Workbook Mathematics 3
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lizzyliza1991Workbook Mathematics 3
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lizzyliza1991Major Engineering
Education: Electrical Engineering
Location: Eindhoven
Module: Mathematics
Module workbook
Mathematics 3
Content
Preface....................................................................................................................... 3
1. Complex numbers ............................................................................................ 4
2. Integration ........................................................................................................42
3 Solutions ..........................................................................................................74
Author: Willem-Jan Verkerk
Date: 13-07-2022
Version number: 1
Module coordinator: Mohamed Talbi
Studystore number:
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 3
Preface
This workbook contains the teaching material and assignments with elaborations, and
summaries of the teaching material on complex numbers and integration.
The workbook has been produced in accordance with the phasing of Mathematics 21T / 2T1,
as outlined in the semester guide for semester 2.
This module workbook has been prepared with the greatest possible care.
If despite our best efforts there are errors or if you have any further comments or wish to
raise any points in respect of this workbook, please contact Mohamed Talbi, building “De
Rondom” room ER_0.74, e-mail [email protected].
We wish you every possible success in completing this module.
On behalf of the developers,
Willem-Jan Verkerk
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 4
1. Complex numbers
1.1 Preface
Looking back in history we see that the numerical sets gradually extend:
Natural numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Integer numbers: -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Rational numbers: 2/3, -6/7, ... (p/q)
Real numbers: 1.432..., π, √2, …
In the 19th century the physicists needed a further extension of the real numbers: the
complex numbers. The reason was that describing oscillations of mechanical systems and
wave voltage and wave current for electrical circuits containing resistors, inductors and
capacitors was too complicated and the analysis takes too much time.
Example 1:
Given: R L
Figure 1.1 (R+L)//C-circuit
What is the relation between the current itot (t ) through and the voltage utot (t ) over the
circuit if the voltage is a wave signal, utot (t ) A cos(t ) [V ] ?
How does the amplitude-ratio depend on the value of , or the value of C, or value of
R or value of L?
For real wave signals, Ohm’s Law only applies to resistors:
For a resistor: U R (t ) R I R (t )
For a capacitor and inductor (coil) we find:
For a capacitor: C U C' (t ) I C (t )
For an inductor (coil): U C (t ) L I C' (t )
To answer the questions about the circuit we need to use a lot of trigonometry formulas and
a lot of time.
If we use complex numbers we find the complex version of Ohm’s Law for all three
components: U (t ) Z ( ) I (t )
For a resistor: U R (t ) Z R ( ) I R (t )
For a capacitor: U C (t ) Z C ( ) I C (t )
For an inductor: U L (t ) Z L ( ) I L (t )
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 5
Because of this complex version of Ohm’s Law we can analyse the circuit with relative ease.
The complex numbers can be applied in any field where harmonic oscillations and wave
signals appear. This can be mechanical and electrical oscillations.
Example 2:
The mass of a string and mass system is
stretched over 10 cm from its equilibrium and
released at t = 0. During the mathematical m
analysis of the oscillation of the mass after
t = 0, you have to solve from the quadratic
equation:
m2 d c 0
With real numbers you find:
d d 2 4mc
1,2
2m
Only if the damping factor d is large enough and the discriminant D d 2 4 m c 0 ,
the 's can be calculated and are pure real. With these solutions you will find that the mass
will return exponentially to its equilibrium.
If the damping factor is small and the discriminant D d 2 4 m c 0 , we can’t analyse this
problem because there are no solutions for the quadratic equation, because we can’t find the
root of a negative number.
From experiments, however, we know that the mass will return to its equilibrium with a
damped oscillation.
Somewhere in this chapter for complex numbers we will prove that:
(0 1 j )(0 1 j ) j 2 1
Where j is the symbol for the imaginary unit of a complex number.
By using complex numbers we can analyse this system further and find two complex
solutions from this equation. These complex solutions can be converted to real solutions and
we find the damped oscillation.
The solution for discriminant < 0 will be:
1,2
d j 2 d 2 4mc
d j 2 4mc d 2 d j 4mc d 2
2m 2m 2m 2m
With this solution, as we will see in Mathematics 22T / 2T2, we finally find the solution for the
damped oscillation.
Various modules in the first, second and fourth year of your education will use complex
numbers and these will help you to find solutions and analyse systems concerning wave
signals.
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 6
1.2 Notations, concepts and calculation rules for z a bj .
1.2.1 Notation and concepts
A complex number is defined in the Cartesian form (a+bj-form) as:
z a bj , with a and b and j a symbol.
You need to know the following concept very well.
We call a the real part of z , Re( z ) a .
We call b the imaginary part of z , Im( z ) b .
The modulus of z is z a bj a 2 b 2 .
The complex conjugate z * of z a bj is z * a bj
If Im( z ) 0 , we call z pure real.
Note that in books, the
complex conjugate is also
If Re( z ) 0 , we call z pure imaginary. written as 𝑧 instead of 𝑧 ∗ .
A complex number is defined with two real numbers a and b . A vector in the xy-plane is also
defined with two real numbers.
We can interpret a complex number as a vector.
The complex number z a bj can be interpreted graphically as follows:
Im-axis
a Re-axis
Figure 1.2: z a bj
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 7
Assignment 1
Given the following complex numbers:
z1 2 2 j z 2 3 2 j
z3 2 4 j z4 2 j
z5 5 2 j z 6 2
z 7 3 j z8 5
z9 1 j z10 1 2 RC LCj
z11 p (q 3) j
a: Determine the real part, the imaginary part and the complex conjugate of the given
complex numbers z1 to z11 .
b: Draw the complex numbers z1 to z8 in the complex plain.
c: Calculate the modulus of the complex numbers z1 to z11 .
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 8
1.2.2 Calculation rules
Assume z1 a bj and z2 c dj , then:
1. We add these two complex numbers as follows:
z1 z2 (a bj ) (c dj ) (a c) (b d ) j
Example:
z1 z2 (3 2 j ) (1 3 j ) (3 1) (2 3) j 2 5 j
2. We subtract these two complex numbers as follows:
z1 z2 (a bj ) (c dj ) (a c) (b d ) j
Example:
z1 z2 (3 2 j ) (1 3 j ) (3 1) (2 3) j 4 j
3. We multiply these two complex numbers as follows:
z1 z2 (a bj ) (c dj ) (ac bd ) (ad bc) j
Example:
z1 z2 (3 2 j ) (1 3 j ) (3 1 2 3) (3 3 2 1) j 9 7 j
j 2 j j (0 1 j )(0 1 j ) (0 0 1 1) (0 1 1 0) j 1 0 j 1
This rule is difficult to remember. We can use the next mnemonic to remember the
multiplication rule.
We use the outcome of the last example and elaborate z1 z2 (a bj ) (c dj ) as if we
expand ( x 4)( x 2) .
After all:
z1 z2 (a bj ) (c dj ) ac adj bcj bdj 2 ac bdj 2 adj bcj (ac bd ) (ad bc ) j
We see that we get the same as the multiplication rule.
Special example:
z z * (a bj ) (a bj ) a a b bj 2 abj abj a 2 b 2
Notice: The outcome of z z * is pure real.
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 9
4. We divide these two complex numbers as follows:
z1 a bj (ac bd ) (bc ad )
2 2 j
z2 c dj c d2 c d2
Example:
z1 3 2 j 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 11
j j
z2 1 3 j (1) 3
2 2
(1) 3
2 2
10 10
This rule is also difficult to remember and we use the following mnemonic:
Dividing by a complex number is difficult.
Dividing by a real number is simple. It is done by dividing the real part and dividing the
imaginary part by that real number. This is the same as dividing a vector by a real
number.
The rule for dividing complex numbers shows:
3 2 j 3 2 j (3 10 2 0) (2 10 3 0) j 30 20 j 3 2
j
10 10 0 j 102 02 102 10 10
Furthermore we use z z* a 2 b2 . So dividing by a complex number can be
transformed into dividing by a real number, by multiplying the fraction with “a smart 1”.
We multiply the numerator and denominator with the complex conjugate of the
denominator.
Example:
z1 3 2 j 1 3 j (3 2 j ) (1 3 j ) (3 1 2 3 j 2 ) (2 1 3 3) j 3 11
j
z2 1 3 j 1 3 j (1 3 j ) (1 3 j ) (1) 2 32 10 10
Note 1:
The complex numbers are an extension of the real numbers, so adding, subtracting,
multiplying and dividing two real numbers must be the same in as in
Note 2:
We will derive a second form for complex numbers using the exponential function in the next
paragraph. We find that in this form multiplying and dividing is easier and faster.
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 10
Assignment 2
Show, using the rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing complex numbers that:
a: a 0 j b 0 j , is indeed equal to a b , just like for real numbers.
b: a 0 j b 0 j , is indeed equal to a b , just like for real numbers.
c: a 0 j b 0 j , is indeed equal to ab , just like for real numbers.
a0j a
d: , is indeed equal to , just like for real numbers.
b0j b
Assignment 3
Given the following complex numbers, calculate the real and imaginary parts:
a: j3 e: ( j ) 4 i: j 3 m: ( j ) 2
b: j4 f: ( j )5 j: j 4 n: ( j ) 3
c: j5 g: j 1 k: j 5 o: ( j ) 4
d: ( j )3 h: j 2 l: ( j ) 1 p: ( j ) 5
Assignment 4
Given the following complex numbers:
z1 2 2 j z 2 3 2 j z3 2 4 j
z4 2 j z5 5 2 j z 6 2
z1
a: Calculate z1 z2 , z1 z2 , z1 z2 and in the a+bj-form (Cartesian form).
z2
z3
b: Calculate z3 z4 , z3 z4 , z3 z4 and in the a+bj-form (Cartesian form).
z4
z5
c: Calculate z5 z6 , z5 z6 , z5 z6 and in the a+bj-form (Cartesian form).
z6
Assignment 5
1 1
Given: z 2 2 j
2 2
Calculate: z 2 , z 3 , z 4 and z z 3 and give the real and imaginary parts.
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 11
1.3 Notation, concepts and calculation rules for z r e j
In the previous paragraph we have interpreted a complex number z a bj as a vector.
Furthermore we have seen that multiplying and dividing complex numbers is difficult.
For example:
(1 2 j )3
What do you have to do to calculate (3 2 j ) ( 4 3 j ) or
10 3
?
(2 3 j )9
Because we often need to multiply and divide complex numbers, it would be nice if there was
a faster and easier way to multiply and divide.
Fortunately there is a faster way to multiply and divide, but we have to rewrite the complex
number first. In this paragraph we derive this new notation of a complex number.
We already noticed that a complex number is a vector, characterised by its horizontal and
vertical part. A vector can also be characterised by its length and angle with the positive x-
axis.
So a complex number can be characterised by its length and the angle with the positive
Real-axis, see figure 1.3.
Im-axis
a Re-axis
Figure 1.3: z a bj r e j
You need to know the following concept very well.
We call the length of z , the modulus of z , so z r and r 0 .
We call the angle of z , the argument of z , so arg( z ) .
Notice that the argument is not unique, but is determined up to a multiple of 2 .
We call angle , the principal value of the argument if:
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 12
How do we get to the notation z r e j ?
If we apply the trigonometry rules to the triangle in figure 1.2 we find:
a b
cos( ) and sin( ) , so a r cos( ) and b r sin( ) .
r r
So z a bj r cos( ) r sin( ) j r (cos( ) j sin( ))
We analyse f ( ) cos( ) j sin( )
First we show: f ( ) cos( ) j sin( ) e j
And then we can conclude: z a bj r (cos( ) j sin( )) r e j
We find:
1. f (0) cos(0) j sin(0) 1 0 j 1
2. f '( ) (cos( ) j sin( )) ' sin( ) j cos( ) j 2 sin( ) j cos( )
j (cos( ) j sin( )) j f ( ) .
So the derivative of f ( ) is equal to a constant times the function f ( ) itself.
3. f (1 ) f ( 2 ) (cos(1 ) j sin(1 )) (cos( 2 ) j sin( 2 ))
(cos(1 ) cos( 2 ) sin(1 ) sin( 2 )) (cos(1 ) sin( 2 ) sin(1 ) cos( 2 )) j
cos(1 2 ) sin(1 2 ) j f (1 2 )
f (1 ) cos(1 ) j sin(1 ) cos(1 ) j sin(1 ) cos(2 ) j sin(2 )
4.
f (2 ) cos(2 ) j sin(2 ) cos( 2 ) j sin( 2 ) cos( 2 ) j sin( 2 )
(cos(1 ) cos(2 ) sin(1 ) sin(2 )) j (sin(1 ) cos(2 ) sin(2 ) cos(1 ))
cos(2 ) cos(2 ) sin(2 ) sin(2 )
cos(1 2 ) j (sin(1 2 )
cos(1 2 ) j sin(1 2 ) f (1 2 )
1
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 13
We have already seen these characteristics before, when we discussed exponential
functions.
1. e0 1
2.
d ax
dx
e (e ax ) ' a e ax
3. em en em n
em
4. n
emn
e
So the characteristics of f ( ) cos( ) j sin( ) are the same as the exponential function e ax .
Based on point 2 we find: f '( ) (ea )' a ea j f ( ) a j
We can extend the “old” exponential function for real numbers to the “new” exponential
function for complex numbers and the characteristic rules are retained (see the
characteristics of cos( ) j sin( ) before).
We define:
e j : cos( ) j sin( )
Furthermore:
If z a a 0 j , so pure real, we get: e z ea , the “old” exponential function for real
numbers.
If z a bj , we get: e z e a bj e a ebj e a (cos(b) j sin(b)) , the new exponential
function for complex numbers.
Concluding, we get for the second form (the exponential form or polar form) of a
complex number:
a. Notation, concept and graphical representation: see paragraph 1.3.1.
b. Calculation rules: see paragraph 1.3.2
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 14
1.3.1 Notation and concepts
z r e j , with r and r 0 and in radians.
The following definitions and concept you should know very well.
The length we define as the modulus of z , so z r and r 0 .
The angle is defined as the argument of z , so arg( z ) .
Note: The argument is not unique, but is determined up to a multiple of 2 .
