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Lab 1 Saeed

The document discusses the basic features and applications of the R programming language. It covers topics like basic statistics, probability distributions, data analysis, and advantages of R such as being open source and suitable for various platforms. It also discusses some disadvantages and applications of R in fields like data science, quantitative analysis, and finance.

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Amaad Khalil
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12 views9 pages

Lab 1 Saeed

The document discusses the basic features and applications of the R programming language. It covers topics like basic statistics, probability distributions, data analysis, and advantages of R such as being open source and suitable for various platforms. It also discusses some disadvantages and applications of R in fields like data science, quantitative analysis, and finance.

Uploaded by

Amaad Khalil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab

Submitted By:
Name: Saeed Ahmad Awan
Subject: Probability and Statistics
Department: Data Science
Semester: 3rd
Submitted To:
Lecturer: Dr. Ammad Khalil
R Programming Language Features

Statistical Features of R

 Basic Statistics: The most common basic statistics terms are the average, the mode, and the median. These are all known as
"central tendency measures." R makes it easy to measure central tendency.
 Static Graphics: R has many features for creating and developing interesting static graphics. It includes functionality for many
plot types, including geographic maps, mosaic plots, and biplots.
 Probability Distributions: Probability distributions play a vital role in statistics, and R makes it easy to handle various types of
probability distributions, such as the binomial distribution, the normal distribution, and the chi-squared distribution.
 Data Analysis: R provides a large, coherent, and integrated collection of tools for data analysis.

Advantages of R

 Comprehensive Statistical Analysis Package: R is the most comprehensive statistical analysis package available. New
technologies and concepts often appear first in R.
 Open Source: R is an open-source programming language, so you can run it anywhere and anytime.
 Cross-Platform: R is suitable for Linux and Windows operating systems and runs on any operating system.
 Collaborative Development: Everyone is welcome to contribute new packages, bug fixes, and code enhancements to R.

Disadvantages of R

 Quality of Packages: The quality of some R packages is less than perfect.


 Memory Management: R commands do not give much attention to memory management, so R may consume all available
memory.
 Speed: R is slower than other programming languages, such as Python and MATLAB.

Applications of R

 Data Science: R is used for data science, and it provides a wide variety of libraries related to statistics. It also provides an
environment for statistical computing and design.
 Quantitative Analysis: R is used by many quantitative analysts as a programming tool. It is useful for data importing and
cleaning.
 Finance: R is the most prevalent language used by data analysts and research programmers. Therefore, it is used as a
fundamental tool for finance.
 Industry: Tech giants like Google, Facebook, Bing, Twitter, Accenture, and Wipro use R.

Basics of R

R Print Output

print("Hello World!")

Loops

And there are times you must use the print() function to output code, for example when working
with for loops

for (x in 1:10) {
print(x)
}

Comments
Comments can be used to explain R code, and to make it more readable. It can also be used to
prevent execution when testing alternative code.
Comments starts with a #. When executing code, R will ignore anything that starts with #.
"Hello World!" # This is a comment

Creating Variables in R
name <- "Ali"
age <- 40

Concatenate Elements
You can also concatenate, or join, two or more elements, by using the paste() function.
To combine both text and a variable, R uses comma (,):
text1 <- "R is"
text2 <- "awesome"
paste(text1, text2)

Addition
a <- c (1, 0.1)
b <- c (2.33, 4)
print (a+b)

Subtraction
a <- 6
b <- 8.4
print (a-b)

Multiplication
B= c(4,4)
C= c(5,5)
print (B*C)

Division
a <- 10
b <- 5
print (a/b)

Modulo Operation
list1<- c(2, 22)
list2<-c(2,4)
print(list1 %% list2)

# R program to illustrate
# the use of Arithmetic operators
vec1 <- c(0, 2)
vec2 <- c(2, 3)
# Performing operations on Operands
cat ("Addition of vectors :", vec1 + vec2, "\n")
cat ("Subtraction of vectors :", vec1 - vec2, "\n")
cat ("Multiplication of vectors :", vec1 * vec2, "\n")
cat ("Division of vectors :", vec1 / vec2, "\n")
cat ("Modulo of vectors :", vec1 %% vec2, "\n")
cat ("Power operator :", vec1 ^ vec2)
Apply all the above basics on it.
#R Print Output
print("Hello World!")
for (x in 1:10) {
print(x)
}
#Creating Variables in R
name <- "Ali"
age <- 40
text1 <- "R is"
text2 <- "awesome"
paste(text1, text2)

#Addition
a <- c (1, 0.1)
b <- c (2.33, 4)
print (a+b)

#Subtraction
a <- 6
b <- 8.4
print (a-b)

#Multiplication
B= c(4,4)
C= c(5,5)
print (B*C)

#Division
a <- 10
b <- 5
print (a/b)

#Modulo Operation
list1<- c(2, 22)
list2<-c(2,4)
print(list1 %% list2)

# R program to illustrate
# the use of Arithmetic operators
vec1 <- c(0, 2)
vec2 <- c(2, 3)
# Performing operations on Operands
cat ("Addition of vectors :", vec1 + vec2, "\n")
cat ("Subtraction of vectors :", vec1 - vec2, "\n")
cat ("Multiplication of vectors :", vec1 * vec2, "\n")
cat ("Division of vectors :", vec1 / vec2, "\n")
cat ("Modulo of vectors :", vec1 %% vec2, "\n")
cat ("Power operator :", vec1 ^ vec2)

OUTPUT
# Basic arithmetic operations
2+3
14 / 6
14 / 6 + 5
14 / (6 + 5)
OUTPUT

Question 2

Part a
Part b

Part c
Part d
log10(0.3)
Output

[1] -0.5228787
Querstion 3
Part a, b,c

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