Part 9

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PROBLEM 8.

35
Situation: An engineer needs a value of lift force(FL ) for an airplane.
Coefficient of lift: CL = 0.4.
Definition of coefficient of lift.
FL
CL = 2 2
ρV S
Density of ambient air: ρ = 1.1 kg/ m3 .
Speed of the air relative to the airplane: V = 80 m/ s.
Planform area (i.e. area from a top view): A = 15 m2 .

Find: The lift force in units of Newtons.

APPROACH
Use the specified value of CL = 0.4 along with the definition of this π-group.

ANALYSIS
From the definition of CL :
µ ¶
ρV 2
FL = CL S
2
(1.1 kg/ m3 ) (80 m/ s)2 ¡ ¢
= (0.4) 15 m2
2
= 21, 100 N
FL = 21.1 kN

COMMENTS

This lift force is about 4750 lbf.

684
PROBLEM 8.36
Situation: A 1/5 scale model of a plane is tested in a wind tunnel–additional details
are provided in the problem statement.
Find: Density of the air in tunnel.

APPROACH
Dynamic similarity based on matching Reynolds number and Mach number.

ANALYSIS
Match Reynolds number

Rem = Rep
(V D/ν)m = (V D/ν)p
(Vm /Vp ) = (Dp /Dm )(ν m /ν p )
ν m /ν p = (Vm Dm /Vp Dp )
(µm ρp /µp ρm ) = (Vm Dm /Vp Dp )
ρm = ρp (µm /µp )(Vp /Vm )(Dp /Dm ) (1)

Match Mach number

Mm = Mp
(V /c)m = (V /c)p
(Vm /Vp ) = cm /cp
√ √
= (( kRT )m /( kRT )p )
q
= Tm /Tp = (298/283)1/2 (2)

Combining Eqs. (1) and (2):

ρm = 1.26(1.83 × 10−5 /1.76 × 10−5 )(283/298)1/2 (5)


= 6.38 kg/m3

685
PROBLEM 8.37
Situation: Flow in a pipe is being tested with air and water.
Find: Velocity ratio: Vair /Vwater

ANALYSIS
Match Reynolds number

ReA = ReW
VA LA /ν A = VW LW /ν W ; but LA /LW = 1
∴ VA VW = ν A /ν W ≈ (1.6)(10−4 )/(1.2)(10−5 )(at 60◦ F )
VA /VW > 1

The correct choice is c)

686
PROBLEM 8.38
Situation: Pipe flow is being studied–additional details are provided in the problem
statement.
Find: Mean velocity of water in model to insure dynamic similarity.

ANALYSIS
Match Reynolds number

Rem = Rep
Vm dm ρm /µm = Vp dp ρp /µp
Vm = Vp (dp /dm )(ρp /ρm )(µm /µp )
Vm = (3 ft/s)(48/4)(1.75/1.94)((2.36 × 10−5 )/(4 × 10−4 ))
Vm = 1.92 ft/s

687
PROBLEM 8.39
Situation: A student team is designing a radio-controlled blimp.

Drag force is characterized with a coefficient of drag:.


FD
CD = 2 = 0.3
ρV 2 Ap

Blimp speed is V = 750 mm/ s. Maximum diameter of the blimp is D = 0.475 m.


Projected area is Ap = πD2 /4.
Find:
a.) Reynolds number.
b.) Force of drag in newtons.
c.) Power in watts.
Properties: Air at T = 20 ◦ C: ρ = 1.2 kg/ m3 , µ = 18.1 × 10−6 N · s/ m2 .
Assumptions: Assume the blimp cross section is round.

APPROACH
Find the Reynolds number by direct calculation. Find the drag force using the
definition of CD . Find power (P ) by using the product of force and speed: P = FDrag V.

ANALYSIS
Reynolds number

V Dρ
Re =
µ
(0.75 m/ s) (0.475 m) (1.2 kg/ m3 )
=
(18.1 × 10−6 N · s/ m2 )
Re = 23, 600

Projected area

πD2 π (0.475 m)2


Ap = =
4 4
= 0.177 m2

688

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