0.020 0.030 max 0.030 max Manganese 0.70 2.00 max 2.00 max Silicon 0.40 1.00 max 1.00 max Chromium 22.4 21.0-23.0 22.0-23.0 Nickel 5.8 4.5-6.5 4.5-6.5 Molybdenum 3.3 2.5-3.5 3.0-3.5 Phosphorus 0.025 0.030 max 0.030 max Sulfur 0.001 0.020 max 0.020 max Nitrogen 0.15 0.08-0.20 0.14-0.20 Iron Balance Balance Balance

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Data are typical and should not be construed as maximum or minimum values for specification or for final design. Data on any particular piece of material may vary from those shown herein.

Stainless Steel AL 2205 Alloy

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SPECIFICATIONS
Product Form Bar Plate, Sheet, Strip Pipe (Welded and seamless) Tube (Welded and seamless) Pipe Fittings ASTM Specification A 182, A 276, A 479 A 240 A 790, A 928 A 270, A 789 A 815 ASME Specification SA-182, SA-276, SA-479 SA-240 SA-790 SA-789 SA-815

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Property Density at 72F (22C) Melting Range Thermal Conductivity at 212 F (100C) Thermal Expansion coefficient at 68-212F (20-100C) Thermal Expansion coefficient at 68-932F (20-500C) Thermal Expansion coefficient at 68-1832F (20-1000C) Elastic Modulus 72F (22C) Poisson's Ratio Value 7.82 0.283 2525 F 2625 F 8.4 14.6 9.2 16.5 10.1 18.2 10.8 19.5 29.0 200 0.3 Units g/cm3 lb/in3 1385 C 1440 C BTU/hrftF W/mK in/in/F m/m/C in/in/F m/m/C in/in/F m/m/C 106 Psi GPa ...

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Typical Room Temperature Properties Typical mechanical properties for annealed AL 2205 alloy material at room temperature are listed below:

Property Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation (% in 2 inches) Hardness

ASTM A 240 S31803 minimum 65,000 psi (450 MPa) 90,000 psi (620 MPa) 25% 31 HRc (293 HBN) maximum

ASTM A 240 S32205 minimum 65,000 psi (450 MPa) 95,000 psi (655 MPa) 25% 31 HRc (293 HBN) maximum

Typical Plate >3/16" (>4.75 mm) 75,000 psi (515 MPa) 110,000 psi (760 MPa) 35% 235 HBN

Typical Sheet <3/16" (<4.75 mm) 85,000 psi (585 MPa) 125,000 psi (860 MPa) 30%

27 HRc

Data are typical and should not be construed as maximum or minimum values for specification or for final design. Data on any particular piece of material may vary from those shown herein.

Technical Data BLUE SHEET

Properties of AL 2205 vs. Orientation
AL 2205 alloy flat rolled products typically exhibit some anisotropy. Typically the transverse direction is the strongest and least ductile, while about 15 degrees from the rolling direction is the weakest. The adjacent graph shows data for sheet product tested at 15 degree intervals.
140 120 100 ksi or % 80 60 40 20 0 0 30 60 90 Degrees from Rolling Direction Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation

The AL 2205 alloy has been approved for use under Section Vlll, Division 1 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (for S31803) to a maximum temperature of 600F (316C). Use of S32205 is approved for nuclear construction by Code Case N-741. The strength of the AL 2205 alloy is indicated by the maximum allowable stress values given in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code reproduced below, and compared to values for Type 316L stainless steel. Such relatively high maximum allowable stress values can be used advantageously in process unit design. The stress values that are given below apply to plate, sheet, strip, seamless tubing and pipe products. A factor of 0.85 is applied when considering welded tubing or pipe products. Maximum Metal S31803 Temperature ksi (MPa) F (C) 100 (40) 200 (100) 300 (150) 400 (200) 500 (250) 600 (300) 25.7 (177) 25.7 (177) 24.8 (171) 23.9 (165) 23.3 (161) 23.1 (160)

transition temperature can be substantially increased by exposing the alloy for extended periods of time at temperatures in the range from 650 to 1000F (343530C). Consequently, this temperature range must be avoided in fabrication and service. Improper welding procedures, such as welding with straight chromium stainless steel filler metals, will increase the susceptibility of the weld to brittle impact behavior. The data presented below are from tests conducted on 3/8 inch (0.95 cm) thick AL 2205 unwelded plate samples in the annealed and rapidly cooled condition.
Impact Energy Absorbed vs. Temperature 250
9.5 mm thick