We call the angle the principal value of the argument if:
e j : cos( ) j sin( )
Graphically we can show this as follows:
Im-axis
a Re-axis
Figure 1.4: z r e j
In the new representation we get the following calculation rules:
1.3.2 Calculation rules for z r e j
Suppose z1 r1e j1 and z2 r2 e j2 then we get for:
1. Adding two complex numbers:
z1 z2 Not possible in the re j -form (Exponential form)
2. Subtracting two complex numbers:
z1 z2 Not possible in the re j -form (Exponential form)
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 15
3. Multiplying two complex numbers:
z1 z2 r1e j1 r2e j2 r1 r2 e j1 e j2 (r1 r2 )e j (1 2 )
So z1 z2 z1 z2 r1 r2 and arg( z1 z2 ) arg( z1 ) arg( z2 ) 1 2
j j j ( ) j 7 2
Example: z1 z2 3e 3 2e 4 (3 2)e 3 4 6e 12 and ( z1 )2 z1 32 9
3
and arg(( z2 )3 ) 3 arg( z2 ) 3
4 4
4. Dividing two complex numbers:
z1 r1e j1 r1 e j1 r1 j (1 2 )
e
z2 r2e j2 r2 e j2 r2
z1 z r z
So 1 1 and arg 1 arg( z1 ) arg(r2 ) 1 2
z2 z2 r2 z2
j
z1 3e 3 3 j ( 3 4 ) 3 j12 2 2
( z1 )2 ( z1 ) z1 32 9
Example: e e and and
z2 j
4
2 2 ( z2 ) 3 ( z 2 ) 3 z2
3
23 4
2e
z 2 z
arg 1 2 arg 1 2 (arg( z1 ) arg( z2 )) 2 ( )
z2 z2 3 4 6
Assignment 6
Given the following complex numbers:
j
z1 2e 2 z 2 2e 0 j z3 3e j z4 5
3
j
z5 3e 4
z6 5e 2 j z 7 2e 3 j z8 2e j (t )
a: Give the modulus and the argument of the given complex numbers 𝑧1 to 𝑧8 .
b: Draw the complex number 𝑧1 to 𝑧7 in the complex plane.
c: Draw the complex number z8 in the complex plane.
c1: What is the angle at t 0 ?
c2: What happens to the angle from c1 if t increases?
c3: So what happens with the vector in time, if and are fixed and t (the time)
varies?
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 16
Assignment 7
Given the following complex numbers:
j
z1 2e 2 z 2 2e 0 j z3 3e j
3
j
z4 5 z5 3e 4
z6 5e 2 j
z
3
z
a: Calculate z1 z2 , 1 , ( z1 )3 ( z2 ) 2 and 1 2 in the re j -form (Exponential form).
z2 z2
z
2
z
b: Calculate z3 z4 , 3 , ( z3 ) 2 ( z4 ) 4 and 3 4 in the re j -form (Exponential form).
z4 z4
z5 z5
c: Calculate z5 z6 , , z5 ( z6 )10 and in the re j -form (Exponential form).
z6
10
z6
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 17
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 18
1.4 Rules to calculate from / to a bj -form (Cartesian form) to / from re j -form
(Exponential form)
z a bj r cos( ) r sin( ) j r (cos( ) j sin( )) r e j
z a bj z re j z a bj
r a 2 b2 a r cos( )
b r sin( )
b
arctan( a ) if a 0
arctan( b ) if a 0 and b 0
a
arctan( b ) if a 0 and b 0
a
if a 0 and b 0
2
if a 0 and b 0
2
0 if a 0 and b 0
Assignment 8
Given the following complex numbers:
z1 2 2 j z 2 3 2 j z3 2 4 j z4 2 j
z5 5 2 j z 6 2 z7 300 j z8 300
z9 j z10 z11 ej z12 j
a: Calculate the modulus and the argument of 𝑧1 to 𝑧12 .
b: Write 𝑧1 to 𝑧12 in the re j -form (Exponential form).
Assignment 9
Given the following complex numbers:
j
z1 2e 2 z 2 2e 0 j z3 3e j
3
j
z4 5 z5 3e 4
z6 5e 2 j
a: Calculate the real and imaginary part of 𝑧1 to 𝑧6 .
b: Write 𝑧1 to 𝑧6 in the a bj -form (Cartesian form).
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 19
Assignment 10
Given z1 : | z1 | 2 and arg( z1 )
6
2
Given z2 : | z2 | 5 and arg( z2 )
3
Calculate:
z1
z1 z2 z2
3
a: e: i:
z2
b:
z2
z1
f: arg z1 z2 j:
arg z2
3
z
z1 z1 z2
8 8 3
c: arg 1 g: k:
z2
d:
z
arg 2
z1
h:
arg z1
8
l:
arg z1 z2
8 3
Assignment 11
Given: |1 j | 1 2 and arg(1 j ) arctan( ) and assuming 0
Calculate the modulus and the argument of the following complex numbers, expressed in .
j 1
a: 1 j d: g:
1 j 1 j
3
1 1 j 1
b: e: h:
1 j 1 j
3
j
j 1 j
1 j
3
c: f: i:
1 j j
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 20
1.5 Solving quadratic equations with complex numbers
If we want to derive a method to solve the equation ax 2 bx c 0 , we find that it is not in the
right form. We have to rewrite it to the form a ( x p ) 2 q , see Mathematics 11T / 1T1.
We realise this by rewriting it as follows.
We use the following:
2 2
b b b b b b b b2
x
x
x x 2
x x x 2
x .
2a 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a a (2a) 2
Check this yourself.
So, using the above, we get:
b c b c
ax 2 bx c 0 a x 2 x 0 x 2 x 0
a a a a
b b c
2 2 2 2
b b b c b
x x 0 x x 0
2 2
a 2a 2a a a 2a 2a a
b b c b b2 4ac
2 2 2
x 0 x 0
2a 2a a 2a 2a 2 2a 2
b b 2 4ac
2
x 0 This is form 2 from Mathematics 11T / 1T1, chapter 2.
2a 2a 2
We define the discriminant as D b2 4ac .
We get:
b D
2 2
b D
x 0x
2a 2a
2
2a 2a 2
So a quadratic equation ax 2 bx c 0 has, with real numbers, 2 different solutions, 2
equal solutions or no solutions.
2
D b D
If D 0 , then 0 and x has two unequal real solutions, because
2a
2
2a 2a 2
2
b D b D b D b D
x x , so x1 en x2
2a 2a 2
2a 2a
2
2a 2a 2a 2a
2
D b D
If D 0 , then 0 and x has two equal real solutions, because:
2a
2
2a 2a 2
2
b D b b
x x 0 , so x1 x2
2a 2a 2
2a 2a
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 21
2
D b D
If D 0 , then 0 and x has no real solutions, because
2a
2
2a 2a 2
2
b D
x not possible . Because a square can’t be negative.
2a 2a 2
So no real solutions
This is the ABC-formula as we know it.
For a x 2 b x c 0 , the discriminant equals D b2 4ac and we get the solutions:
b D b D
D 0: solutions: x1 en x2
2a 2a 2a 2a
b
D 0: solutions: x1 x2
2a
D 0: solutions: no real solutions
With complex numbers the square-root of a negative number does exist, because
16 j 216 (4 j ) 2 and 16 j 16 4 j .
After all: (4 j ) 2 j 2 (4) 2 16 and (4 j ) 2 j 2 (4) 2 16 .
So with complex numbers a quadratic equation az 2 bz c 0 , always has two solutions: two
different real solutions or two equal real solutions or two different complex solutions.
This leads to the ABC-formula for complex numbers:
D
D 0: Nothing changes. Because 0 we find
2a
2
2
b D b D
z z
2a 2a 2
2a 2a
2
b D b D
So z1 en z2
2a 2a 2a 2a
Note: these are the same solutions as in the real numbers.
D
D 0: Nothing changes. Because 0 we find
2a
2
2
b D b
z z 0
2a 2a 2
2a
b
So z1 z2
2a
Note: these are the same solutions as in the real numbers.
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 22
D D D D
D 0: Because 0 and j2 we find
2a 2a 2a 2a
2 2 2 2
2 2
b D b D
z z
2a 2a 2
2a 2a
2
2
b
2
D b
2 D
z j 2
z j 2
2a 2a 2a 2a
2 2
2
b
2 D b D
z j 2
z j
2a 2a 2a 2a
b D b D
So z1 j and z 2 j
2a 2a 2a 2a
This is the ABC-formula for complex numbers:
For a z 2 b z c 0 , the discriminant equals D b2 4ac and we get the solutions:
b D b D
D 0: solutions: z1 en z 2
2a 2a 2a 2a
b
D 0: solutions: z1 z2
2a
b D b D
D 0: solutions: z1 j and z 2 j
2a 2a 2a 2a
Note:
If a quadratic equation has two different or two equal solutions for real numbers, these
are the same solutions as for complex numbers.
If a quadratic equation has no solutions for real numbers, it has two solutions for
complex numbers. These complex solutions are each other’s complex conjugate.
Examples:
a: Solve with real numbers z 2 3z 2 0 .
D b2 4ac 32 4 1 2 1 0 .
b D b D
So, the real solutions are z1 2 and z2 1 .
2a 2a 2a 2a
Solve with complex numbers z 2 3z 2 0 .
D b2 4ac 32 4 1 2 1 0
So, the complex solutions are:
b D b D
z1 2 and z2 1 .
2a 2a 2a 2a
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 23
b: Solve with real numbers z 2 z 6 0 .
D b2 4ac 12 4 1 6 23 0 .
So, no real solutions.
Solve with complex numbers z 2 z 6 0 .
D b2 4ac 12 4 1 6 23 0
So, the complex solutions are:
b D 1 23 b D 1 23
z1 j j and z2 j j
2a 2a 2 2 2a 2a 2 2
1 1 1 1
So z1 j 23 and z2 j 23
2 2 2 2
Assignment 12
Solve with complex numbers
a: z2 4z 3 0
b: z2 2z 2 0
c: 2z2 z 4 0
d: z2 6z 8 0
e: z2 2z 1 0
f: z 2 4 z 3 3z 3
g: z 2 z 8 2z 2 z 4
h: z 2 2 z 3
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 24
1.6 Wave signals
1.6.1 A complex wave signal
If we model a LCR-circuit or a mass-spring-system with real wave signals, it is very difficult to
analyse these circuits and systems. This is because of the frequent use of trigonometry rules
and calculations.
With complex numbers, see paragraph 1.7, these circuits can be described and analysed
with relative ease.
First we define complex wave signals and explain the relation with real wave signals.
The real wave signal: u (t ) A cos(t )
We define the complex wave signal by adding an imaginary part to the real wave signal:
The complex wave signal: U (t ) A cos(t ) A sin(t ) j
Because e j cos( ) j sin( ) we can rewrite the complex wave signal and we find:
U (t ) A cos(t ) A sin(t ) j
A(cos(t ) sin(t ) j )
A e j (t )
In assignment 6c we have seen:
Ae j (t ) is a vector that rotates with angle velocity rad/s, over the circle with radius A and
start angle at t 0 .
A complex wave signal is therefore a vector in the complex plane that rotates (anti
clockwise), with angle velocity rad/s, over the circle with radius A and start angle at
t 0 , see figure 1.5.
The horizontal component (the real part) of this vector, is the real part of the complex wave
signal:
Re(U (t )) A cos(t ) .
De vertical component (the imaginary part) of this vector, is the imaginary part of the
complex wave signal:
Im(U (t )) A sin(t )
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 25
1.6.2 The relation between real and complex wave signals
Real: Complex:
u (t ) A cos(t ) U (t ) Ae j (t )
amplitude A 0
Ae j e jt e jt
2
period T A cos(t ) jA sin(t )
angle frequency phase vector Ae j
amplitude = A 0
first maximum at t1
phase angle = arg( )
U(t)
U(0)=
-A A
Figure 1.5 Real wave signal Figure 1.6 Complex wave signal
In words: the complex signal is a vector
with constant length A (amplitude of the
real signal) that rotates in time (anti
clockwise) and starting with start angle
(phase angle of the real signal).
Examples:
u (t ) 3cos( t )
3 6
The complex signal is a vector with length A 3 and start angle , phase vector
6
j 3 3
3e 6
3cos( ) 3sin( ) j 3 j
6 6 2 2
U (0) is a vector with length 3 and angle
6
U (1) is a vector with length 3 and angle
6 3 6
5
U (3) is a vector with length 3 and angle 3
6 3 6
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 26
Assignment 13
State the phase vector of the following wave signals in the a bj -form (Cartesian form):
a: 3 cos( t 1) d: 5 cos(2 t 1)
b: 5 cos(50 t ) e: 10 cos( t 12 )
c: 8 sin( 20 t 13 ) f: 30sin(t )
Assignment 14
Given the real wave signals:
u1 (t ) 2 cos( t ) u2 (t ) 3cos( t ) u3 (t ) 2sin( t )
6 2 4 4 3
a: Calculate the length and angle at t 0 , t 2 and t 4 of the complex signal for each
of the given real signals.
b: Draw the complex signal at t 0 , t 2 and t 4 for each of the given real signals.
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 27
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 28
1.6.3 Differentiating a complex wave signal
If we differentiate a real wave signal u (t ) A cos(t ) we get a sine-function. The
amplitude and phase angle of the derivative cannot be determined easily to compare with the
original wave signal.
To compare the original and the derivative you should rewrite the derivative to a cosine using
trigonometry rules.
If we use complex wave signals it is easier:
u (t ) A cos(t ) U (t ) Ae j (t )
So U '(t )
d
dt
A e j (t ) A e j e jt A e j e jt A e j j e jt
d
dt
d
dt
j A e j e jt j A e j (t ) and so U '(t ) j Ae j (t ) j U (t )
In words: Differentiating a complex wave signal is multiplying the complex signal
j
with j e 2 .
Furthermore we can derive:
j j (t )
U '(t ) j Ae j (t ) e 2 A e j (t ) A e 2 u '(t ) A cos( t )
2
In words: Differentiating a real wave signal is multiplying the amplitude with and
increasing the phase with .
2
Example:
5
u (t ) 5cos(3t ) , So u '(t ) 5 3cos(3t ) 15cos(3t )
3 3 2 6
Assignment 15
Given the real wave signals:
u1 (t ) 2cos( t ) u2 (t ) 3cos( t ) u3 (t ) 2sin(2t )
6 2 4 2
a: Calculate the 1st and 2nd order derivative (amplitude, phase angle and cosine-form) of
each real wave signal.
b: Give the 4th order derivative (amplitude, phase angle and cosine-form) of each real
wave signal.
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 29
Assignment 16
Given u1 (t ) 6cos(2 t 13 ) and u2 (t ) 4cos(2 t 14 ) .
du1 (t ) du1 (t )
a: Draw the phase vector of and write in the form A cos( t ) .
dt dt
du2 (t )
b: Calculate the phase angle of .
dt
Assignment 17
Given the distance travelled s(t ) A cos( t ) .
