CALCULUS

INTEGRAL
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL

METHODS OF
INTEGRATION
O ct o b e r 2 7 , 2 0 2 2
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
ADDITIONAL STANDARD FORMULAS
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
INTEGRATION OF QUADRATIC
EXPRESSIONS
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTION
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
INTEGRATION BY PARTS O ct o b e r 2 5 , 2 0 2 2
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
ADDITIONAL STANDARD FORMULAS
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
INTEGRATION OF QUADRATIC
EXPRESSIONS
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTION
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
INTEGRATION BY PARTS O ct o b e r 2 5 , 2 0 2 2
INTEGRATION INVOLVING QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
Consider now the problem of evaluating an integral which takes the general form:

න 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
න
𝑓𝑥
𝑑𝑥
න
𝑓(𝑥)

Where f(x) is a quadratic expression in x. The process of completing the is an

important aid in evaluating this type of integral. By completing the square, the
quadratic expression is transformed into the sum (or difference) of two squares. Then
the appropriate standard formula can be picked up from our list of formulas to finally
evaluate the integral in question.
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
 EXAMPLE 1
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate න
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
 EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate න 𝟓 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
INTEGRATION INVOLVING QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

Consider now the integral of the form:

𝑔(𝑥)
න 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
න 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)

Where g(x) is linear in x and f(x) is quadratic in x. To evaluate this type of

integral, we must be able to reduce it to a form for which a standard
integration formula can be applied. Consider the following example.

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
 EXAMPLE 1
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗)𝒅𝒙
Evaluate න
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
 EXAMPLE 2
(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙
Evaluate න
𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION

A method known as integration by substitution was introduced in our earlier

discussions, this involves letting an expression independent to x into a u value.
However, we recall that the integrals given in our earlier situations are such that they
can be evaluated without expressing them explicitly in terms of the new variable. We
shall deal with the integrals of irritational functions (or with irrational integrands) and
the situation is such that we find it necessary to express the given integral in terms of
the new variable. We shall note that by substituting a new variable, the irrational
integrand is transformed to one that is rational. Since the substitution involves only
algebraic terms, this method is commonly known as Algebraic substitution.

The algebraic substitution to be made depends on the irrational integrand under

consideration. In fact, no general rule can be given to accomplish the rationalization
of the integrand. In this section, we shall illustrate some types of algebraic
substitutions.

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 1
When the integrand contains fractional powers of x only, use the substitution:
𝑛
𝑧= 𝑥

𝑧𝑛 = 𝑥

Where n is the least common denominator of fractional exponents of x.

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 1
When the integrand contains fractional powers of x only, use the substitution:
𝑛
𝑧= 𝑥

𝑧𝑛 = 𝑥

Where n is the least common denominator of fractional exponents of x.

EXAMPLE
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate න
𝒙+ 𝟑 𝒙

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 2
When the integrand contains fractional powers of x only, use the substitution:
𝑛
𝑧= 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥

𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥

Where n is the least common denominator of fractional exponents of a+bx.

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 2
When the integrand contains fractional powers of x only, use the substitution:
𝑛
𝑧= 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥

𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥

Where n is the least common denominator of fractional exponents of a+bx.

EXAMPLE
Evaluate න(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 3
If the integrand contains the expression
𝑝
𝑥 𝑚 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 ) 𝑞

Where m, n, p and q are integers (n, q>0) and if

𝑚+1
= 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑛
Use the substitution
𝑞
𝑧= 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 or 𝑧 𝑞 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 3
If the integrand contains the expression
𝑝
𝑥 𝑚 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 ) 𝑞

Where m, n, p and q are integers (n, q>0) and if

𝑚+1
= 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑛
Use the substitution
𝑞
𝑧= 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 or 𝑧 𝑞 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛

EXAMPLE
Evaluate න 𝒙𝟑 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 4
If the integrand contains the expression
𝑝
𝑥 𝑚 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 ) 𝑞

Where m, n, p and q are integers (n, q > 0) and if

𝑚+1 𝑝
+ = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑛 𝑞
Use the substitution

𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 𝑞 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 4
If the integrand contains the expression
𝑝
𝑥 𝑚 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 ) 𝑞

Where m, n, p and q are integers (n, q > 0) and if

𝑚+1 𝑝
+ = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑛 𝑞
Use the substitution

𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 𝑞 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛

EXAMPLE
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate න 𝟑ൗ
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝟒
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 5: RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION
1
Some integrals with irrational integrand may be evaluated by letting 𝑥 = 𝑧.

EXAMPLE
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate න 𝟑ൗ
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝟒
1
Let 𝑥 =
𝑧

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 6
If the integrand contains the expression

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑥 2

Use the substitution

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑧 − 𝑥 2

EXAMPLE

Evaluate

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION TYPE 7
If the integrand contains the expression

(𝑎 + 𝑥)(𝑏 − 𝑥)

Use the substitution

(𝑎 + 𝑥)(𝑏 − 𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 2

EXAMPLE

Evaluate

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
Thank you
and
Good luck!

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL