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 ---------
Ex . 3. 6. 12 L'i:.Jc .
de r an d de gr ee of th e di ffe re ntial equation.
Fi nd or

dy ~a~
dx 2"= dx

0 S ol n. :

G iv en

.
1. C. (
d.2})1 11 = (' ~ )1 . 1

.J -"'
l1X
d x:
6.
Raising both the si de s to th e po w er
d2y 3 =(~ )1 ... or de r = 2 an d degree = 3 ✓
dx2 dx
... A ns .
Ex. 3.6.5 ·a. 5 b i , W-19, 3 Marks
Find the order and degree of D.E.
d y ~ 2
dx2 - dx - xy = O

~ Soln.:
d 2y dv ,
(i)
d x2 - -d x - xy·
'

d 2y dv· ~
= dx + xy·
dx 2

•••
d2y =
dx2 dx
(21+ xy2)2 .·. Order = 2

Degree . = 1
 ..,. .
' J ' \ t -.! ~
I

·,. . .

a..

-0
Ex. 3.7.4 W-11, 4 Marks l
Form a Differential Equation if y = cos {x + a)
0 Soln.:
Given, y =cos(x+a)' ... tl l
Here, only one arbitrary constant 'a'
:. Differentiate Equation (1) \V. r. t x, \\·e get,
Qy d
dx = -dx [ COS ( X + a) ]

V
d
- si11 (x + 11 ) . dx cos , = - sin x
 2
= [ - sin (x + a) )
\ J
y

siu 2 (x + a) . . (- x)2 = x2
'")
d'-y
... = sin2 (x + a)
dx 2 ,
y 1

1 - cos 2 (x + a)
d2v
... = 1 - cos 2 ( x + a) · · sin2 x = 1 - cos 2 x .
dx2 , 1
V.
·2
[cos (x + a)] .

:. ~
dx2
= 1 - [ cos (x + a) ]2 · · · cos 2 x = (cos x) 2
, 1
y
·y ... by Equ atio n (1)

:. :) = 1 - [ y J2 = 1 - y2

:. : ) + y2 = 1 ....Shifting y 2 on LHS ✓ ... Ans .

1his is required Diff eren tial Equ atio n.
 I
q ~ 1-P~ l/'l-

Df Y =- Y 1
J V

P(X -:.\) - ~c._, p' q... 3

,-
'l. Lt! / J '\ ( l \3
~ L,/ \ 2-
1~ X3 ! JI
I
I

: I \ '\ I

,,
I t
1-- . . ·"' ; . ,( ' ,
 '

..

I
- - - - ~ ' - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - ------
1
.J:._- - L - - - - - - - ~ '~
.1..
 =
tt]>, 1"> &::>I~:
G,·,e.,, , i I

' '
o,:) 1o a!i l1l1 o.J J'V'P, ltnun == 12 :. gq /11 ':: o .gq
I I f j I
~ r
I
_AJ\/'\j , h

°I r
~ l -f ~ o · f I
r, : ,o
' -
, )
'
.' -

' -
~ lOXO• &q. - 'I
,, : cl •
-::::. ~ • <1f
. I
I
~-

_·
I
er ~ '" ,c, o:·x-,l x l"> ; 11, •.• ·. 1
l • I.
I •1

'I

-
 .. ' .
• f

= \0
~n- ~ ,.
.: .. .
.'
~ I- p

PCx~s) ~ to

~ \ oI
. 5).
SI•

~5 5
V ~ l
 ~" ~
'-
0 Soln. : Consider, f(x) = x - 9x + 1 ...(1)
Observe that,
f(2) = (2t - 9 (2) + 1
y y
B 18 [Put x = 2, in Equation 0)]
- 8 - 18 + 1 =- 10 + 1 =- 9< 0
y
-10
. 3
f(3) _ (3) - 9 (3) + 1 [Put x = 3, in Equation {l)]
y y
27 27
- 27 - 27 + 1 =0 + 1 =1> 0
\ 1

'
0
:. \£(a) = · f(2)::: - 9 < 0 ~nd@b) =f(3) =1 > o]
hav~ opposite sign. ·
.·. The root of the equation f(x) = 0 lies between 2 and 3.
By Bisection method, choose approximate value x as,
a+b
X =
2 ...(2)
First iteration : Take a= 2 and b = 3
Note that f(a) < 0 and f(b) > 0
2+3
Xl - 2 = 2.5
[ .·. Bisecting the roots ; by Equation (2) ]
. 3
.•. f(x ) - f(2.5) = (2.5) - 9 (2.5) + }
1

[Put x;::: 2.5, in Equation (l)]

= - 5.875 < 0 ...On simplification
\!(x 1
) = f(2.5) < 0] and f(b) = f{3) > O ·
have opposite sign.
:. . The roots of f(x) = 0 lies benveen (2.5, 3)
 fx. 4.3.4 S-15, S-23, 2 Marks
prove that the root of equation x3 - x - 4 = o lies between
oand 2.
0 Soln. : Conside_r,
3
f(x) -- X -X- ➔ ... (1)
3
f(O) - (0) - (0) - 4 = 0 - 0 - 4
-- -4<0 [Put x = 0, in Eqttation(l)]
3
f(2) - (2) - (2) - 4 = 8 - 2 - 4
- 2 > 0 [Put x = 2, in Equation (1)]
.·. f(O) - - 4 < 0 and f(2) = 2 > 0
.·. f(2) and f(l) have opposite sign.
:. The root of the equation f(x) = 0
x - 4 = Omult lies between O and 2. ✓
3
i.e. x -

... Hence proved.

Ex. 4.4.9 W-08, 4 Mark s
2
Using Regula Falsl Method, solve x + x - 3 = 0.
0 Soln . :
"'
Ct°'nsider,f lX) = x- + x - 3 .. ~l)
Here inter val is not prov ided so choo se tria~ points a
and b such that f(a) and f(b) sl1ould have oppo site sign.
ObserYe tl1at,
..,
f (0) - (0)- + (0) - 3 = - 3 < 0
2
f (1) -- (1) + (1) - ~ = -1 < 0
2
f (2) -- (2) + (2) - 3 = 3 > 0
Choo se near est a and b such that f (a) and f (b) have
opposite sign. Here a = 1 and b = 2 are two trial _points.
f (a) =f (1) =- 1 < 0 and f (b) = f (2) = 3 > 0 have
opposite sign.
:. The root of the equa tion f (x) = 0 lies betw een the
inter val (1, 2)
· By Regu la Falsi Meth od, choose appr oxim ate value x in
the interval (a, b) as,
a f (b) - bf (a)
X = f (b)- f (a) ... (Z)

First Iteration
Here (a, b) = (1, 2) and
f( a) = f (1) = - 1 ; f (b) = f (2) = 3
 ,Af)t-''' - - - · ••• -1. J I t..:. J

X - {1) {3) - !2) {- 1)

- -
@
1 3 - (- 1)
'- y -- J C<
3+ 1
3+ 2 ar
- 3+ 1 [by formula (2)]
l \
)
j 0
I 5
- 4 =1.25
I
:
I
No'-v ,
Xl
"\

f (x 1) = f (1.2 5) = (l.25 )- + (1.25) -

3
...O n sin1plification

'--y--1
1.5625
[Put x = 1.25 in Equation (2)]
f'
- 1.5625 + 1.25 - 3 = - 0.1875 < 0
J :. f (x 1) = f (1.25) < 0 an d f (b) =f (2) = 3 > O (
I
ha ve op po si te sign ]

e ro ot of f (x) = 0 lie s in th e interYal (x , b) = (1.25, 2)

:. Th 1 j

..
 - · - ~aEffilff Glf ot-1
Using N . .
f 3 ewton-Raphson method, find approximate root
~ x - 2x - 5 = o (three iterations only)
Sotn. : Consider,

f (x) = x3 - 2x - 5 f (x ) = x
n
3

n
- 2x - 5
n
.,
f , (x) == 3x 2 - 2 f' (x ) = 3x- - 2
n n
Observe that
3 .
f(O )
= ~ -t~~ - 5 =0 - 0 - 5 =- 5<0
0 0
3
f (1)
- (1) - 2(1) -5 =1 - 2 - 5 =1 - 7 =- 6 < 0
YL_J
.-- ''I
1 2 -7
3
f(2) - (2) - 2(2) - 5 =8 - .t - 5 =4 - 5 =- 1 < 0
y y
8 4 4
3
f(3)=(3) - 2(3) - 5 =27 - 6 - 5 =27 -11 =16 > 0
'-y-J y \ T /