Show that:
ds(t )
a: The velocity v(t ) leads s (t ) by a phase of 12 .
dt
d 2 s(t )
b: The acceleration a(t ) leads s (t ) by a phase of and so a(t ) is opposite to
dt 2
s(t ) .
Assignment 18
Figure 1.7 Mass spring system
A mass m is connected to a spring, see figure 1.6. The spring is stretched 5 cm and then
released.
The position relative to the situation in rest is u (t ) and u (t ) 5cos(0.5 t ) .
a: Draw the phase vector of the oscillation u (t ) , the velocity v(t ) and the acceleration
a(t ) .
b: Calculate v(t ) and a(t ) in the form A cos( t ) .
c: Draw the graphs of u (t ) , v(t ) and a(t ) in one figure.
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 30
1.6.4 Adding complex wave signals with the same ω
If we add two real wave signals with the same , we get a new real wave signal with the
same .
u1 (t ) u2 (t ) A1 cos(t 1 ) A2 cos(t 2 ) A3 cos(t 3 ) u3 (t )
Example:
u1 (t ) 3cos(2t ) and u2 (t ) 4cos(2t ) and u1 (t ) u2 (t ) u3 (t ) 5cos(2t 0.12)
3 6
The graphs show this:
u3(t)
u2(t) u1(t)
Figure 1.8 Adding wave signals with the same
How do we calculate this sum-signal?
We have seen how to do this using trigonometry.
If the phase angle of both signals is equal to 0 and we add a cosine with a sine we get:
A cos( t ) B sin(t ) C cos(t )
However, in our example the phase angles are not equal to 0.
So first we have to rewrite the signals with the rule for cos( ) to signals with phase angle
equal to 0. So rewrite each signal to A cos( t ) B sin(t ) .
Now we add these new forms as we have learned:
A cos( t ) B sin(t ) C cos(t )
Conclusion: this is a lot of work and it’s easy to make miscalculations.
We will show you that this is a lot easier if we add the complex signals.
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 31
Suppose we want to calculate:
u1 (t ) u2 (t ) A1 cos(t 1 ) A2 cos(t 2 ) A3 cos(t 3 ) u3 (t )
In complex form this becomes:
U 1 (t ) U 2 (t ) 1e jt 2e jt (1 2 )e jt 3e jt U 3 (t )
So 3 1 2 and A3 3 1 2 and 3 arg( 3 ) arg(1 2 )
In words: Adding two wave signals with the same is adding the two phase
vectors and calculating the modulus (the amplitude of the sum-signal)
and the argument (the phase of the sum-signal).
Example
u1 (t ) 3cos(2t ) and u2 (t ) 4 cos(2t )
3 6
j 3 3 j
So 1 (t ) 3e 3 3 j and 2 (t ) 4e 6 2 3 2 j ,
2 2
3 3
So 3 1 2 ( 2 3) ( 3 2) j 4.96 0.60 j
2 2
3 3 1.5 3 2
| 3 | ( 2 3) 2 ( 3 2) 2 5 and arg( 3 ) arctan( ) 0.12
2 2 1.5 2 3
So: u3 (t ) u1 (t ) u2 (t ) 5cos(2t 0.12)
Assignment 19
Given the following real wave signals:
u1 (t ) 2 cos( t ) u3 (t ) 3cos( t )
6 4
u2 (t ) 3cos( t ) u4 (t ) 2sin( t )
4 3
a: Calculate u1 (t ) u2 (t ) .
b: Calculate u1 (t ) u3 (t ) .
c: Calculate u1 (t ) u4 (t ) .
d: Calculate u1 (t ) u2 (t ) u3 (t ) u4 (t ) .
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 32
1.7 Application of complex numbers to RLC-circuits
We investigate RLC-circuits.
With real numbers we have the following problems:
1) The relation between voltage and current is not the same for a resistor, inductor and
capacitor, see table 1.1.
2) There are only rules for series- and parallel-circuits with resistors, see table 1.1.
3) For any circuit with R, L and C there is no single formula to express the relation
between voltage and current, see table 1.1.
If we convert our problem to complex numbers we will see that all these problems are
solved.
1) The relation between voltage and current is universal for a resistor, inductor and
capacitor, V (t ) Z? I (t ) , see table 1.1.
2) The rule for any series-circuit of components is Z tot Z1 Z 2 .... Z n and the rule for
1 1 1 1
any parallel-circuit of components is ... , see table 1.1.
Z tot Z1 Z 2 Zn
3) For any circuit with resistors, inductors and capacitors we get the same formula for
the relation between the voltage over and the current through the circuit,
V (t ) Ztot I (t ) , see table 1.1.
We will show you the solution for problems 1), 2) and 3).
We use:
The derivative of a complex wave signal U (t ) is: U '(t ) j U (t ) .
Problem 1:
Resistor
We transform the circuit from real to complex numbers:
i(t) V R (t ) R I R (t )
With the definition of the complex impedance of a
resistor: Z R ( ) R
Figure 1.9 Resistor We get: V R (t ) Z R ( ) I R (t )
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 33
Inductor
We transform the circuit from real to complex numbers:
V L (t ) L I 'L (t ) j L I L (t )
With the definition of the complex impedance of an
inductor: Z L ( ) j L
We get: V L (t ) Z L ( ) I L (t )
Figure 1.10 Inductor
Capacitor
We transform the circuit from real to complex numbers:
1
C U 'C (t ) I C (t ) jC V C (t ) I C (t ) V C (t ) I C (t )
jC
With the definition of the complex impedance of a
1
capacitor: ZC ( )
jC
We get: V C (t ) ZC ( ) I C (t )
Figure 1.11 Capacitor
So we have the complex version Ohm’s Law for any component:
V ? (t ) Z? ( ) I ? (t )
Problem 2
+ i Z1 Z2 - The two impedances Z1 and Z 2 are connected in
series.
Because v v1 v2 we know V V 1 V 2
v1 v2 So V 1 Z1 I 1 Z1 I and V 2 Z 2 I 2 Z 2 I ,
So V V 1 V 2 ( Z1 Z 2 ) I .
v
Figure 1.12 Series-circuit So for a series-circuit we get: Z tot Z1 Z 2
Module workbook Mathematics 21T / 2T1 34
i1 Z1 The two impedances Z1 and Z 2 are connected
+ i - parallel.
Because i i1 i2 we know
i2 Z2 V V 1 1
I I1 I 2 V
Z1 Z 2 Z1 Z 2
v
1 1 1
So for parallel-circuit we get:
Figure 1.13 Parallel-circuit Z tot Z1 Z 2
Problem 3
We have the complex version of Ohm’s Law for any circuit:
V (t ) Ztot ( ) I (t )
We can derive from this:
j (t i )
Ave j (t v ) V (t ) Ztot ( ) I (t ) Ztot ( ) e j arg( Ztot ( )) Ae
i Ztot ( ) Ai e j (t i arg( Ztot ( )))
So: Av Ztot ( ) Ai and
t v t i arg(Ztot ( )) v i arg( Ztot ( ))
Resonance:
We define resonance as follows: The circuit behaves like a Ohm’s circuit.
So there is resonance if Ztot ( ) is pure real: Im Ztot ( ) 0 or arg Ztot ( ) 0
In the next table we summarise everything from this paragraph for you.
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 35
Subject Real Complex
Wave voltage v(t ) Av cos(t u ) V (t ) Av e j (t v )
Wave current i (t ) Ai cos(t i ) I (t ) Ai e j (t i )
Resistor R Z R ( ) R
Voltage <-> Current vR (t ) R iR (t ) V R (t ) Z R ( ) I R (t ) R I R (t )
Inductor L Z L ( ) j L
Voltage <-> Current vL (t ) L i (t )
'
L
V L (t ) Z L ( ) I L (t ) j L I L (t )
1
Capacitor C Z C ( )
jC
1
Voltage <-> Current C vC' (t ) iC (t ) V C (t ) Z C ( ) I C (t ) I C (t )
jC
Series resistor circuit Rtot R1 R2 .... Rn Z tot Z R1 Z R2 .... Z Rn
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Parallel resistor circuit ... ...
Rtot R1 R2 Rn Ztot Z R1 Z R2 Z Rn
Any series circuit ? Z tot Z1 Z 2 .... Z n
1 1 1 1
Any parallel circuit ? ...
Z tot Z1 Z 2 Zn
V (t ) Z tot ( ) I (t )
A
amplitude-ratio v Z tot ( )
Any circuit ? Ai
phase-difference
v i arg( Z tot ( ))
Table 1.1 Real and complex calculations for RLC-circuits
Example 1:
1
Given the total impedance of a circuit: Ztot ( ) and the current through the circuit
j
i(t ) 10cos(5t ) mA.
3
Calculate the real voltage u (t ) over the circuit
From i(t ) we find 5 ,
1 1 1 1 1
so Z tot (5) and Ztot (5) and
55 j 55 j 55 j 52 52 50
1 5
arg Ztot (5) arg arg(1) arg(5 5 j ) 0 arctan( ) , 5 5 j in the 1 quadrant.
st
5 5 j 5 4
1
So Av Z tot (5) Ai 10 2 1.41 and v arg( Z tot (5)) i 0.26
50 4 3 12
So v(t ) 1.41cos(5t 0.26) mV
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 36
Example 2:
Given the following circuit:
R C
i(t)
v(t)
Figure 1.14 RC-circuit
a1: Calculate the amplitude-ratio of the circuit as a function of .
1 RjC 1 1 j RC
Z tot ( ) Z R Z C R .
jC jC jC
Av 1 j RC 1 j RC 1 2 R 2C 2
Amplitude-ratio Z tot ( )
Ai jC jC C
a2: Which amplitude-ratios are possible if R = 1 KΩ and C = 1 mF?
Av 1000 1 2
Substitute R and C: Z tot ( )
Ai
Let us calculate what happens if 0 and what happens if .
1000 2 1 1000
Lim Lim
0 0
1
1000 1
1000 12
2 1000 1 0 1000
and Lim Lim
1 1
What happens in between? Are there any extremes?
d 1000 2 1 1000
Z tot ( ) ' ( ) 0,
d 2 2 1
so Z tot ( ) declining for 0 , so no extremes.
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 37
This results in the following graph:
Figure 1.15 Graph of | Z tot ( ) |
So the possible amplitude-ratios are: [1000,
Example 3:
Given the circuit:
R
Figure 1.16 R//L-circuit
Calculate Z tot and calculate the amplitude-ratio and phase-difference.
1 1 1 j L R R j L
Parallel-circuit:
Z tot R j L j LR j LR j LR
j LR
So Z tot .
R j L
Av LR
The amplitude-ratio is: Z tot
Ai R 2 2 L2
Because the denominator is a complex number in the 1st quadrant, the phase-
L
difference is v i arg( Z tot ) arg( j LR) arg( R j L) 12 arctan .
R
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 38
Example 4:
Given the circuit: R L C
Figure 1.17 (R+C+L)-circuit
Calculate Z tot and calculate when resonance occurs ( Z tot is pure real).
1 1 2 LC 1
Series-circuit: Z tot R j L R ( L )j R j.
jC C C
Resonance means: Z tot is a pure real complex number.
2 LC 1 1 1 1
So solve 0 2 LC 1 0 2 or .
C LC LC LC
1
Because we are only interested in 0 , there is resonance for .
LC
Assignment 20
Given the circuit:
R L
i(t)
v(t)
Figure 1.18 (R+L)-circuit
a: Calculate the impedance Z tot ( ) , Z tot ( ) and arg Z tot ( ) of the circuit.
b: Calculate v(t ) , if R 10 , L 10 H and i (t ) 2 cos(t ) A
3
Assignment 21
Given the circuit:
L C
i(t) C
v(t)
Figure 1.19 (L+C)-circuit
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 39
a: Calculate the impedance Z tot ( ) , Z tot ( ) and arg Z tot ( ) of the circuit.
b: Calculate i(t ) , if L 1 H , C 0,1 F and v(t ) 18cos(10t ) V
6
Assignment 22
Given the circuit:
R
i(t)
v(t)
Figure 1.20 (R//C)-circuit
a: Calculate the impedance Z tot ( ) , Z tot ( ) and arg Z tot ( ) of the circuit.
b: Calculate v(t ) , if R 10 , C 0.01 F and i (t ) 2 cos(10t ) A
Assignment 23
Given again Figure 1.16:
R
i(t)
v(t)
Furthermore, R = 20 Ω and L = 5 H.
a: Calculate Z tot ( ) of the circuit.
b: Calculate i(t ) if v(t ) 220cos(50t ) V?
c: Calculate what happens with Z tot ( ) and with arg( Z tot ( )) , if 0 and if .
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 40
Assignment 24
Given the circuit:
L
C
i(t)
C
C
v(t)
Figure 1.21 (L//C)-circuit
a: Calculate the impedance Z tot ( ) , Z tot ( ) and arg Z tot ( ) of the circuit.
b: Calculate i(t ) if L 1 H , C 0.1 F and v(t ) 10 cos(10t ) V
6
Assignment 25
Given the circuit:
R L
Figure 1.22 (R+L)//C-circuit
a: Calculate the impedance of the circuit.
b: Calculate for which value of there is resonance.
Furthermore: R = 2 Ω, L = 4 H and C = 10 mF.
c: Calculate i(t ) if v(t ) 220sin(50t ) V.
d: Calculate the phase difference between v(t ) and i(t ) .
e: What is the relation between v(t ) and i(t ) if v(t ) is a DC-voltage?
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 41
Assignment 26
Given the circuit:
C
Figure 1.23 (C//L)+R-circuit
a: Calculate the impedance of the circuit.
b: Calculate for which value of there is resonance.
c: Calculate the amplitude ratio of v(t ) and i(t ) .
d: Calculate what happens with Z tot ( ) , if 0 and if .
Assignment 27
Given the circuit:
L
Figure 1.24 L//R//C-circuit
a: Calculate the impedance of the circuit.
b: Calculate for which value of there is resonance.
c: Calculate what happens with Z tot ( ) and with arg( Z tot ( )) , if 0 and if and if
res ?
d: Calculate i(t ) if furthermore: L = 2 H, R = 4 Ω, C = 10 mF and v(t ) 220cos(50t 1) V.
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 42
2. Integration
2.1 Basic principle
Example
a: A constant current i(t ) c C/s flows during a time interval T from tbegin a up until
tend b .
What is the total charge, Qtot , that is transported during time interval?
