Tutorial 7: Canal regulation works

1. Design a cross regulator for a canal with the data given below.
Discharge of parent canal = 100m3/s
FSL of parent canal u/s and d/s = 195m / 194.70m
Bed width of parent canal u/s and d/s = 35m / 28m
Water depth in parent canal u/s and d/s = 2.60m
Silt factor = 1
Safe exit gradient = 1/6
Solution ;
a) Crest level of cross regulator
Provide crest level of cross regulator at the u/s bed level of canal = u/s FSL –
Depth of flow
= 195.0 – 2.60 = 192.40m
b) calculation of water way
discharge passing the cross regulator h1 = 194.7- 192.40 = 2.30
3/2 ½
Q = 1.7 B h + 3.54 B h1 h h = 195.0 – 194.7 = 0.30

100 = 1.7 B 0.30 3/2 + 3.54 B 2.3 x 0.30 ½

⸫B = 100/4.739 = 21.10m
Provide 3 bays of 8m each with a clear water way = 3 x 8 = 24m
Provide 2 piers of 2m each = 2x2 = 4m
Thus, the overall water way = 24+4 = 28m
c) calculation of downstream floor level
discharge intensity q = 100/24 = 4.17cumecs/m
head loss HL=h = 0.30m
from the Blench curve for q = 4.17 and HL = 0.30; Ef2 = 2.05
D/S floor level = d/s FSL – Ef2 = 194.70 – 2.05 = 192.65m
But, d/s bed level = d/s FSL – depth of flow = 194.7 – 2.60 = 192.10m which is
lower than the calculated d/s floor level.
Hence provide d/s floor at 192.10m
d) Calculation of d/s floor length = 5 (y2 - y1) = 5 x (1.76-0.74) = 5.10m
for Ef2 = 2.05m ;
Ef2 = y2 + v22/2g but v2= q/y2
2.05 = y2 + 4.172/19.62 x y22
0 = y23 -2.05 y22 + 0.89 On solving, y2 = 1.76m
Ef1 = Ef2 +HL = 2.05 + 0.30 = 2.35m
y1 corresponding to Ef2 is calculated
Ef1 = y1 + v12/2g but v1= q/y1
2.35 = y1 + 4.172/19.62 x y12
0 = y13 -2.35 y12 + 0.89 On solving, y1 = 0.74m
e) Vertical cut off
provide u/s cutoff for a depth = yu/3 + 0.60 = 2.6/3 + 0.60 = 1.46m = 1.50m below
the u/s floor or bed level of canal.
provide d/s cutoff for a depth = yd/2 + 0.60 = 2.6/2 + 0.60 = 1.90m below the d/s
floor or bed level of canal.
Hence bottom level of d/s cutoff = 192.10- 1.90 = 190.20m
f) Calculation of total floor length from exit gradient consideration;
G.E = H/d. 1/π√λ ; maxm static head will occurs when there is no flow in d/s.
1/6 = 2.90/1.90 x 1/ π√λ ; H = u/s HFL – d/s bed level = 195.0 – 192.10 = 2.90m
⸫λ = 8.5 = [1+ √(1+α2)]/2
⸫α= 15.97 = b/d
b= 15.97x 1.90 = 30.34m say 30.50m
minimum d/s floor length required = 2/3 x b = 2/3 x 30.50 = 20.33m which is
greater than 5.10m as calculated previously.
So, provide d/s floor length of 20.50m.
Now, let us provide slope of the d/s glacis of 2:1
Then horizontal length under glacis = 2 x (u/s bed level – d/s bed level)
= 2 x (192.40 – 192.10) = 0.60m
The u/s balance for the floor = 30.50 – 0.60 – 20.50 = 9.40m

u/s FSL=195.00
d/s FSL194.70 h = 0.30
h1= 2.30 192.40
192.10 2:1 1.50
20.50m 0.60 9.40
1.90
190.20 b = 30.50

The thickness of floor is calculated by considering the uplift pressure at key points
of cutoff using Khosla’s theory. First assume thickness of u/s floor is taken as
0.50m and d/s floor as 0.80m and apply corrections for percentage pressures of key
points of cutoff. Plot the HG line considering total static head as no flow d/s
condition. find the uplift pressures at points on floor. Determine concrete floor
thickness, using formula t = h/G-1; Do yourself.
The protection works as inverted filter and launching apron as in previous ways.
Wa = 1.5D, D = scour depth for u/s and d/s respectively for u/s and d/s
protections.
Thickness of apron = 2.25 D / Wa
2. Design a vertical drop / Sarada fall with the following data provided.
Discharge of canal = 10m3/s, u/s FSL of canal = 201.50m, u/s bed level = 200m
Drop height drop of canal bed = 1.25m, d/s FSL of canal = 200.25m,
Bed width of canal = 9m, Side slope of canal = 1:1, Bligh’s coefficient = 8