27 6 - 11
Since f (2) < O and f (3) > 0 i.e. f (2) and f (3) have opposite
sign.
 - - I

:. Take initial root x0 = 2

Dy Newton Raphson Method ' •approx1matc
by, . value x is given

X
n+1

3
X -2xn -5
X
n+l
- X ·-
n
--2~-
3x -2
[from Equation (1)]
n
3 3
3x - ~n- x +~+5
n
X 2
n+l 3 Xn -2
3
2xn +5
.. ,2)
X 2
n +l 3 Xn -2

By putting n = 0, 1, 2, ... we get approximate root of

equation f(x) = 0
First Iteration : Put n = O in Equation (2), it gives,
. .
3
2x + 5
X =· 2
l 3 X -2
0

8
r1,
2(2>3 + 5
Xl = 3(2/ - 2
y
4
16
,-A,
2 (8) + 5 16 + 5 _ ~
= 3 (4) - 2 = 12 - 2 - 10
y
12
X
1
= 2.1
~~1 ;n i:;'nuation (2), it gives,
Ex. 5.4 .5 W-19, 3 Ma rks
So lve the foll ow ing system of equation
by using
Jac obi -Ite rat ion method. (two iterations)
Sx + 2y + z = 12,
X + 4y + 2z = 15,

X + 2y + 5z = 20

0 So ln. :
Sx + 2y + z - 12,
X + 4y + 2z - 15,
x + 2y + Sz = 20
1
X = S(12 - 22y - Z)

y = ¼( 1s -x- 2z )

z = ½< 20 -x- 2y )
Sta rtin g wi th xo =Yo= zo = O
X1 = 2.4
y1 = 3.75
Z1 = 4
X2 - 0.1

Y2 - 1.15

Z2 - 2.02
 Ex. 3 .9 .b l \ i•f4:
:aFJLiS
S o lv e dd~ == e3 )( _ 2Y + X2 e- 2y
X

0 S o ln .:
► S te p I : G iv e n
d
~r. . is
'--'Uierentia] eq u at io n ,
d == e3x - 2y ,... -x,-e-2 "-J
~ X·
~
e3x . e -2 y
-~
.. d x == e 3x e -2r + x2
e- 2 y

3 2
... 2 ak in g c o m m o n o u t e -Zy
= {e x + x Je - r T
parate th e v a ri a b le s, we get
Now, se
dy 3 ..,
- = le .x + x-)J dx
e -2 y
y
~dy
1
•• - - - X
-1= :. e
2
Y dy = fe3x + x2] d x
.
X

a ri a b le se p a ra b le form ,
This is v
sides, w e g et
► Step D : In te g ra ti n g o n b o th

Je2Y dy = J! e3x + x2) d ; + C

y

J:3:c dx + /x2 dx
-+ Uelng llneerlty property of Integration

. •[ JI f(,) • g(x) Id x "" J f( x) d x + Jg(x) dx ]

J d y" J dx Jx dx • C
1
1·~ · l' '' +
2

\ l ' '----y----J \.-y--J

c2y cJr X 2♦ 1

2 3 2+1
_. Using Integration of standard function

n:;]
... [ fe•x dx =e:• and Jxn dx =~
e2Y e3x x2 + 1
.. 2 = 3+2+1 +C
'-r-'
x3
.3
e2Y e3x x3
T =_3+ 3+C
Now, multiplying both sides by 6
·: LCM of 2 and 3 is 6
:. We get
3 2 2
j{ e2Y j{ e3x j{x3
= 7' + 3
+ 6c
2

••• 3e2Y =·2e3x + 2x3 + 6C

'-y-1
C constant of integration
!. 3f?Y = 2e3x + 2x3 + C
' 't
' .... where (6C = C)
2 (e3x + x3)
... Taking 2 comn1on out
,•, 'Je2Y = 2 (e3x + x3) + C
/, Je2Y - 2 (e 3x + x3) = C ✓ ... Ans .
. . .Shifting tt'rm on LHS

.-- flil ti required solution of the given differential

7 ,___...-
I

EX· 3, 11.1 S-16, 4 Marks

~ 2
solve D.E. : X . dx - y = X
l

/ [?] Soln. :
, ► Step I : Given, differential equation is,
~
x dx -y = x2
Divide throughout by x, it gives,
~ l
dx - x Y = x
Which is linear differential equation of the form
~
dx +PY= Q
1
► Step II : Here p = -; and Q = x
-1
I.F. = e ~ = e f -dx
x =e-logx =elogx-1 =x-1
1
I.F. = X
. .