200 Ft-Lb

subsize Charpy V-

S32205 ksi (MPa) 27.1 (187) 27.1 (187) 27.1 (187) 27.1 (187) 27.1 (187) 27.1 (187)

S31603 ksi (MPa) 16.7 (115) 14.2 (96.3) 12.7 (87.4) 11.7 (81.2) 10.9 (76.0) 10.4 (72.5)

150 100 50 -150 -100 -50 0 Temperature, F 50

Impact Properties Duplex AL 2205 alloy may undergo a transition from a ductile mode of fracture at higher temperatures to a brittle mode of fracture at lower temperatures when subjected to impact loading. The ductile-to-brittle

The AL 2205 alloy will (for full size specimens) exhibit Charpy impact energies far greater than the 40 ft-lb (54 J) at -40F (-40C) minimum specified by ASTM A 923. AL 2205 alloy also passes the NORSOK minimum impact energy requirement at -46F (-50C) of 45J average and 35J single specimen minimum. If specified, this toughness will be demonstrated by test prior to shipment.
Data are typical and should not be construed as maximum or minimum values for specification or for final design. Data on any particular piece of material may vary from those shown herein.

Stainless Steel AL 2205 Alloy Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties

An upper temperature limit of 600F (316C) has been placed on the use of AL 2205 alloy in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code due to what is known as 885F (475C) Embrittlement. This means that the ferrite phase of AL 2205 alloy may be embrittled after exposure to temperatures from 650 to 1000F (343538C). The 885F (475C) embrittlement is reversible by heat treating the alloy at a temperature above 1100F (590C). However, another embrittling range exists from about 1000F (538C) to 1830F (1000C) due to the precipitation of excess phases that are detrimental to both impact and corrosion properties. A full anneal and rapid cooling treatment is required to eliminate the latter form of embrittlement and is also the preferred manner of relieving forming stresses and 885F (475C) embrittlement.

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severe boiling 42% magnesium chloride test. Nickelcontaining austenitic stainless steels, on the other hand, are highly susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The resistance of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels to chloride stress corrosion cracking has been correlated to the nickel content of the alloys. 1 Duplex alloys behave in a manner that is a combination of the characteristics of the austenitic and ferritic phases that make up the alloy, as shown by the data below. Certain elements tend to partition into one of the two primary phases in duplex alloys. For example, the nickel content of the ferrite phase will be lower than that of the austenite phase relative to the bulk composition. Consequently, the ferrite phase in AL 2205 alloy will provide resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking, making it substantially better than the standard 300 series austenitic stainless steels.Therefore, duplex stainless steels are often preferred over austenitic stainless steels in applications where chloride SCC is a problem.

Fatigue Resistance
The AL 2205 alloy shows high resistance to fatigue. Its endurance limit at room temperature is about 45% of its tensile strength. Sheet bending fatigue data are shown below.
AL 2205 Alloy Sheet Bending fatigue
120,000

Alloy Austenitic Type 304L (8% Ni) Ferritic Type 439 (0.1% Ni) Duplex AL2205 (5% Ni) Duplex AL2205 (welded)

Stress Corrosion Cracking Performance Boiling Boiling Boiling 42% MgCl2 33% LiCl 26% NaCl Failed (20 hours) Passed (2000 hours) Failed (89 hours) Failed (89 hours) Failed (96 hours) Passed (2000 hours) Passed (1000 hours) Passed (1000 hours) Failed (850 hours) Passed (2000 hours) Passed (1000 hours) Passed (1000 hours)