Solution;
Since, discharge of canal is 10m3/s < 14m3/s, hence rectangular crest type fall can
be designed.
Using discharge formula, Q = 1.84 L H3/2 (H/Bt) 1/6 for rectangular crest.
Length of crest L = width of canal = 9m
Assuming, top width of crest (Bt) = 0.80m u/s FSL = 201.50
Then, 10 = 1.84 x 9 x H3/2 (H/0.80) 1/6 1:1 D= 1.50
⸫H = 0.722 = 0.72m B=9m u/s 200.00
Cross sectional area of canal A = BD + nD2
= 9x1.5 + 1 x 1.52 = 15.75m2
Velocity of approach Va = Q/A = 10/15.75 = 0.634m/s
Velocity head = Va2/2g = 0.6342/19.62 = 0.02m
Now, RL of u/s TEL = 201.50 + 0.02 = 201.52m
RL of crest =TEL – H = 201.52- 0.72 = 200.80m;
d/s bed level = u/s bed – drop ht. = 200 – 1.25 = 198.75m
Height between crest and d/s bed = d = 200.80- 198.75 = 2.05m
Now, Top width of crest Bt = 0.55√d = 0.55 x √2.05 = 0.787m ≈ 0.80m.
Hence, provide crest width of 0.80m.
Height of water above crest (h) = u/s FSL – Crest level = 201.50 – 200.80 = 0.70m
Minimum base width of the crest wall = (h +d) /G = (0.70 +2.05) /2 = 1.375m
Hence, provide base width of 1.50m.
Wing walls:
Provide 40cm thick u/s wing walls straight at an angle of 45 0 from the u/s edge of
the crest wall and shall be embedded into the berm by 1m.
similarly, on d/s side 40cm thick wing walls are kept straight and parallel up to end
of the floor and joined to return wall and with a slope equal to canal side slope 1:1
towards water side.
U/s protection:
a) Brick pitching
On u/s side brick pitching equal to depth of flow is laid on u/s bed. i.e 1.50 m length
of pitching towards the crest wall at slope of 1:10 and provided with 3 drain pipes
of 15cm diameter so that draining of water during closure of the canal from the u/s
bed.
b) U/s Curtain wall / cutoff wall :
Minimum depth of u/s curtain wall = Du/3 = 1.50/3 = 0.50m
Hence, provide 0.40m thick and 0.80m deep curtain wall on u/s side including over
30cm CC bed.
Design of cistern:
Length of cistern Lc = 5 √H.HL = 5 √(0.72 x 1.25) = 4.74m ; HL = u/s FSL – d/s FSL
Hence, provide cistern length of 5m.
Depth of cistern below d/s bed = X = ¼ (H HL) 2/3 = ¼ ( 0.72x 1.25) 2/3 = 0.233m
Hence, provide cistern depth of 0.25m.
Design of floor:
Maximum static head Hs = d = crest level – d/s bed level of canal = 2.05m
Total floor length required = Cb x Hs = 8 x 2.05 = 16.40m
Minimum d/s floor length required = 2 (water depth +1.20) + HL
= 2 (1.50 + 1.20) + 1.25 = 6.65m
Provide d/s floor of 7m and rest of 9.40m under and u/s side of crest wall.
Floor thickness:
Maximum unbalance uplift at the d/s toe of crest
[𝑅𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡−𝑅𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙]
=𝑋 + × 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
[2.05]
= 0.25 + × 7 = 1.125𝑚
16.40

Thickness required = 1.125/ (2.24-1) = 0.907m = 0.95m say

Provide concrete floor thickness of 0.75m including 0.20m of brick pitching over it.
Unbalanced head at 3m d/s of crest toe = 0.25 + 2.05/ 16.40 x 4 = 0.75m
Provide floor thickness of 0.55m with brick pitching 0.20m over it.
Unbalanced head at 5m d/s = 0.25 + 2.05/16.40 x 2 = 0.50m
Provide floor thickness of 0.30m with brick pitching of 0.20m over it.
Provide u/s floor of 30cm thick at u/s of crest wall.
Depth of d/s curtain wall / cutoff wall = Dd /2 = 1.50/2 = 0.75m
Provide 0.40m thick x 1.55 deep curtain wall including 30cm cc base. 1.55 =
0.30+0.75+0.30+ 0.20
Total length of d/s pitching = 9 + 2 Dd = 9 + 2 x 1.5 = 12m. which is aligned from
the end of curtain wall after concrete floor d/s considering according to head over
crest H. if table is not provided then Lp = 3xDd = 4.5m.
u/s TEL 201.52
U/S FSL= 201.50
h H= 0.72 flow dirn
crest = 200.80 HL = 1.25
bed 200 Bt = 0.80 d = 2.05 HG Line FSL 200.25
20cm pitching Lp=12m bed =198.75
Bw = X=0.25
1.50
0.30 0.90 0.75 0.55 0.30 d2=1.55
d1=0.80