Basic law Q(t ) c (Time interval) c (b a)
Graph of the current i(t):
i(t )
c
0 a b t-axis
Figure 2.1 Current-Time-Graph 1
Qtot = “area” closed in by the graph of i(t ) and t-axis from tbegin a up until tend b
= c (b a)
Note: If we take the function F (t ) c t , so F '(t ) i(t ) c we also get:
Qtot = F (b) F (a) = c (b a)
b: A linear current i (t ) c t C/s flows during a time interval T van from tbegin a up until
tend b .
What is the total charge, Qtot , that is transported during time interval?
Graph of the current i(t):
f
i(t )
0 a b t-axis
Figure 2.2 Current-Time-Graph 2
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 43
Qtot = “area” closed in by the graph of i(t ) and t-axis from tbegin a up until tend b
= sum of all the rectangles if the width of the rectangles goes to zero.
= area of the triangle 0bf – area triangle 0ag
n n
1 1 1 1
= lim i(ti ) t lim c ti t 2 c b b 2 c a a 2 c b2 2 c a 2
n i 1 n i 1
1 2
Note: If we take the function F (t ) c t , so F '(t ) i(t ) c t we also get:
2
1 1
Qtot = F (b) F (a) = c b2 c a 2
2 2
c: A quadratic current i(t ) c t 2 C/s flows during a time interval T van from tbegin a up
until tend b .
What is the total charge, Qtot , that is transported during time interval?
Graph of the current i(t):
i(t )
0 a b t-axis
Figure 2.3 Current-Time-Graph 3
Qtot = “area” closed in by the graph of i(t ) and t-axis from tbegin a up until tend b
= sum of all the rectangles if the width of the rectangles goes to zero.
n n
= lim i(ti ) t lim c (ti )2 t
n i 1 n i 1
1
Note: If we take the function F (t ) c t 3 , so F '(t ) i(t ) c t 2
3
1 1
Qtot = F (b) F (a) = c b3 c a 3
3 3
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 44
In general:
We want:
To calculate a physical quantity G, such that:
G = “area” closed in by the graph of f ( x) and x axis from xbegin a up until xend b
Graphically this means:
y-axis Rectangle: f ( xi )x adds positive
f ( xi )
0 x1 a xi xi 1 xn 1 b x-axis
∆x
Rectangle: f ( xi )x adds negative
Figure 2.4 “area” closed in by the graph of f ( x) and x axis
Quantity G = “area” closed in by the graph of f ( x) and x axis from xbegin a up until
xend b
How do we calculate this “area”?
ba
Divide the interval [ a , b ] in n equal parts, the width of each part is x
n
This gives n+1 points: x1 a 0 x a , x2 a 1 x , x3 a 2 x , . . . , xn 1 a n x b
In general for a particular point: xi a (i 1) x , with 0 i n 1
This leads to:
n n
ba ba
Physical quantity G = lim f ( xi ) x lim f (a (i 1) n
)
n
n i 1 n i 1
This limit is difficult to calculate.
Mathematics states (we will prove that in the next paragraph):
n b
lim f ( xi ) x f ( x) dx F ( x) xa F (b) F (a)
b
Physical quantity G =
n i 1 a
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 45
Conclusion:
If:
1. A physical quantity G has to be calculated and
2. We can prove that quantity G is equal to the “area” closed in by the graph of f ( x)
and the x axis from xbegin a up until xend b .
n
So we can prove that quantity G = lim f ( xi ) x
n i 1
a f ( x) dx F ( x)x a F (b) F (a )
b
3. Then we can calculate quantity G with G =
Important remarks:
ba
1. We took the same width for the width of each of the intervals [ xi , xi 1 ] : x .
n
Of course we can take a different width for each of the intervals. Because eventually
the width of each interval goes to 0 if n , it does not matter.
Because the mathematical formulation of the problem with the same width for each
interval is easier we take the same width for each interval.
2. We calculated the “area” for each interval [ xi , xi 1 ] by taking f ( xi ) as the height of the
rectangle, determined by xi , the left point of the interval.
n
Therefore
i 1
f ( xi ) x is called the Left Riemann Sum.
Example: f ( x) x 2 2
3. If we calculated the “area” for each interval [ xi , xi 1 ] by taking f ( xi 1 ) as the height of
n
the rectangle, determined by xi 1 , the right point of the interval, we get
i 1
f ( xi ) x ,
which is called the Right Riemann Sum.
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 46
Example: f ( x) x 2 2
xi xi 1
4. If we calculated the “area” for each interval [ xi , xi 1 ] by taking f ( ) as the
2
xi xi 1
height of the rectangle, determined by the midpoint of the interval we get
2
n
xi xi 1
i 1
f(
2
) x , which is called the Midpoint Riemann Sum
Example: f ( x) x 2 2
5. If we take the limit for n the Left, Right and Midpoint Riemann Sum convert to
each other. So it does not matter which of the Riemann Sum forms we choose.
The Left Riemann Sum is most used, so that is why we prefer this one.
Assignment 1
Draw the graph of each function on the given interval and calculate the “area” closed in by
the graph of f ( x) and the x axis on the given interval, using rectangles and triangles.
a: f ( x) 3 x for x 0 up until x 6 .
b: f ( x) 6 2 x for x 1 up until x 7 .
c: f ( x) 3 for x 5 up until x 1.
d: f ( x) 2 x 7 for x 0 up until x 4 .
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 47
Assignment 2
Show that for the given function F ( x) , after differentiating you get f ( x) from assignment 1.
Calculate F (b) F (a) and check that this is the requested “area” in assignment 1.
1
a: F ( x) 3x x 2 for x 0 up until x 6 .
2
b: F ( x) 6 x x 2 5 for x 1 up until x 7 .
c: F ( x) 3x for x 5 up until x 1.
d: F ( x) x 2 7 x for x 0 up until x 4 .
Assignment 3
An object moves with constant speed, v(t ) k m/s.
The distance travelled, s (t ) , during the time interval T is equal to s(t ) k T k (b a) .
k m/s
0 a b x-axis
T
The distance travelled is the “area” closed in by the graph of v(t ) and the t-axis on [ a , b ],
see below.
v(t )
k
0 a b t-axis
a: Derive the limit of a sum which can be used to calculate the distance travelled on
[ a , b ], if the speed of the object is v(t ) 6t 4 m/s.
Note: The speed is not constant. We have to divide the interval [ a , b, ] in n equal
parts with width t , so we can assume that for each part [ti , ti 1 ] : v(t ) is
approximately constant and equal to v(ti ) 6ti 4 .
b: Rewrite the limit in such a way that only a, b, i and n appear in the formula.
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 48
Assignment 4
We have a rod with constant mass density, ( x) k kg/m.
The total mass of the rod with length L is equal to m k L k (b a ) .
k kg /m
0 a L b x-axis
The total mass is the “area” closed in by the graph of ( x) and the x-axis on [ a , b ], see
below.
( x)
k
0 a b x-axis
a: Derive the limit of a sum which can be used to calculate the total mass on [ a , b, ], if
the mass density of the rod is ( x) 6 x kg/m.
Note: the mass density is not constant, see also the note from assignment 3
b: Rewrite the limit in such a way that only a, b, i and n appear in the formula.
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2.2 Concepts and notations
Concept: Primitive or antiderivative of a (given) function f ( x)
F(x) is a primitive or antiderivative of f ( x) if F '( x) f ( x)
Concept: Integrand
Function f ( x) , for which we want to find the primitive (or antiderivative)
Concept: The indefinite integral of f ( x) :
Meaning: The collection of all the primitives (or antiderivatives) of f ( x)
Notation: f ( x)dx F ( x) C
If we have two primitives of f ( x) , say f ( x) dx F1 ( x) and f ( x) dx F2 ( x) .
Then we know: F1' ( x) f ( x) and F2' ( x) f ( x) , so F1' ( x) F1' ( x) ( F1 ( x) F2 ( x))' 0 .
Therefore F1 ( x) F2 ( x) C . So the difference between any two primitives is a constant.
Concept: The definite integral of f ( x) from a up until b:
b
b
Notation: a f ( x) dx F ( x) xa F (b) F (a)
We call a and b the borders of the integral, a the lower border and b the upper border.
Note: The constant has no influence on the result of the definite integral.
Therefore we usually use the primitive or antiderivative with constant 0 if we want to
calculate the definite integral.
We will prove now that the requested “area” from the beginning of the chapter is equal to:
n b
lim f ( xi ) x f ( x) dx F ( x) xa F (b) F (a) .
b
n i 1 a
For that we first introduce an “area”-function O( x) .
We define this “area”-function O( x) as the “area” closed in by the graph of f ( x) and the x-
axis from a up until a random x , somewhere between a and b .
We assume that F ( x) is the standard primitive of f ( x) .
See the shaded part in figure 2.5.
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y-axis
x x+Δx
0 a b x-axis
f ( x)
Figure 2.5 “area”-function O( x)
Because of the definition of O( x) we know:
1. O(a) 0 and O(b) = the requested “area”.
O( x x) O( x)
2. O( x x) O( x) f ( x)x , so f ( x) ,
x
O( x x) O( x)
so Lim O '( x) f ( x)
x 0 x
3. O( x) is a primitive of f ( x) and O( x) F ( x) C
4. O(a ) F (a ) C 0 F (a ) C
5. O(b) F (b) C F (b) F (a)
b
Combining 1 and 5 we find: the requested “area” O(b) F (b) F (a) a f ( x) dx
Assignment 5
a: Given f ( x) 10 x 3sin(3x) 6e2 x .
Show that F ( x) 5 x 2 cos(3x) 3e2 x is a primitive of f ( x) .
1 1
b: Given f ( x) 2
ln( x) .
cos ( x) x
1
Show that F ( x) tan( x) ln( x) is a primitive of f ( x) .
x
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2.3 Determine the primitive F(x)
Determining the primitive using standard primitives and or calculation rules and or rewriting
the integrand.
2.3.1 Standard primitives (Rule 1)
Standard Function f(x) Standard primitive F(x)
a ax
1 n 1
xn x , voor n 1
n 1
1
ln( x)
x
1
cos( x) sin( x)
1
sin( x) cos( x)
1 1
tan( x)
cos ( x)
2
1 ax
e ax e
a
1
b ax b ax
a ln(b)
1 1 x
arctan( )
a x2
2
a a
Table 2.1 Standard primitives
Note:
1 x x 1
In literature the standard functions are sin( x) , cos( x) , , e , b and , but
cos 2 ( x) 1 x2
we can easily show, using the substitution rule 2.3, the effect of and a , see
paragraph 2.3.3. Therefore we use the standard functions in the table.
Examples: Find the standard primitive of the given functions
a: If f ( x) cos(5 x) , then we find with rule 1 that F ( x) 15 sin(5 x) C .
b: If g ( x) e2 x , then we find with rule 1 that G ( x) 12 e2 x C .
1
c: If h( x) , then we find using rule 1 that H ( x) ln x C .
x
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Assignment 6
Determine the standard primitive of the following functions:
3 x 1 x
a: f ( x) sin(2 x) d: f ( x) e g: f ( x) e 2
1
1
b: f ( x) x 2 e: f ( x) x 2e h: f (t )
cos2 (5t )
1
c: f ( x) cos(7 x) f: f ( x) t i: f ( x)
4 x2
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2.3.2 Basic calculation rules
Name of the rule The rule
1. Multiplication with a constant (rule 2.1):
a f ( x) dx a f ( x) dx
2. Sum and difference (rule 2.2):
( f ( x) g ( x)) dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx and
( f ( x) g ( x)) dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
Examples
Find the indefinite integral of the following functions.
1 4
a: 4cos(5x)dx 4 cos(5x)dx 4 5 sin(5x) C 5 sin(5x) C (multiplying with a
constant,
rule 2.1)
1 1
(e x 4 )dx e2 x dx x 4 dx e2 x x5 C
2 x
b: (sum,
2 5
rule 2.2)
1 1 1
(x e )dx dx e2 x dx ln( x) e2 x C
2x
c: (difference,
x 2
rule 2.2)
Assignment 7
Find the collection of primitives of the following functions:
a: f ( x) 3 x
b: f ( x) 6 2 x
c: f ( x) 3
d: f ( x) 2 x 7
e: f ( x) 10 x 3sin(3x) 6e2 x
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Assignment 8
Find the following indefinite integrals:
6e
3 x
a: dx
8 s
6
b: ds
4 x
5
c: dx
5
d: 4 x2 dx
e: 3sin(4 x) dx
f: (sin(ex) e sin( x) x sin(e)) dx
g: (3sin(4 x) 4cos(3x)) dx
x t
1
h: dt
x
i: 3 t dx
(e e x ) dx
x
j:
2
2 x
k: 2e dx
x
s e
2x
l: dx
1 2x
m:
2x
cos dx
3
x
3 t
1
n: dt
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2.3.3 Substitution
Using rule 1, 2.1 and 2.2 form paragraph 2.3.1 and 2.3.2, we can calculate a lot of integrals.
Still there are a lot of common integrals that we can’t calculate with the previous rules.
In this paragraph we will discuss a new rule, which is based on the chain rule we learned
when we discussed differentiation in Mathematics 12T / 1T2. We call this rule the substitution
rule.
Suppose you have to calculate the following integral: f ( g ( x)) g '( x) dx
We will simplify this integral by using substitution.
Suppose that y is a function of x, so y g ( x) , then we know:
the change in y dy
y ' g '( x)
the change in x dx
So (the change in y ) = g '( x) (the change in x ),
so dy g '( x)dx .
We go back to the given integral:
f ( g ( x)) g '( x) dx
On basis of the substitution of y g ( x) , we find dy g '( x)dx .
So our integral can we rewritten in: f ( g ( x)) g '( x) dx f ( y) dy .
Most of the times the second integral, after substitution with variable y, is easier to find.
This integral can often be solved with rule 1, the standard table, or rule 2.1 or 2.2.
From the above we come to the following rule:
3. Substitution (rule 2.3):
f ( g ( x)) g '( x) dx f ( y) dy
Substitution y g ( x)
and dy g '( x)dx
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Below you find the steps to determine if you have to use the substitution rule (rule
2.3).
1. The integral is not standard
2. The integral cannot be rewritten using the rules 2.1 and 2.2.
3. You have to integrate a function f ( x) in which you have filled in a function
g ( x) and the derivative g '( x) is also in the integrand
If the integral fulfils these three conditions, you usually have to use the substitution rule to
calculate the integral.
Examples substitution for indefinite integrals (without borders):
2 x e dx e dy e C e C
2x y y x 2
a:
y x and dy 2 xdx
2
y x2
b: 3 cos(3t 5) dt cos( y)dy sin( y) C sin(3t 5) C
y 3t 5 and dy 3dt y 3t 5
Sometimes we have to rewrite the integral to get the correct form to use the substitution rule.