100,000

80,000

Stress (psi)

*"Failed" indicates failure by chloride stress corrosion cracking in the time indicated

60,000

40,000

Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance

A relative ranking of the resistance to chloride-ion pitting and crevice corrosion can be made by using ASTM procedure G-48 (10% FeCl3 6H2O) and increasing the test temperature until the onset of crevice corrosion attack is observed. The temperature at which attack is first observed is called the critical crevice corrosion temperature and can be used as a relative measure of crevice corrosion resistance. The critical crevice corrosion temperature criterion is useful for ranking alloys, but does not necessarily indicate an absolute limiting temperature for the use of a particular alloy in chloride-bearing solutions.

20,000

0 10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

Cycles

CORROSION PROPERTIES
Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance
The nickel-free ferritic steels are essentially immune to chloride stress corrosion cracking even in the extremely

Data are typical and should not be construed as maximum or minimum values for specification or for final design. Data on any particular piece of material may vary from those shown herein.

Technical Data BLUE SHEET

The data provided below for annealed plate indicate the superior resistance of the AL 2205 alloy to chloride-ion crevice corrosion compared to Type 316 and Type 317 stainless steels.
Crevice Corrosion Data In 10% Ferric Chloride Temperature of Onset of Crevice Alloy Corrosion F (C) Type 316 Type 317 AL2205 E-BRITE AL-6XN

General Corrosion Resistance

The AL 2205 alloy is resistant to dilute reducing acids and moderate to high concentrations of oxidizing acids. The alloy is resistant to low concentrations of organic acids, but should be used with caution in higher concentrations at elevated temperatures. The following table compares the corrosion resistance of base metal and welded samples of Type 316 and AL 2205 alloy in various boiling acids. The corrosion rates that follow are given in units of mils per year (MPY) and millimeters per annum (mm/a).
Corrosion Rate in MPY (mm/a) Test Solution (Boiling) 20%Acetic Acid 45%Formic Acid 1% Hydrochloric Acid 65%Nitric Type 316L Base Metal 0.1 (<0.01) 23.4 (0.60) 1.0 (0.02) 22.3 (0.56) 48.2 (1.22) 0.6 (0.02) 71.6 (1.82) 77.6 (1.97) 124 (3.15) 635 (16.1) 26.0 (0.66) Welded* Sample 0.1 (<0.01) 20.9 (0.53) 63.6 (1.61) 18.4 (0.46) 44.5 (1.13) 1.08 (0.03) 56.2 (1.43) 88.4 (2.17) 119 (3.03) 658 (16.7) 23.3 (0.59) AL 2205 Base Metal 0.1 (<0.01) 0.5 (0.01) 0.8 (0.02) 20.6 (0.52) 7.8 (0.20) 0.8 (0.02) 25.4 (0.65) 23.9 (0.61) 22.0 (0.56) 206 (5.23) 19.9 (0.51) Welded* Sample 0.1 (<0.01) 0.5 (0.01) 0.6 (0.02) 19.3 (0.49) 5.1 (0.13) 1.2 (0.03) 19.9 (0.51) 22.6 (0.57) 17.4 (0.44) 200 (5.08) 17.6 (0.45)

27 (-3) 35 (2) 69 (20) 75 (24) 113 (45) 113 (45) 125 (52)

Altemp 625 AL 29-4C

*ASTM Procedure G 48-B using a 10% ferric chloride (hexahydrate) solution

The AL 2205 alloy also provides superior resistance to chloride-ion pitting corrosion compared to Type 316 and Type 317 stainless steels.