·
► Step m .= Hence the general solution of the differential
equation is,
y(I.F.) = JQ (I.F.) dx + C
I
y~ = x·x dx+C
l

i .Jdx+C
X •x+C ✓ ... Ans·.
X
 \ \ ,· . ; t

, ,.l

\\ f f~t l
,.\ f

.. .By lincJnty r rorcrty

·: xis constan t

➔ Using standard derfvatfve

,.n -
... [ .!!.. . (con.st) = 0)]
• l , dd}_
dy • - n,.n-
a~i
. . oy = o+ 2x (2y) + 3)-
~

'-r-l
4xy
a~1
.. ay .. .(3)

Also, differentiate Equation (2) w. r. t x keeping

y constant
We get

a;; = ! (aY +ix2j· +3xy2)

a , a ~ a .,
= iJx a~ + ox (2.ry) + ox (3xr)
'-r-l T 'r

a ,, a
0 2y-x2 3!( dXX
ax
iJN
:. a;-

2x 1

aN
:. l; ;: 2y( 2\) ~ 3/ ( 1)
'-y-J '-r-'
4xy Jy1
 ... (4)
fn.,m Equ,11ilms (J) ,md (4)
ol\ 1 ilN
-;-
uy
= -;-
u\
... condition of cx.-.ctncss ✓ ...
Ans.

Gi\"rn ditfr1rnti,1l cqu,llion is Ex,1ct diffcrcnli,1I cquatinn.

1-kn~~ th~ b'-'ncr,11 solution of differentinl equation is

J M dx + J [Terms of N not containing x] dy = c

y-constant

... By formula of exact differential e.quation

f
y-constant
(e'+ 2xy2+y3)dx+ JaYdy=C

... By Equation (1) and (2)

f (ex dx) + f2xy2 dx + Jy3 dx + JaY dy = C

'-v--' '-y-J '-y-J '--y--J
aY .
2y2 j dx y3tdx . log a

... [By linearity property, y is constant]

ex+ 2y
.
2
Jx dx + Y Jax +L
T,.3
~ga
=C
.
'-,-J '-v--'
xl-/2 X

· ~ Using standard integration

.:..[ JK f (x) dx J
= K f (x) dx]

...[ JaX dx = lo~ a ]

aY
ex + y2 x2 + y3 x + log a = C

aY
ex + x2 y2 + xy3 x + ~ = C ✓

This is required solution of given differential equation.

Ex. 3.7.11 -...-..iu...

Show that _y = A sin mx + B cos mx is solution of

differential equation d1
dx
+ m2y = O

~ Soln. :
Given y = A sin mx + B cos n1x ; differentiating
dv
:. ~ = A n1 cos n1 x - b 111 sin 111 x

Diff. agan ,,,.r.t x

..,
d -\. ., . "')
., = - .t\ 111- sin m X- 8 111- cos Ill X
dx-
.,
= - m- (A sin n1x + B cos mx)
- - n,---, -v
..,
.. . d-v
-, + m 2 y = O
dx-
- 61-~~ - L?tw_t-, ~
-- ~--- P>l'b . 1-j,,e_ bo, n a Y'(_ _ c11~cl,•w ~ r , _ •:2.oib 1 • ·o • 2._ __ . . . . __L~~ c- -
- --+>---- - -- - - - - -i ~ ' - e.. ~ o. $1- - - -- -~~C
__ !)__~ ~- - -- - -- -- - - - - '- - -- - - -- - - - -

rcx ~,) = 4c., r' i 3

j ":. "'-.e
2.
lo •2- J (o-e)
l..
..,1.. tf('. (0•2.,) (b · ~)
' ~ ..,_ 0

Lt c_ (0·2J ( O .gJ
I
.,J._
' I
-.
'"'
l
v.
:
•.· I - . - .,; . "
1. ·4 3
0::.
6 (0 •2-) . _( o-. g- ) ..+ '1. (6•2..) -( 0 ·8 ) + ( o ,. g )~
P('J.. ~2.')
,
~
o-q1'2-Jl - '

'

.l .
...
l
'
, ' ~
..
' I

(~ J ' I
I I