We will illustrate this with the next example:
cos(3t 1) dt
We want to use the substitution rule, because the integrand is not standard, we can’t use
rule 2.1 and 2.2 and we have a function f (t ) cos(t ) in which you have filled in a function
g (t ) 3t 1 , but the derivative g '(t ) 3 is missing in the integrand.
We only miss a constant in the integral and we can correct that using rule 2.1, see also
example c en d.
Using rule 2.1 we find:
3 1 1
cos(3t 1) dt 3 cos(3t 1) dt 3 3 cos(3t 1) dt 3 3 cos(3t 1) dt
Now we can use rule 2.3, with f (t ) cos(t ) and g (t ) 3t 1 .
c: Using rule 2.3 and 2.1 we find:
1 1 1 1
t cos(t 1) dt 2t cos(t 2 1) dt cos( y)dy sin( y) C sin(t 2 1) C
2
2 2 2 2
y t 2 1 and dy 2tdt y t 2 1
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d: Using rule 2.3 and 2.1 we find:
1 1 1
sin( x) dx sin( x) dx sin( y) dy cos( y) C
y x y x
dy dx
1
cos( x) C
1
So cos( x) is a primitive of sin( x) (We consider it standard)
1 1
Do this yourself for cos( x) , , eax , bax and 2
cos ( x)
2
a x2
Note: It is only allowed to write constants in front of or in an integral, rule 2.1.
It is not allowed to write a function there.
t
So this is not allowed: t cos(3t 1) dt 3 3 cos(3t 1) dt
If you want to use the substitution rule for a definite integral you also have to convert the
borders of the integral with the substitution.
Example substitution for definite integrals (with borders):
2 4
4
2 x e dx e dy e e4 e1
x2 y y
y 1
1 1
y x 2 and dy 2 xdx
x0 1 y0 12 1
x1 2 y1 22 4
Assignment 9
Calculate the following integrals:
2 x( x 1)3 dx
2
a:
6
0 cos(t )sin
2
b: (t )dt
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2
2t
c: 1 t 2 4 dt
2t
d: cos2 (t 2 4) dt
2 x( x 1)dx
2
e:
t cos(t 3)dt
2
f:
(t t 1) t 4 2t 2 4t dt
3
g:
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2.3.4 Integration by parts.
We expand our toolbox for calculating integrals with the rule of integrating by parts.
This rule is based on the product rule we learned when we wanted to determine the
derivative of functions. We know from this chapter:
If F ( x) is a primitive (antiderivative) for f ( x) , then F '( x) f ( x) and therefore
f ( x)dx F ( x) .
And from the product rule for differentiation.
( f ( x) g ( x))' f '( x) g ( x) f ( x) g '( x) ,
Combining this we find:
f ( x) g ( x) is a primitive of f '( x) g ( x) f ( x) g '( x) .
So ( f '( x) g ( x) f ( x) g '( x))dx f ( x) g ( x) .
This rule proves to be less useful in practice. We seldom have to calculate an integral that
exists of a sum of two products, where the products of the functions and their derivatives are
combined in the prescribed way.
We rewrite the rule in a more useful way.
( f '( x) g ( x) f ( x) g '( x))dx f ( x) g ( x) .
So ( f '( x) g ( x)dx f ( x) g '( x))dx f ( x) g ( x) .
So f ( x) g '( x)dx f ( x) g ( x) f '( x) g ( x)dx
From the above we find the following rule:
4. Integration by parts (rule 2.4)
f ( x) g '( x) dx f ( x) g ( x) f '( x) g ( x) dx
Below you find the steps to determine if you have to use integration by parts (rule 2.4).
1. The integral is not standard
2. De integral cannot be rewritten with the rules 2.1 up until 2.3.
3. You have to integrate a product of functions, for which you can pick one of
them as f ( x) and the other as the derivative g '( x)
Note: If you pick f ( x) and g '( x) the wrong way around, then
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The integral becomes much more difficult or
It is impossible to determine f '( x) or g ( x) , the functions you need for the
second part of the rule.
If this is the case, change the choice for the two functions and try again.
Examples:
a: Indefinite integrals (without borders):
1 1
xe dx e2 x x 2 2e2 x x 2dx this is much more difficult than what we had.
2x
2 2
f ( x) e f '( x) 2e
2x 2x
1
g '( x) x g ( x) x 2
2
We change the choice of f ( x) and g '( x) :
1 1 1 1 1 1
xe dx xe2 x 1 e2 x dx xe2 x e2 x dx xe2 x e2 x C
2x
2 2 2 2 2 4
f ( x) x f '( x) 1
1
g '( x) e2 x g ( x) e2 x
2
b: Definite integrals (with borders):
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
xe dx xe2 x e2 x dx xe2 x e2 x e4 e2 e4 e2
2x
1 2 x 1 2 1 2 x 1 4 x 1 2 4 4
f ( x) x f '( x) 1
1
g '( x) e2 x g ( x) e2 x
2
3 1
e4 e2
4 4
Assignment 10
Calculate the following integrals
x sin( x)dx ( x 1)e
2x
a: d: dx
2 2
b: t ln(t )dt
1
e: 1 ln(t )dt
2 2
x e dx x 3
2 x 2
c: f: e x dx
1 1
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2.3.5 Rewriting the integrand
It may be possible to rewrite the function we have to integrate, the integrand, based on the
rewriting rules of its class, see Mathematics 11T / 1T1 and Mathematics 12T / 1T2. We can
simplify the integrand using rules for multiplying, dividing, powers, logarithms and/or
trigonometry. In that case the integral can be simplified.
From the above we get the following rule:
5. Rewriting the integrand (rule 3):
f ( x) dx g ( x) dx , where we find g ( x) by rewriting f ( x) g ( x) using
rewriting rules for the various classes of functions.
Below you find the steps to determine if you have to rewrite the integrand, using rule
3.
1. The integral is not standard
2. You recognise the class of the integrand and find rules to rewrite it in an
simpler form.
3. If the integral can’t be rewritten in a simpler form, use the rules 2.1 up until 2.4.
Examples
1
a: 2sin(5x)cos(5x)dx sin(10 x)dx 10 cos(10 x) C (rule 3)
2sin(5 x)cos(5 x) f ( x) g ( x) sin(10 x) (trigonometry rule)
1
e e5 x dx e3 x dx e3 x C
2 x
b: (rule 3)
3
2 x 5 x
e e f ( x) g ( x) e3 x (power rule)
x3 3x 1 3
x dx ( x 3)dx x dx 3dx 3 x 3x C
2 2
c: (rule 3)
x3 3x
f ( x) g ( x) x 2 3 (rule for dividing)
x
1 23
xdx x 2 dx
1 3
d: x C 23 x 2 C (rule 3)
3
2
1
x f ( x) g ( x ) x 2 (power rule)
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Assignment 11
Calculate the following integrals:
a: ( 3 x e3 x ) dx
3 x( x 5)
b: x3
dx
x
c: 3t dt
(3e
113 x
d: )dx
Assignment 12
Calculate the following integrals:
3t (t 5) sin(3t ) 3cos(t )
a: t dt g: 13
dt
b: 3t xdx h: 3t xdt
3 t (sin 2 (3t ) cos 2 (3t ))
4
cos( t )
c: 1 2 t dt i: 2
dt
3
sin( x)
x 0 cos( x) dx
2
d: cos( x)dx j:
1
2x 2
2sin ( x) cos( x)
e: 0 1 x2 dx k: 0 1 sin 2 ( x) dx
1 1
2
f: 0 2 x 3 dx l: 0 2sin(t ) cos(t ) dt
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2.4 Definite integral (“area”) versus actual area
b
In paragraph 2.1 we have seen that definite integral, a f ( x)dx , is equal to “area” enclosed
by the graph of f ( x) and the x axis from x a up until x b .
We have seen that this “area” can be negative.
We found:
f ( x)dx the “area” enclosed by the graph of f ( x) and the x axis from x a up until
x b.
So if we talk about “area” (area between quotes) this means that it can be negative.
y-as positive “area” for the integral
0 a c b x-axis
negative “area” for the integral
Figure 2.6 “area” = integral
If we use area without quotes we mean the concept area as we know it from our language.
Here the area can only be positive, so area below the x-axis has to be counted positive.
b
Because f ( x) 0 everywhere, we have to calculate a f ( x) dx , if we want to calculate the
total area.
How do we calculate the real area with this integral?
We look at figure 2.6.
From x a up until x c the graph is above the x axis , so area = “area”.
c
So area = “area” = a f ( x)dx
From x c up until x b the graph is below the x axis , so area = “area”.
b
So area = “area” = f ( x)dx .
c
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b c b c b
So the total area is therefore:
a f ( x) dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a c a c
Conclusion:
If we want to calculate the (real) area enclosed by the graph of f ( x) and the x axis from
x a up until x b , we have the following plan of approach:
1. Determine the zeros of the function f ( x) , so solve f ( x) 0 .
2. For the area of the parts where f ( x) 0 , we calculate the integral and for the
parts where f ( x) 0 , we calculate the negative integral.
3. For the total area add all the parts.
Example:
Calculate the area enclosed by the graph of f ( x) sin( x) and the x axis from x up
4
until x .
2
We have to calculate the area without quotes.
First we find the zeros of f ( x) sin( x) on [ , ] and there is one at x0.
4 2
Figure 2.7 f ( x) sin( x) on [ , ]
4 2
So the area is:
2 0 2
0
sin( x) dx sin( x)dx sin( x)dx cos( x) x cos( x) x20
0 4
4 4
1
cos(0) cos( ) cos( ) cos(0) 1 2 0 1 1,29
4 2 2
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Assignment 13
Calculate the area enclosed by the graph of the following function and the x axis .
a: the function f ( x) 1 e( x 2) from x 1 up until x 3 .
b: the function f ( x) x 2 4 x 3 from x 0 up until x 4 .
c: the function f ( x) x 2 x 2 from x 2 up until x 4 .
d: the function f ( x) 2 x cos( x 2 ) from x 0 up until x .
Assignment 14
Calculate the area enclosed by the graph of the following function and the x axis .
3
a: the function f ( x) sin( x) from x 0 up until x .
2
b: the function f ( x) cos( x) from x up until x 2 .
2
Assignment 15
Calculate the “area” enclosed by the graph of the following function and the x axis .
a: the function f ( x) sin( x) from x 0 up until x .
b: the function f ( x) cos( x) from x up until x 2 .
2
Assignment 16
Calculate the area enclosed by the graph of the functions y 8 x and y x 2 .
Assignment 17
Given:
The area enclosed by the graph of the function y x 2 4 x 5 , the x axis , the y axis
and the line x a is equal to 6. Furthermore we know a 0 .
Calculate the value of a.
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2.5 Improper integrals
If the integrand or the primitive (antiderivative) does not exist for one or more of the borders
we call the integral improper.
How do we calculate an improper integral?
Plan of approach:
For each problematic border we replace it by a parameter, say a .
If there is more than one problematic border, choose different parameters.
We calculate the integral with the parameter.
We take the limit for the parameter to the problem value.
So we calculate Lim .... or Lim .... or Lim ....
a ... a... a...
If the limit is a number then the integral exists and is equal to that number.
If the limit is infinite then the integral does not exists
Examples:
1
a: The integrand f ( x) does not exist in x 0 .
x
1 1
1 1
So 0 x dx is an improper integral, so we have to calculate: Lim
a 0
a
x
dx .
1
1 1
a x xa (ln(1) ln(a)) 0 ln(a) ln(a) .
dx ln( x )
1
So Lim
a 0
1
a x dx Lim
a 0
ln(a) , so the integral does not exist.
1
b: We cannot substitute into the integrand f ( x) .
x
a
1 1
So 1 x dx is an improper integral, so we have to calculate: Lim
a x
1
dx .
a
1 a
1 x dx ln( x) x1 (ln(a) ln(1)) ln(a) 0 ln(a) .
a
1
So Lim
a 1 x dx Lim
a
(ln(a)) , so the integral does not exist.
1
c: The integrand f ( x) does not exist in x 0 .
x2
1 1
1 1
So 0 x2 dx is an improper integral, so we have to calculate: Lim
a 0
a
x 2
dx .
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1
1
1
1 1 1 1
a x 2 dx x xa ( 1 a ) a 1
1
1 1
a 0 x 2
So Lim dx Lim( 1) , so the integral does not exist.
a 0 a
a
1
d: We cannot substitute into the integrand f ( x) .
x2
a
1 1
So 2 dx is an improper integral, so we have to calculate: Lim 2 dx .
x a x
1 1
a a
1 1 1 1 1
1 x2 dx x x1 ( a 1) 1 a
a
1 1 1
So Lim 2 dx Lim(1 ) 1 , so the integral does exist and 1 x2 dx 1 .
a x a a
1
Assignment 18
Calculate the following integrals. First determine if the integral is improper or not:
0 e
x
a: dx
0 e dx
x
b:
2
c: 0 x ln( x)dx
2
sin( x)
d: 0 cos( x) dx
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2.6 Mixed assignments
Assignment 19
Given the following integrals.
1 4
x ( x 1) dx e dx 0 x sin( x)dx
2 3 3 5x
1: 9: 17:
0
x 1
1 2 2
0 xe 1 x2 dx 4 arctan( x)dx
x
2: dx 10: 18:
1 x 1 x 2 dx 50cos(3t )dt cos
2
3: 11: 19: ( x)sin( x)dx
2
ln( x) ex
4: x ln( x)dx 12: 0 x
dx 20: e x 1 dx
1 1 2 4
x
0 x dx 0 x 1 dx 0 (sin(3x) cos(2 x))dx
3
5: 13: 21:
x cos( x)dx x e dx 1 ( x e4 x )dx
2 x 2
6: 14: 22:
3 2
1
0 sin x ln( x) dx 1 x
2 2
7: ( x)dx 15: 23: ln( x)dx
x 2 3x 4
2 3 1
x
x e dx 1 x 1 dx 0 ( x 4)2 4 dx
2 2x
8: 16: 24:
1
a: Determine the first rule you want to use to solve the integral by just looking at the
integral.
Just write down the number of the rule, for instance 1 (standard), 2.1 (multiplication
with a constant), 2.2 (sum or difference rule), 2.3 (substitution), 2.4 (integration by
parts) or 3 (rewrite)
b: b1: Try to solve the integrals with the chosen rule. First determine if the integral is
improper or not. Each time you used a rule and you still have an integral,
choose a new rule and so on.
b2: If you cannot solve the integral with the chosen rule try to determine why not
and based on that answer choose a different rule.