Electrochemical Pitting Corrosion in 1 M Sodium Chloride Solution Alloy Type 316 E-BRITE AL904L AL2205 Type 317LXN AL-6XN

Acid 10%Oxalic Acid 20%Phosphoric Acid 10%Sodium Bisulfate 50%Sodium Hydroxide 10%Sulfamic Acid 10%Sulfuric Acid Ferric Sulfate/ 50% Sulfuric Acid (A 262 B)

Temperature of Onset of Pitting Corrosion F (C) 64 (18) 97 (36) 120 (49) 120 (49) 132 (56) 194 (90)

*ASTM Procedure G 150 using a 1 M sodium chloride solution, pH 5.0

Electrochemical Pitting Corrosion in 0.1 M Sodium Chloride Solution Alloy Type 304 Type 316 Type 444 AL2205 Temperature of Onset of Pitting Corrosion F (C) 77 (25) 82 (28) 61 (16) 144 (62)

*Autogenous welds, not heat treated

Intergranular Corrosion
Tests of AL 2205 alloy in the welded condition indicate that it resists intergranular corrosion as measured by the 16% sulfuric acid-copper sulfate (ASTM A 262 Practice E) test.

*Modified ASTM Procedure G 150 using a 0.1 M sodium chloride solution, pH 10.0

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Data are typical and should not be construed as maximum or minimum values for specification or for final design. Data on any particular piece of material may vary from those shown herein.

Stainless Steel AL 2205 Alloy

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Annealing Response of AL 2205 Alloy
60

FABRICATION AND WELDING

Welding
The AL 2205 alloy is designed to contain approximately equal amounts of ferrite and austenite in the annealed strip or plate product. Autogenous welding will increase the amount of ferrite present in the weldment and adjacent areas of the base metal. Subsequent annealing will tend to restore the balance of phases in the base metal. However, an annealed autogenous weld can be expected to contain slightly more ferrite than the corresponding base metal. A fully ferritic weld should be avoided.
Mid-Thickness Ferrite, %

Water Quenched

50

40
Air Cooled

30 1800 1900 Annealing Temperature, F 2000

Forming
The AL 2205 alloy can be successfully cold-bent and expanded. Greater loads will be required to deform the alloy because of the higher strength of this duplex alloy in comparison to conventional austenitic materials. The ferrite phase within the duplex structure of the AL 2205 alloy results in an elongation that is less than that of a comparable austenitic stainless steel. The alloy should be bent to more generous bend radii than fully austenitic materials. A minimum bend radius of at least twice the material thickness should be used. Furthermore, the degree to which AL 2205 alloy tubing can be expanded into tubesheets is restricted by the lower tensile elongation of the material in comparison to conventional austenitic materials. The strength of the AL 2205 alloy is high relative to most tube sheet materials. Consequently, care must be taken to produce tight roller expanded joints between AL 2205 alloy tubing and other tube sheet materials. Heavily cold-bent sections should be fully annealed (not just stress-relieved) after bending whenever there is the potential for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the service environment. Stress relief heat treatments in the 600 to 1700F (316-926C) range adversely affect the properties of the alloy and should not be considered.

HEAT AFFECTED ZONE OF WELD Microstructure of an autogenous weld made in AL 2205 alloy plate. The ferrite content of the base metal is 45% and the weld contains over 50% ferrite. Etchant - KOH.

Matching filler metals are commercially available to weld the AL 2205 alloy. Such filler metals (AWS E2209) contain more nickel than the base metal in order to produce a phase balance within the weld that is approximately the same as the base metal. When AL 2205 alloy is welded to different metals, a filler metal should be chosen that contains a quantity of austenite forming elements that is sufficient to produce a partially or fully austenitic weld. The large, fully ferritic grains that may form in a weld made from ferritic fillers may lower impact ductility at room temperature.

Heat Treatment
The AL 2205 alloy should be annealed between 1870 and 2010F (1020-1100C) and cooled quickly. Annealing near 2010F will increase the amount of ferrite present in the microstructure compared to that resulting from annealing near 1870F. The graph following provides additional information.
Data are typical and should not be construed as maximum or minimum values for specification or for final design. Data on any particular piece of material may vary from those shown herein.

References for Additional Details

(1) Copson, H. R., Effect of Composition on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Some Alloys Containing Nickel, Physical Metallurgy of Stress Corrosion Fracture, Interscience Publishers, New York (1959).

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