9.40 concrete bed 7.0

LC = 5m
Total horizontal floor b = 16.40m fig: Rectangular crest Sarada Fall
3. Design a 1.5m Sarada fall for a canal carrying the discharge of 35m 3/s with the
data provided below.
Bed level u/s = 500.50m Side slope of canal = 1.5:1
Bed level d/s = 499.00m FSL u/s = 502.50m FSL d/s = 501.00m
Berm level u/s = 503.00m canal bed width u/s and d/s = 24m.
Safe exit gradient for Khosla theory= 1/5
Solution;
a) Design of crest wall
Length of crest L = canal bed width =24m
Since, discharge of flow is greater than 14m3/s , trapezoidal crest can be designed.
Discharge Q = 1.99 LH3/2 (H/Bt) 1/6
Assume, top width of crest Bt = 1 m
35 = 1.99 x 24 x H3/2 (H/1) 1/6
⸫H = 0.83m
Velocity of approach Va = Q/A = 35/ (24 x 2 + 1.5 x 22) = 0.65m/s
Velocity head = Va2/2g = 0.652/19.62 = 0.022m
u/s TEL = u/s FSL + velocity head = 502.50 + 0.022 = 502.522m
RL of crest = u/s TEL – H = 502.522 – 0.83 = 501.692m
Height of crest above d/s bed (d) = Crest level – bed level d/s =501.692- 499.00
= 2.692m
Now Bt = 0.55 √ (d +H) = 0.55 √ (2.692 +0.83) = 1.03m ≈1m okey
Provide trapezoidal crest of top width of 1m having side slopes of 1:3 and 1:8 (H:V)
for u/s and d/s respectively.
b) Wing wall:
u/s wing wall radius R = 5 H to 6H = 5x0.83 = 4.15m; 6 x 0.83 = 4.98m
a) Segmental wing wall of radius of 4.50m subtending angle of 600 at center which
shall be carried tangentially into the berm 1m can be provided at u/s side.
b) d/s wing wall shall be kept straight with a distance of 6√(H x HL) = 6 √(0.83x1.50)
= 6.69 ≈ 7m then wrapped in a slope of 1.5:1 and taken up to end of concrete floor.
c) u/s protection
a) brick pitching of length equal to u/s depth of water = 2m is laid in slope of 1:10
towards the crest. Provide 20cm dia. drain pipes of 3 nos. at u/s bed for draining u/s
bed during the closure of canal.
b) Curtain wall
i) u/s curtain wall shall be provided to a minimum depth of 1/3 of u/s water depth =
1/3 x 2 = 0.67m = 0.70m
Provide curtain wall of 0.40m thick of 1m deep laid over 0.30m concrete foundation
bed.
ii) Minimum depth d/s curtain wall = ½ of depth of water = 2 / 2 = 1m
provide d/s curtain wall of 0.40m x 1.80m including 0.30 cement concrete
foundation. Total depth of d/s cutoff d2= 1.80m = 1 + 0.20 + 0.30 + 0.30
provide d/s brick pitching of 3x Dd = 3 x 2 = 6m
d) Design of cistern
i) length of cistern Lc = 5 √(H . HL) = 5 √(0.83 x1.50) = 5.58m
Provide cistern length of 5.60m.
ii) Depth of cistern X = ¼ (H . HL) 2/3 = ¼ x (0.83 x 1.50)2/3= 0.289 = 0.30m.
e) Calculation of total floor length
Exit gradient G.E = Hs/d2 x 1/π√λ Hs = d
1/5 = 2.692/ 1.80 x 1/ π√λ
⸫λ= 5.67 = [1+ √(1+α2)]/2
5.67 = [1+ √(1+α2)]/2
⸫ α= 10.29 = b/d2
 ⸫b = 10.29 x 1.8 = 18.52m, provide total floor length of 19m.
Minimum floor length required on d/s side = 2 ( water depth + 1.2) + H L
= 2 ( 2 +1.2) + 1.50 = 7.90m = 8m say
Provide the balance of floor of 11m under and u/s of crest wall.

f) Calculation of uplift pressures and thickness of floor.

