Time period 17th – 19th C Beginning of 20th C 50s – 60s 70s – 80s 90s - now

Method Grammar Translation Direct method Audiolingual . The silent way Communicative Language Teaching Content and Language Integrated
Method . Total physical response (CLT) Learning (CLIL)
. Community Language Learning

(alternatives to grammar-based approaches

and methods)
Evaluation Written tests in which Students are asked to use the Each question on the test would focus . The silent way A teacher evaluates not only his Evaluations are designed to assess
students are asked to language, not to demonstrate their on only one One criterion of whether or not students students’ accuracy, but also their content knowledge and language
translate from their native knowledge about the language. point of the language at a time. Students have learned is their ability to transfer what fluency. The student who has the most skills simultaneously. For example,
language into They are asked to do so, using might be asked to distinguish between they have been studying to new contexts. control of the structures and vocabulary in a science lesson taught in
the target language or vice both oral and written words in a minimal pair, for example, or The teacher does not praise or criticize is not always the English, students might be assessed
versa are often used. skills. For example, the students to supply an appropriate verb form in a student behavior since this would interfere best communicator. on their understanding of a
Questions about the target might be interviewed orally by the sentence. with students’ developing their own inner A teacher can evaluate his students’ scientific concept as well as their
culture teacher or criteria. He expects students to learn at performance informally in his role as ability to describe it in English.
or questions that ask might be asked to write a different rates. The teacher looks for steady advisor or Students are given a combined
students to apply grammar paragraph about something they progress, not perfection. co-communicator. For more formal grade for language skill and subject
rules are also common have studied evaluation, a teacher is likely to use an knowledge.
. Total physical response integrative test which has a real
Teachers will know immediately whether or communicative function. In order to
not students understand by observing assess
their students’ actions. Formal evaluations students’ writing skill, for instance, a
can be conducted simply by commanding teacher might ask them to write a letter
individual students to perform a series of to a
actions. As students become more friend.
advanced, their performance of skits they
have created can become the basis for
evaluation.

. Community Language Learning

A teacher-made classroom test would likely
be more of an integrative test than
a discrete-point one. Students would be
asked to write a paragraph or be given an
oral interview, rather than being asked to
answer a question which deals with only
one point of language at a time.
Finally, it is likely that teachers would
encourage their students to self-evaluate—
to look at their own learning and to become
aware of their own progress.