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Assignment 20
An object falls from a height of 490 meters.
The speed of the object at any given time is v(t ) 9,8t .
a: Calculate the distance travelled after 5 seconds. Remember s '(t ) v(t ) .
b: Calculate the distance travelled s (t ) as a function of time. Remember s '(t ) v(t ) .
c: How long does it take to cover the 490 meters? Use the answer from 20b.
Assignment 21
A car drives with 10 m/s: The following 10 seconds the car accelerates with 2 m/s²
a: What is the value of v(0) , a(t ) and s(0) ?
b: What is the distance travelled during these 10 seconds?
t
0
Hint: v(t ) v(0) a( x)dx and
t
s(t ) s(0) v( x)dx
0
Assignment 22
Given the function f ( x) ( x 5)( x 3)( x 1)
a: a1: Sketch the graph of f ( x) for 4 x 6 .
a2: Draw the rectangles of the Left Riemann Sum with n 2 on 4 x 6 in the
drawing.
a3: Approximate, by using the rectangles from a2, the “area”.
b: b1: Sketch the graph of f ( x) for 4 x 6 again.
b2: Draw the rectangles of the Left Riemann Sum with n 5 on 4 x 6 in the
drawing.
b3: Approximate, by using the rectangles from b2, the “area”.
c: c1: Sketch the graph of f ( x) for 4 x 6 once more.
c2: Draw the rectangles of the Left Riemann Sum with n 10 on 4 x 6 in
the drawing.
c3: Approximate, by using the rectangles from c2, the “area”.
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 72
Assignment 23
Given the function f ( x) ( x 5)( x 3)( x 1)
a: a1: Sketch the graph of f ( x) for 4 x 6 .
a2: Draw the rectangles of the Right Riemann Sum with n 2 on 4 x 6 in
the drawing.
a3: Approximate, by using the rectangles from a2, the “area”.
b: b1: Sketch the graph of f ( x) for 4 x 6 again.
b2: Draw the rectangles of the Right Riemann Sum with n 5 on 4 x 6 in
the drawing.
b3: Approximate, by using the rectangles from b2, the “area”.
c: c1: Sketch the graph of f ( x) for 4 x 6 once more.
c2: Draw the rectangles of the Right Riemann Sum with n 10 on 4 x 6 in
the drawing.
c3: Approximate, by using the rectangles from c2, the “area”.
Assignment 24
Given the function f ( x) ( x 5)( x 3)( x 1)
a: a1: Sketch the graph of f ( x) for 4 x 6 .
a2: Draw the rectangles of the Midpoint Riemann Sum with n 2 on 4 x 6
in the drawing.
a3: Approximate, by using the rectangles from a2 the “area”.
b: b1: Sketch the graph of f ( x) for 4 x 6 again.
b2: Draw the rectangles of the Midpoint Riemann Sum with n 5 on 4 x 6
in the drawing.
b3: Approximate, by using the rectangles from b2, the “area”.
c: c1: Sketch the graph of f ( x) for 4 x 6 once more.
c2: Draw the rectangles of the Midpoint Riemann Sum with n 10 on 4 x 6
in the drawing.
c3: Approximate, by using the rectangles from c2, the “area”.
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 73
Assignment 25
Given the function f ( x) x e x
We approximate the “area” enclosed by the graph of f ( x) x e x and the x axis for
1 x 9 with the Left Riemann Sum.
a: Express xi into i and n .
b: Express the contribution of a random rectangle i , f ( xi ) x , into i and n .
c: Express the “area”, using the limit of the Left Riemann Sum, into i and n .
Assignment 26
Someone fills a cylindrical bucket (10 litre volume) with the following water flow v(t ) :
0 t 25 sec: v(t ) 0.2 litre/s Tap fully open
t 25
25 t 35 sec: v(t ) 0,2 e 5 litre/s Tap is closed
a: Calculate the total volume V after 25 sec.
b: Calculate the volume V from 25 up until 35 sec.
Hints:
Divide the time interval from 25 up until 35 into equal subintervals t and
consider v(t ) constant on a subinterval.
Determine the sum of sub-volumes that approximates the volume V and take
the limit for n This limit is equal to an integral. Write down that integral.
You can solve this integral with the substitution rule (rule 2.3).
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 74
3 Solutions
Chapter 1
Assignment 1
a: Re( z1 ) 2 , Im( z1 ) 2 , z1* 2 2 j Re( z2 ) 3 , Im( z2 ) 2 , z2* 3 2 j
Re( z3 ) 2 , Im( z3 ) 4 , z3 2 4 j Re( z4 ) 0 , Im( z4 ) 2 , z4* 2 j
*
Re( z5 ) 5 , Im( z5 ) 2 , z5 5 2 j Re( z6 ) 2 , Im( z6 ) 0 , z6 2
* *
Re( z7 ) 0 , Im( z7 ) 3 , z7 3 j Re( z8 ) 5 , Im( z8 ) 0 , z8 5
* *
Re( z9 ) 1 , Im( z9 ) , z9 1 j
*
Re( z10 ) 1 2 RC , Im( z10 ) LC , z10 1 2 RC LCj
*
Re( z11 ) p , Im( z11 ) q 3 , z11* p (q 3) j
b: Do it yourself, draw the real and imaginary part.
c: z1 22 22 8 2 2 z5 (5) 2 (2) 2 29 z9 12 2
z2 32 (2) 2 13 z6 2 z10 (1 2 RC )2 ( LC )2
z3 (2)2 42 20 2 5 z7 3 z11 ( p)2 (q 3)2 p 2 (q 3)2
z4 2 z8 5
Assignment 2
Do it yourself.
Assignment 3
Re(z) Im(z) Re(z) Im(z)
3
1
a: j3 j 2 j j 0 -1 i: j 3 ( j ) 3 j 0 1
j
j4 j2 j2 1 j 4 j 1
4
b: 1 0 j: 1 0
j5 j 4 j j j 5 j j
5
c: 0 1 k: 0 -1
1 j
d: ( j )3 (1)3 j j 0 1 l: ( j ) 1 j 0 1
j j j
e: ( j ) 4 (1) 4 1 1 1 0 m: ( j ) 2 j 2 1 -1 0
f: ( j )5 (1)5 j j 0 -1 n: ( j ) 3 j 3 j 0 -1
1 j
g: j 1 2 j 0 -1 o: ( j ) 4 j 4 1 1 0
j j
2
1
2
j 1 ( j ) 5 j 5 j
2
h: j -1 0 p: 0 1
j
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 75
Assignment 4
a: z1 z2
5 0 j 5 , z1 z2 1 4 j , z1 z2 (6 4) (6 4) j 10 2 j and
z1 6 4 6 4 2 10
j j
z2 9 4 9 4 13 13
b: z3 z4 2 6 j , z3 z4 2 2 j , z3 z4 (0 8) (4 0) j 8 4 j and
z3 0 8 0 4
j 2 1 j
z4 0 4 0 4
c: z5 z6 7 2 j , z5 z6 3 2 j , z5 z6 (10 0) (0 4) j 10 4 j and
z5 10 0 4 0 5
j 1 j
z6 4 0 4 0 2
Assignment 5
Re() Im()
1 1 1 1 1 1
z2 2 2 j 2 2 j j j 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
z3 z z 2 2 2 j j 2 2 j 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
z 4 z 2 z 2 j 2 1 -1 0
1 1 1 1
z z3 2 2 j 2 2 j 2 2 0
2 2 2 2
Assignment 6
3
a: z1 2 and arg( z1 ) z5 3 and arg( z5 )
2 4
z2 2 and arg( z2 ) 0 z6 5 and arg( z6 ) 2 ( 115 )
z3 3 and arg( z3 ) z7 2 and arg( z7 ) 3 ( 172 )
z4 5 and arg( z4 ) 0 z8 2 and arg( z8 ) t
b: Do it yourself, draw the angle of the vector and then draw the length of the vector.
c: Draw a random angle t , then draw the length 2
c1: is the start angle at t 0
c2: After t t1 the angle is added with the angle t1
c3: So z8 (t ) is a vector which turns (anticlockwise) with angle velocity rad/s over a circle with
radius 2 and start angle
Assignment 7
j ( 0) j
z1 2 j ( 2 0) j
j
a: z1 z2 2 2 e 2
4e 2 ( 4 j ) , e 1 e 2 e 2 ( j ) ,
z2 2
3
j 3 j (3 0) j
( z1 )3 ( z2 ) 2 23 e 2
22 e j 20 23 22 e 2
25 e 2
( 32 j ) and
z1
j3
23 e 2 23 j ( 32 0) 3
3
j
2 j 20 2 e 2e 2 ( 2 j )
z2
2
2 e 2
j z3 3 j 3
b: Calculate z3 z4 15e ( 15) , e ( ) , ( z3 ) 2 ( z4 ) 4 9e j 2 625 5625e j 2 ( 5625)
z4 5 5
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 76
z3
2
9e j 2 9 j 2 9
and e ( )
z4
4
625 625 625
3 3 3
j( 2) z5 3 j ( 34 2) j
10 20 j
j ( 20)
c: Calculate z5 z6 15e 4
, e , z5 ( z6 ) 3e
10 4
5 e 29296875e 4
z6 5
3
j 3
z5 3e 4
3 j ( 20)
and 10 20 j e 4
z6
10
5 e 9765625
Assignment 8
j
a and b: z1 8 2 2 and arg( z1 ) arctan(1) and z1 8e 4
4
2 2
j (arctan( ))
z2 13 3.61 and arg( z2 ) arctan( ) 0.59 and z2 13e 3
3.61e 0.59 j
3
z3 20 2 5 4.47 and arg( z3 ) arctan( 2) 2.03 and
z3 20e j (arctan( 2) ) 4.47e 2.03 j
j
z4 2 and arg( z4 ) and z 4 2e 2
2
2
2 j (arctan( ) )
z5 29 5.39 and arg( z5 ) arctan( ) 2.76 and z5 29e 5
5.39e 2.76 j
5
z6 2 and arg( z6 ) and z6 2e j
j
z7 300 and arg( z7 ) and z7 300e 2
2
z8 300 and arg( z8 ) 0 and z8 300e0 j
j
z9 and arg( z9 ) and z9 e 2
2
z10 and arg( z10 ) 0 and z10 e0 j
j
z11 e and arg( z11 ) and z11 e e 2
2
3
3
j
z12 2 2 and arg( z12 ) arctan(1)
2
and z12 2e 4
4
Assignment 9
a and b:
Re( z1 ) 0 , Im( z1 ) 2 , z1 2 j Re( z2 ) 2 , Im( z2 ) 0 , z2 2
Re( z3 ) 3 , Im( z3 ) 0 , z3 3 Re( z4 ) 5 , Im( z4 ) 0 , z4 5
3 1 3 3 1 3
Re( z5 ) 3cos( ) 3 2 2 , Im( z5 ) 3sin( ) 3 2 2 , and
4 2 2 4 2 2
3 3
z5 2 2j
2 2
Re( z6 ) 5cos(2) 2.08 , Im( z1 ) 5sin( 2) 4.55 , and
z6 5cos(2) 5sin( 2) j 2.08 4.55 j
Assignment 10
z1 2
z1 28 256
8
a: g:
z2 5
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 77
Continuation of assignment 10
b:
z2 5
z1 2
h:
arg z1 8
8
6
4 2
3
3
z 2
arg 1 z2 53 125
3
c: i:
z2 6 3 2
d:
z
arg 2
z1
2
3
6
2
j:
arg z2 3
3
2
3
2 0
z1 z2 2 5 10 z1 z2 28 53 32000
8 3
e: k:
f: arg z1 z2
6
2
3
5
6
l:
arg z1 z2 8
8 3
6
3
2 2
3
3
Assignment 11 Modulus Argument Modulus Argument
arctan( ) 1 j 1 2
a: 1 j 1 2 f: arctan( )
arctan( ) j 2
1 1 1 1
b: arctan( ) g: 3arctan( )
1 j 1 1 j
3 3
1
2 2
j 1 1 1
c: arctan( ) h: 3arctan( )
1 j 1 1 j
3 3
2 2
1 2
j
3
arctan( ) 1 j 1 2 3arctan( )
3
d: i:
1 j 1 2 2
1 j
e: 1 2 arctan( )
j 2
Assignment 12
a: z 2 4 z 3 0 ( z 3)( z 1) 0 z 3 or z 1
b: D 4 4 1 2 4 ,
2 j 4 2 j 4
So z 2 z 2 0 z 1 j or z 1 j
2
2 2
c: D 1 4 2 4 31
1 j 31 1 1 1 j 31 1 1
So 2 z z 4 0 z 31 j or z
2
31 j
4 4 4 4 4 4
d: z 2 6 z 8 0 ( z 2)( z 4) 0 z 2 or z 4
e: z 2 2 z 1 0 ( z 1)( z 1) 0 z 1
f: z 2 4 z 3 3 z 3 z 2 z 0 z ( z 1) 0 z 1 or z 0
g: z 2 z 8 2 z 2 z 4 z 2 4 0 z 2 4 z 2 or z 2
h: z 2 2 z 3 z 2 2 z 3 0 . D 4 4 1 3 8
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 78
2 j 8 2 j 8
So z 2 z 3 0 z 1 2 j or z 1 2 j
2
2 2
Assignment 13
a: 3e j1 3cos(1) 3sin(1) j 1.62 2.52 j
b: 5cos(50t ) 5cos(50t ) , so 5e j 5
c: 8sin(20 t ) 8cos(20 t ) 8cos(20 t ) ,
3 3 2 6
j 8 8
so 8e 6 3 j 4 34j
2 2
d: 5e j1 5cos(1) 5sin(1) j 2.70 4.21 j
j
e: 10e 2
10 j
j
f: 30sin(t ) 30 cos(t ) , so 30e 2
30 j
2
Assignment 14
13 25
j ( t ) j j j j j
a: U 1 (t ) 2e 6
, U 1 (0) 2e 6
, U 1 (2) 2e 6
2e 6
and U 1 (4) 2e 6
2e 6
so U 1 (t ) 2 and arg(U 1 (t ))
at t = 0, 2 and 4.