Assuming u/s floor thickness of 0.50m and d/s floor thickness of 0.80m and floor
thickness at toe be 1.5m. E1 C1 E2 C2

a) For u/s wall : end pile condition D1

d = 1m, b = 19m D2

1/α= d/b = 1/19 = 0.05

From Khosla curve for end pile condition
ϕE1 = 100%
ϕD = 17.5% ϕD1 = 100 – ϕD =82.5% ** Assuming floor thickness of 0.50m at u/s cutoff
ϕE= 21% ϕC1 = 100 – ϕE = 79% and 0.80m at d/s cutoff.

b) for d/s wall : end pile condition

d = 1.80m, b = 19m , 1/α= d/b = 1.80/19 = 0.09
ϕE2 = ϕE= 27.5%
ϕD2 = ϕD = 18% ; ϕC2=0%; since interference correction is very small and neglected.
U/s wall D/s wall
points E1 D1 C1 E2 D2 C2
% pressures 100 82.5 79 27.5 18 0
Thickness corrn - - 1.75 -4.22 - -
Corrected % pressure 100 82.5 80.75 23.28 18 0
Static head = 2.692m 2.692 2.22 2.13 0.63 0.48 0
Head loss 0 0.472 0.562 2.062 2.212 2.692
Elevation of HG line 501.692 501.22 501.13 499.63 499.48 499.00
 u/s TEL = 502.522
u/s FSL= 502.50 HG Line
501.692 crest D h H= 0.83 Bt=1.0 20cm brick pitching
501.692m d/s FSL= 501.00

501.13 slope 1:10 3.192 d = 2.692 499.63 499.00m

RL 498.50 1:3 1:8 498.70 X

0.40 1.1 0.90 0.70 6m

d1=1m 30cm 1.1 d2=1.80m

Base width Bb= 2.50m Lc = 5.60
11.00 Ld = 8m
b = 19m

Fig : Trapezoidal crest vertical drop Sarada type.

Floor Thickness = uplift head / G-1

RL of HG line above bed level at toe of crest wall = 501.13 - (501.13-499.63) / 19
x 11= 500.262m
Thickness of floor at 11 m from u/s = (500.262-498.70)/ 1.24 = 1.26m = 1.30m
Provide 1.1m thick concrete bed below crest wall over which 20cm brick pitching.
RL of HG line 14m d/s from u/s = 501.13 - (501.13-499.63) / 19 x 14 = 500.023
Thickness required at 14m d/s = (500.023- 498.7) /1.24 = 1.06 = 1.10m
Provide thickness of cc floor of 0.90m below 20cm pitching.
RL of HG line at 17m d/s = 501.13 – [(501.13-499.63) / 19] x 17 = 499.788
Thickness required at 17m d/s = (499.788-498.7) / 1.24 = 0.88 = 0.90
Provide 70cm CC floor below 20cm pitching.
Downstream floor at cutoff wall may be taken as 0.60m.
Provide u/s floor of 0.40m thick.
Base width of crest wall = 3.192/3 + 1+3.192/8 = 2.46m ≈2.50m
4. Design a pipe outlet from the following data.
Discharge of outlet = 65liters/ s = 0.065cumecs
FSL of canal = 200.25m, FSD of canal = 1.25m
Water level in water course = 200.15m
Solution;
The head loss between canal and water course = 200.25-200.15 = 0.10
Which is less than 0.20depth of flow = 0.20 x 1.25 = 0.25m
Hence, submerged pipe outlet has to be designed. 200.15

FSL: 200.25 HL = 0.10

Canal
0.75 D= 1.25

Canal Bed = 199.00

Q = Cd. A.√(2gHL)
0.065 = 0.80 x A x √ (2x 9.81 x 0.10)
⸫A = 0.058m2
Let, diameter of pipe be d.
Then A = πd2/4
0.058 = πd2/4
⸫d = 0.27m
Hence, provide pipe of diameter 30cm.
The pipe can be fixed at 20cm below the FSL of canal. i.e the sill level of pipe is
fixed horizontal at 200.25 – 0.20 – 0.30 = 199.75m.
i.e 199.75-199.00 = 0.75m above bed level of canal.
5. Design a pipe outlet from the data provided.
Discharge at head of the water course = 0.10m3/s
FSL in distributary canal = 503.00m
FSL in water course = 502.00
Solution;
Available head across the outlet = HL= 503.00-502.00 = 1.00 m.
This head is sufficient to provide outlet discharge freely into the water course. So
d/s end of the pipe can be fixed below the water level of the water course making it
semi module.
Discharge through pipe outlet = Q = Cd. A. √(2g H0)
Assuming the diameter of pipe be 25cm,
We have, 0.10 = 0.62 x πx 0.252 /4 x √(19.62 x H0)
⸫H0 = 0.55m
Now, RL of center of pipe outlet = 503.00 – 0.55 = 502.45m
Sill level of pipe outlet = 502.45 – 0.25/2 = 502.225m.
Hence, pipe of 25cm dia can be laid horizontally with its sill / bottom level at
502.225m.
FSL: 503.00

H0 = 0.55m HL = 1m
502.00
502.225 pipe dia. 25cm
Canal Water course