6
3
u2 (t ) 3cos( t ) 3cos( t ) 3cos( t )
2 4 2 4 2 4
3 3 7 11 3
j( t ) j j j j j
U 2 (t ) 3e 2 4
, U 2 (0) 3e 4
, U 2 (2) 3e 4
3e 4
and U 2 (4) 3e 4
3e 4
3
So U 2 (t ) 3 at t = 0, 2 and 4 and arg(U 2 (t ))
at t = 0 and 4 and arg(U 2 (t )) at t = 2
4 4
5
u3 (t ) 2sin( t ) 2 cos( t ) 2 cos( t )
4 3 4 3 2 4 6
5 5 2
j( t ) j j j j
U 3 (t ) 2e 4 6
, U 3 (0) 2e 6
, U 3 (2) 2e
2e 3 and U 3 (4) 2e 6 6
5
So U 3 (t ) 2 at t = 0, t = 2 and t = 4 and arg(U 3 (t )) at t = 0 and arg(U 3 (t )) op t = 2
6 3
and arg(U 3 (t )) at t = 4.
6
b: Do it yourself, draw the angle and draw the right length for t = 0, t = 2 and t = 4.
Assignment 15
2
a: u1 '(t ) 2 cos( t ) 2 cos( t ) and
6 2 3
7
u1 ''(t ) 2 cos( t ) 2 2 cos( t )
6 2 2 6
5
u2 (t ) 3cos( t ) 3cos( t ) 3cos( t ) , So
2 4 2 4 2 4
5 3 3
u2 '(t ) 3 cos( t ) cos( t ) and
2 2 4 2 2 2 4
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 79
Continuation of assignment 15
5 3 2
u2 ''(t ) 3 cos( t ) cos( t )
2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4
u3 (t ) 2sin(2t ) 2 cos(2t ) 2 cos(2t )
2 2 2
u3 '(t ) 2 2 cos(2t ) 4 cos(2t ) and
2 2
u3 ''(t ) 2 2 2 cos(2t ) 8cos(2t )
2 2
13
b: u1 ''''(t ) 2 4 cos( t 4 ) 2 4 cos( t )
6 2 6
5 3 4 3
u2 ''''(t ) 3 ( ) 4 cos( t 4 ) cos( t )
2 2 4 2 16 2 4
u3 ''''(t ) 2 24 cos(2t 4 ) 32 cos(2t )
2
Assignment 16
du (t ) 5 5
a: u1 (t ) 6 cos(2t ) 1 6 2 cos(2t ) 12 cos(2t ) , So the phase vector of
3 dt 6 6
5
du1 j 5
is 12e 6 . Draw the phase vector for the angle and draw the length 12.
dt 6
du (t ) 3 3
b: u2 (t ) 4 cos(2t ) 2 4 2 cos(2t ) 8cos(2t ) , So the phase angle is
4 dt 4 2 4 4
Assignment 17
a: s(t ) A cos( t ) , phase = .
ds
Velocity v(t ) A cos(t ) , phase = .
dt 2 2
So the phase of v(t ) is 12 earlier as s(t ) . So v(t ) an angle 12 anti clockwise earlier as s(t ) .
b: s(t ) A cos( t ) , phase = .
d 2s
The acceleration a (t ) 2
A 2 cos(t 2 ) A 2 cos(t ) .
dt 2
So the phase of a (t ) is earlier as s(t ) and opposite to s(t ) .
Assignment 18
a and b:
5 5 j 5
u 5e0 j 5 and v(t ) u '(t ) cos(0.5t ) So v e 2 j and
2 2 2 2
5 5 5
a (t ) u "(t ) cos(0.5t ) So a e j .
4 4 4
Do it yourself, draw the phase vectors (draw the angle and draw the length)
2 0
c: u(t ) : amplitude 5, equilibrium 0, period 4 , first max at t0 0.
0.5 0.5
5 2
v(t ) : amplitude , equilibrium 0, period 4 , first max at t0 2
2 0.5 0.5
5 2
a (t ) : amplitude , equilibrium 0, period 4 , first max at t0 2
4 0.5 0.5
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 80
Continuation of assignment 18
4
3
2 2
Assignment 19
j
1 2e 6 3 j
j 3 3
2 3e 4 2 2j
2 2
3 3
j 3 3
u3 (t ) 3cos( t ) 3cos( t ) , So 3 3e 4 2 2j
4 4 2 2
5
5
j
u4 (t ) 2sin( t ) 2 cos( t ) 2 cos( t ) , So 4 2e 6 3 j
3 3 2 6
j j 3 3 3 3
a: 1 2 2e 6 3e 4 3 j 2 2j ( 3 2) (1 2) j
2 2 2 2
3 3
1 2 ( 3 2) (1 2) j 4.01
2 2
3 3
arg 1 2 arg(( 3 2) (1 2) j ) 0.28
2 2
So u1 (t ) u2 (t ) 4.01cos( t 0.28)
3
j j 3 3 3 3
b: 1 3 2e 6 3e 4 3 j 2 2j ( 3 2) (1 2) j
2 2 2 2
3 3
1 3 ( 3 2) (1 2) j 3.15
2 2
3 3
arg 1 3 arg(( 3 2) (1 2) j ) 1.69 So u1 (t ) u3 (t ) 3.15cos( t 1.69)
2 2
5
3 j 3 j 0 , So 1 4 0 and arg 1 4 0
j j
c: 1 4 2e 6
2e 6
So u1 (t ) u4 (t ) 0
3 5
j j j j
d: 1 2 3 4 2e 6 3e 4 3e 4 2e 6
3 3 3 3
( 3 j) ( 2 2 j) ( 2 2 j) ( 3 j) 0
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 0 and arg 1 2 3 4 0
So u1 (t ) u2 (t ) u3 (t ) u4 (t ) 0 .
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 81
Assignment 20
a: Z tot ( ) Z R ( ) Z L ( ) R j L .
L
Z tot ( ) R 2 L and arg( Z tot ( )) arctan
2
R
b: Z tot (1) R jL 10 10 j and Z tot (1) 10 2 and arg( Z tot ( )) arctan 1
4
7
So v (t ) 10 2 2 cos(t ) 20 cos(t )
3 4 12
Assignment 21
1 1 2 LC 2 LC 1
a: Z tot ( ) Z L ( ) Z C ( ) j L j.
jC jC C
1
2 als
LC
2 LC 1 1
Z tot ( ) and arg( Z tot ( )) als 0
C 2 LC
1
0 als
LC
100 1 0.1 1
b: Z tot (10) j 9 j and Z tot (10) 9 and arg( Z tot (10))
10 0.1 2
18
So i (t ) cos(10t ) 2 cos(10t )
9 6 2 3
Assignment 22
1 1 1 1 1 RCj R
a: jC . So Z tot ( )
Z tot ( ) Z R ( ) Z C ( ) R R 1 RCj
R R
Z tot ( ) and
1 RCj 1 RC
2
arg( Z tot ( )) arg( R) arg(1 RC ) arctan( RC )
10 10 10
b: Z tot (10) and Z tot (10) and arg( Z tot (10)) 0 arg(1 j )
1 10 10 0.01 j 1 j 2 4
10
So v(t ) 2 cos(10t ) 10 cos(10t )
2 4 4
Assignment 23
100 j
a: Z tot ( ) .
20 5 j
5000 j 5000 j 5000
b: Z tot (50) and Z tot (50) 19.94 and
20 250 j 20 250 j 62900
5000 j 250
arg Z tot (50) arg arctan( ) 0.08 .
20 250 j 2 20
Av 220 250
So Ai 11.04 and i v arg( Z tot (50)) ( arctan( )) 0.08 .
ztot (50) 5000 2 20
62900
So i (t ) 11.04cos(50t 0.08) A
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 82
Continuation of assignment 23
100 j 100 100 0
c: Z tot ( ) , So lim Z tot ( ) lim 0 and
20 5 j 400 25 2 0 0
400 25 2 20
100 100
lim Z tot ( ) lim lim 20( R)
5
400 25 2
100 j 5
arg( Z tot ( )) arg (arctan( ) , So Lim arg( Z tot ( )) arctan(0) and
20 5 j 2 20 0 2 2
5
Lim arg( Z tot ( )) Lim( arctan( )) 0 .
2 20 2 2
Assignment 24
1 1 1 1 1 2 LC j L L
a: jC . So Z tot ( ) j
Z tot ( ) Z L ( ) ZC ( ) j L j L 1 LC 1 2 LC
2
1
2 for 0
LC
L 1
Z tot ( ) and arg( Z tot ( )) for
1 LC
2
2 LC
1
does not exist if
LC
j10 1 10 10
b: Z tot (10) j and Z tot (10) and arg( Z tot (10)) .
1 100 1 0.1 9 9 2
1 2
So i (t ) 10 cos(10t ) 9 cos(10t )
10 6 2 3
9
Assignment 25
1 1 1 1 1 jC ( R j L) 1 2 LC j RC
a: jC .
Ztot ( ) Z R L ( ) ZC ( ) R j L R j L R j L R j L
R j L
So Z tot ( ) .
1 2 LC j RC
R j L (1 2 LC ) j RC
b: Z tot ( )
1 2 LC j RC (1 2 LC ) j RC
R ( L R 2C 2 L2C )
j
(1 2 LC ) 2 2 R 2C 2 (1 2 LC ) 2 2 R 2C 2
( L R 2C 2 L2C )
Im( Z tot ( )) 0 ( L R 2C 2 L2C ) 0
(1 2 LC )2 2 R 2C 2
L R 2C
0 of
L2C
L R 2C
Only 2
, mits L R 2C 0
LC
2 j 50 4 2 200 j 2 200 j 40004
c: Z tot (50) 2 2
. So Z tot (50) 2.02
1 50 4 10 j 50 2 10
2
99 j 99 j 9802
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 83
Continuation of assignment 25
2 200 j 1
arg Ztot (50) arg arctan(100) (arctan( ) ) 1.57 .
99 j 99
Av
v(t ) 220sin(50t ) 220cos(50t / 2) , so Ai 108.90 and
ztot (50)
i v arg( Z tot (50)) 0 . So i(t ) 108.90cos(50t ) 108.90sin(50t 1.57) A.
d: arg Z tot (50) 1.57
2 4 j 2
e: Z tot ( ) . DC-voltage so 0 , so Z tot (0) 2 . So u 2 i .
1 0.04 0.02 j
2
1
Assignment 26
1 1 1 1 1 2 LC j L
a: jC , so Z L // C ( ) .
Z L // C ( ) Z L ( ) ZC ( ) j L j L 1 2 LC
j L
So Z tot ( ) Z R ( ) Z L // C ( ) R .
1 2 LC
L
b: Im( Z tot ( )) 0 0.
1 2 LC
Av 2 L2
c: Z tot ( ) R 2 .
Ai (1 2 LC ) 2
02 L2 L2
d: Lim Z tot ( ) R 2
R and Lim Z tot ( ) Lim R 2 2 2 R
2
0 (1 02 LC ) 2 LC
Assignment 27
1 1 1 1 1 1 R 2 RLC j L j LR
a: jC . So Z tot .
Z tot Z R Z L Z C R j L j LR R RLC j L
2
j LR ( R 2 RLC ) j L
b: Z tot
R 2 RLC j L ( R 2 RLC ) j L
2 L2 R LR( R 2 RLC )
j
( R 2 RLC ) 2 2 L2 ( R 2 RLC ) 2 2 L2
LR( R 2 RLC ) 1
Im( Z tot ) 0 LR( R 2 RLC ) 0 0 of
( R RLC ) L
2 2 2 2
LC
1
Only is meaningful.
LC
j LR
c: Z tot .
R RLC j L
2
j LR LR
So Z tot
R RLC j L
2
R (1 2 LC ) 2 2 L2
2
0 LR LR
lim Z tot 0 and lim Ztot lim lim 0
2 LCR
0
R 2 (1 0) 2 0
R 2 (1 2 LC )2 2 L2
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 84
Continuation of assignment 27
and lim Z tot R
1
LC
L
2 arctan( R 2 RLC ) als R RLC 0
2
j LR L
So arg Z tot arg (arctan( ) ) als R 2 RL 0
R 2
RLC j L 2 R 2
RLC
2 2 0 als R RL 0
2
lim (arg Z tot ) 0
1
LC
L 0
lim arg Z tot lim( arctan( )) arctan( )
0 0 2 R RLC
2
2 R0 2
L
lim arg Z tot lim( (arctan( ) ) arctan(0)
2 R RLC
2
2 2
j 50 2 4 400 j
d: Z tot (50) 2
.
4 50 4 2 10 j50 2 196 100 j
2
So Z tot (50) 1.82 and arg Z tot (50) 1.10 .
Av
So Ai 121.02 and i v arg( Z tot (50)) 2.10 .
ztot (50)
So i(t ) 121.02cos(50t 2.10) A.
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 85
Chapter 2
Assignment 1
1
a: Drawing do it yourself. “area” = ”rectangle” + ”triangle” = 3 6 6 6 18 18 36
2
1 1
b: Drawing do it yourself. “area” = ”triangle” + ”triangle” = 4 8 4 8 16 16 0
2 2
c: Drawing do it yourself. “area” = ”rectangle” = 4 3 12
1 7 1 1
d: Drawing do it yourself. “area” = ”triangle” + ”triangle” = 7 1 12
2 2 2 2
Assignment 2
' '
1 1
F '( x) 3x x 2 3x ' x 2 3 x ' x 2 3 x 0 2 x1 3 x f ( x)
1 ' 1
a:
2 2 2 2
F (b) F (a) F (6) F (0) 3 6 6 2 3 0 0 2 36
1
2
b: F '( x) 6 x x 2 5 ' 6 x ' x 2 ' 5 ' 6 x ' x 2 ' 5 ' 6 x 0 2 x1 0 6 2 x f ( x)
F (b) F (a) F (7) F (1) 6 7 7 2 5 6 1 (1) 2 5 2 2 0
c: F '( x) 3x ' 3 x ' 3 x 0 3 f ( x)
F (b) F (a) F (1) F (5) 3 1 3 5 12
d: F '( x) x 2 7 x ' x 2 ' 7 x ' x 2 ' 7 x ' 2 x1 7 x 0 2 x 7 f ( x)
F (b) F (a) F (6) F (0) 42 7 4 02 7 0 12
Assignment 3
a: Quantity s (t ) = “area” enclosed by the graph of v(t ) and t axis from tbegin a up until tend b .
ba
Divide the interval [a, b] into n equal parts, width t .
n
This gives a partition: t1 a, t2 a t , t3 a 2t , ... , t n 1 b , (in general ti a (i 1) t )
You get :
Contribution from [ti , ti 1 ] is : v(ti )t (6ti 4)t
n n
So s (t ) v(ti ) t (6ti 4)t
i 1 i 1
n n
So s (t ) Lim
n
v(ti ) t Lim (6ti 4)t
i 1
n
i 1
ba ba
b: ti a (i 1)t and t , so ti a (i 1)
n n
n n n
ba ba
s (t ) Lim v(ti ) t Lim (6ti 4)t Lim (6(a (i 1) ) 4)
n n n n n
i 1 i 1 i 1
Assignment 4
a: Quantity m( x) = “area” enclosed by the graph of ( x) and x axis from xbegin a up until xend b .
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 86
ba
Divide the interval [a, b] into n equal parts, width x
n
This gives a partition: x1 a, x2 a x, x3 a 2x, ... , xn 1 b , (in general xi a (i 1) x )
You get :
Contribution from [ xi , xi 1 ] is : ( xi )x 6 xi x
n n
So m( x) ( x ) x 6 x x
i 1
i
i 1
i
n n
So m( x) Lim
n
( xi ) x Lim 6 xi x
i 1
n
i 1
ba ba
b: xi a (i 1)x and x , so xi a (i 1)
n n
n n n
ba ba
m( x) Lim ( xi )x Lim 6 xi x Lim 6(a (i 1) )
n n n n n
i 1 i 1 i 1
Assignment 5
F '( x) 5 x 2 cos(3 x) 3e 2 x 5 x 2 cos(3 x) ' 3e 2 x ' 5 x 2 cos(3 x) ' 3 e 2 x '
' ' '
a:
5 2 x1 3sin(3 x) 3 2e 2 x 10 x 3sin(3 x) 6e 2 x f ( x) . So yes.
'
1 1 1 1 1
b: F '( x) tan( x) ln( x) tan( x) ' ln( x) ' ' 2 f ( x) . So no
x x cos ( x) x x
2
primitive
Assignment 6
1
1 1 x
a: F ( x) cos(2 x) d: F ( x) e 3 x g: F ( x) 2e 2
2 3
2 32 1 1
b: F ( x) x e: F ( x) x 2 e 1 h: F (t ) tan(5t )
3 2e 1 5
1 1 x
c: F ( x) sin(7 x) f: F ( x) t x i: F ( x) arctan
7 2 2
Assignment 7
1 2
a: 3x x C c: 3x C e: 5 x 2 cos(3 x) 3e 2 x C
2
b: 6x x 2 C d: x2 7 x C
Assignment 8
Opgave 8
a: 6 e3 x dx 2e 3 x C
8 7
b: 8 s 6 ds s C
7
1
c: 4 x 5 dx 4 x 4 C x 4 C
4
1 1 x 5 x
d: 5 dx 5 arctan C arctan C
2 x
2 2
2 2 2 2
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 87
1 3
e: 3 sin(4 x) dx 3 cos(4 x) C cos(4 x) C
4 4
1 1
sin(ex)dx e sin( x)dx sin(e) xdx e cos(ex) e cos( x) sin(e) 2 x C
2
f:
3 4
g: 3 sin(4 x) dx 4 cos(3 x) dx cos(4 x) sin(3 x) C
4 3
1
h: x dt x ln(t ) C
t
1 1 1 2 x2
3t
i: xdx x C C
3t 2 6t
e dx e
x
j:
x
dx e x e x C
1
k: 2 e 2 x dx 2 dx e 2 x 2 ln( x) C
x
s
l: s e 2 x dx e 2 x C
2
1 1 2 1 3 2
m:
2 x
dx cos x dx ln( x) sin x C
3 2 2 3
x 1 x
n:
3 t
dt ln(t ) C
3
Assignment 9
1 4 1
2 x( x 1)3 dx y 3dy y C ( x 2 1) 4 C
2
a:
4 4
1 1
3
1 3 2 11 1
6 2
1
0 cos(t ) sin (t )dt 0 y dy 3 y y 0 3 2 3 0 24
2 2
b:
y sin(t ) and dy cos(t ) dt
t0 0 y0 sin(0) 0
1
t1 y1 sin( )
6 6 2
2
2t 8
t dt ......... ln( y) y 5 .... ln( ) 0.47
8
c:
1
2
4 5
y t 2 4 and dy 2tdt
t 0 1 y0 5
t1 2 y1 8
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 88
2t 1
d: cos (t 2 2
4)
dt 2
cos ( y )
dy tan( y ) C tan(t 2 4) C
y t 2 4 and dy 2tdt
1 2 1
2 x( x 1)dx ydy y C ( x 2 1) 2 C
2
e:
2 2
y x 1 and dy 2 xdx
2
y x2 1
1 1 1 1
t cos(t 3)dt 2t cos(t 2 3)dt cos( y )dy sin( y ) C sin(t 2 3) C
2
f:
2 2 2 2
y t 2 3 and dy 2tdt
1
(t t 1) t 4 2t 2 4t dt (4t 3 4t 4) t 4 2t 2 4t dt
3
g:
4
y t 4 2t 2 4t and dy 4t 3 4t 4 dt
1 2 32 3
1
4
y dy
4 3
y C
6
1 4
t 2t 2
4t 2 C
Assignment 10
a: x sin( x)dx x cos( x) 1 cos( x)dx x cos( x) cos( x)dx x cos( x) sin( x) C
f ( x) x f '( x) 1
g '( x) sin( x) g ( x) cos( x)
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
1 21 1
b: 1 t ln(t )dt 2 t ln(t ) t 1 1 2 t t dt 2 t ln(t ) t 1 2 1 t dt 2 t ln(t ) t 1 4 t t 1
1
f (t ) ln(t ) f '(t )
t
1
g '(t ) t g (t ) t 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3
2 ln(2) 1 ln(1) 2 1 2 ln(2)
2 2 4 4 4
2 2
2
x e dx x e 2 xe x dx x 2e x 2 xe x 2e x dx
2 x 2 x 2 2 2
c:
x 1 x 1 x 1
1 1 1
f ( x) x f '( x) 2 x
2
f ( x) 2 x f '( x) 2
g '( x) e g ( x) e
x x
g '( x) e x g ( x) e x
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 89
2 2 2
x 2 e x 2 xe x 2e x (4e 2 e) (4e 2 2e) (2e 2 2e) 2e 2 e
x 1 x 1 x 1
1 1 1 1
( x 1)e dx ( x 1)e 2 x 1 e 2 x dx ( x 1)e 2 x e 2 x C
2x
d:
2 2 2 4
f ( x) x 1 f '( x) 1
1
g '( x) e 2 x g ( x) e 2 x
2
2 2 2 2
1
1 ln(t )dt 1 ln(t ) 1dt ln(t ) t t 1 1 t tdt t ln(t )t 1 1 1dt
2 2
e:
1
f (t ) ln(t ) f '( x)
t
g '(t ) 1 g (t ) t
t ln(t )t 1 t t 1 (2 ln(2) 0) (2 1) 2 ln(2) 1
2 2
2 2
x 3 e dx ( x 3) e 2 x 3 e x dx
2 x 2 x 2
f:
x 1
1 1
f ( x) ( x 3) f '( x) 2( x 3)
2
f ( x) 2( x 3) f '( x) 2
g '( x) e g ( x) e x x
g '( x) e x g ( x) e x
2
2
( x 3) 2 e x 2 x 3 e x 2e x dx ( x 3) 2 e x 2 x 3 e x 2e x dx
2 2 2 2
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
1 1
( x 3) 2 e x 2 x 3 e x 2e x 25e 2 16e 10e 2 8e 2e 2 2e
2 2 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
25e 10e 2e 16e 8e 2e 17e 10e
2 2 2 2
Assignment 11
1 1 3
2 23 2 23 x 2 2 3x x
a: 3 xdx (e ) dx 3 x dx e dx 3 x e C
3x 2
3x x
2
e C
2
3 3 3 3
1 15
b: 3 dx 15 x 2 dx 3ln( x) 15 1x 1 C 3ln( x) C
x x
x 1 x
c:
3 t
dt ln(t ) C
3
1 13 x 3
d: 3e e 13 x dx 3e e C e113 x C
13 13
Assignment 12
3t 2 15t 3 1
2 5 2 3 6
a: F (t ) 1
dt 3 t 2 dt 15 t 2 dt 3 t 2 15 t 2 C t 2 t 10t t C
2
5 3 5
t
1
2 23
b: F ( x) 3t x 2 dx 3t x C 2tx x C
3
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 90
4 2
cos( t )
1 2 t dt 1 cos( y)dy sin( y)y 1 sin(2) sin(1)
2
c:
1
y t and dy dt
2 t
x0 1 y0 1
x1 4 y1 2
d: x
2
cos( x)dx x 2 sin( x) 2 x sin( x) dx x 2 sin( x) 2 x cos( x) 2 cos( x) dx
f ( x) x 2 f '( x) 2 x f ( x ) 2 x f '( x ) 2
g '( x) cos( x) g ( x) sin( x) g '( x) sin( x) g ( x) cos( x)
x 2 sin( x) 2 x cos( x) 2sin( x) C
1 2
2x 1
0 1 x 2 dx 1 y dy ln( y) y 1 ln(2)
2
e:
y 1 x and dy 2 xdx
2
x0 0 y0 1
x1 1 y1 2
1 5
2 1 5
0 2 x 3 dx 3 y dy ln( y)y 3 ...... ln( 3 )
5
f:
y 2 x 3 and dy 2dx
x0 0 y0 3
x1 1 y1 5
1 3 1 3
g: F (t ) sin(3t )dt cos(t ) dt cos(3t ) sin(t ) C
13 13 39 13
3 x 2
h: F (t ) 3 x tdt t C
2
3 t (sin 2 (3t ) cos 2 (3t )) 3 3
i: 2
dt 2 tdt t 2
C
1
3
sin x 1 2 1
j: dx dy ln( y ) 2y 1 ...... ln(2)
0
cos x 1
y
y cos( x) and dy sin( x)dx
x0 0 y0 1
1
x1 y1
3 2
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 91
2sin x cos x
2 2
1
0 1 sin 2 x dx 1 y dy ln( y ) y 1 ln(2)
2
k:
y 1 sin ( x) and dy 2sin( x) cos( x) dx
2
x0 0 y0 1
x1 y1 2
2
1
1
1 1
1 1
l: 0 2sin t cos t dt 0 sin(2t )dt 2 cos(2t ) t 0 2 cos(2t ) 2
Assignment 13
x2
a: Calculate the zeros exactly: f ( x) 1 e 0 e x2 1 x 2 0 x 2 .
Draw the function f ( x ) 1 e
( x 2)
from x 1 up until x 3 :
3 2 3
1 e dx (1 e e )dx (1 e 2e x )dx x e 2e x
2 3
area =
x2 2 x
x e 2e x
x 1 x2
1 1 2
2 3
x e x 2 x e x 2 ((2 1) (1 e 1 )) ((3 e) (2 1))
x 1 x2
(1 1 e ) (3 e 1) e e 1 2 1.09
1
b: Calculate the zeros exactly:
f ( x) x 2 4 x 3 0 ( x 2 4 x 3) 0 ( x 1)( x 3) 0 x 1 of x 3 .
Draw the function f ( x ) x 4 x 3 from
2
x 0 up until x 4 :
4 1 3 4
x 4 x 3 dx ( x 4 x 3)dx ( x 4 x 3)dx ( x 2 4 x 3)dx
2 2 2
area =
0 0 1 3
1 3 4
1 1 1
x3 2 x 2 3x x3 2 x 2 3x x3 2 x 2 3x
3 x 0 3 x 1 3 x 3
1 1 64
(( 2 3) (0)) ((9 18 9) ( 2 3)) (( 32 12) (9 18 9)) 4
3 3 3
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 92
c: Calculate the zeros and draw the function yourself.
The function f ( x) x x 2 is positive from
2
x 1 up until x 2 and negative from x 2 up
until x 1 and from x 2 up until x 4 .
1 2 4
So the area = ( x 2 x 2)dx ( x 2 x 2)dx ( x 2 x 2)dx
2 1 2
7 1 9 26 33 8
11 4 15
3 2 2 3 3 2
1 1
1 3 1 2
2 ( x x 2)dx 3 x 2 x 2 x x2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 8 7 1
(1) (1) 2 1 (2) (2) 2 2 2 2 4
3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2
2
1 3 1 2
2
1 ( x x 2)dx 3 x 2 x 2 x x1
2
1 3 1 2 1 1 8 1 1 3 9
(2) (2) 2 2 (1) (1) 2 1 2 4 2 3
3 2
3 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2
4
1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
4
2 ( x x 2)dx 3 x 2 x 2 x x2 3 4 2 4 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 2
2
64 8 56 26
8 8 2 4 10
3 3 3 3
d: Calculate the zeros and draw the function yourself.
The function f ( x ) 2 x cos( x ) is positive from
2
x 0 up until x and negative from x
2 2
up until x .
2 2
2 x cos( x )dx 2 x cos( x )dx cos( y)dy cos( y)dy
2 2
So area =
0 0
2 2
sin( y)x20 sin( y)x
sin( ) sin(0) sin( ) sin( ) 1 1 2
2 2 2
Assignment 14
3
a: f ( x) sin( x) is positive from x 0 up until x and negative from x up until x .
2
3 3
2 2 3
sin( x)dx cos( x) x0 cos( x) x2
So the area =
0
sin( x) dx sin( x)dx
0
3
( cos( ) cos(0)) ( cos( ) cos( )) 1 1 0 1 3
2
3 3
b: f ( x) cos( x) is negative from x up until x and positive from x up until x 2 .
2 2 2
3
2 2 2 3
cos( x)dx sin( x) 2 sin( x) x 3
2
So the area =
cos( x) dx cos( x)dx
3
x
2 2
2 2 2
3 3
sin( ) sin( ) sin(2 ) sin( ) 1 1 0 1 3
2 2 2
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 93
Assignment 15
3
2 3
3
a: the “area” = sin( x)dx cos( x)x20 cos(
0
2
) cos(0) 0 1 1
2
cos( x)dx sin( x) sin(2 ) sin( ) 0 1 1
2
b: the “area” = x
2 2
2
Assignment 16
Draw the graphs of both functions and calculate the intersection points, these determine the integration
borders.
8 x x 2 8 x x 4 x 4 8 x 0 x ( x 3 8) 0 x 0 of x 3 8 x 0 of x 2
So the enclosed area is:
2
2 2 2 1
2
2 23 1 3
2
2 8 23 1
8 xdx x dx 8 x dx x dx 8 x x 2 0 23 0
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 3 x 0 3 x 0 3 3
2 8 8 4 16 8 8
2 2 .
3 3 3 3 3
2
Note: this is the same as (
0
8 x x 2 )dx
Assignment 17
The function is a parabola that opens up without zeros, because
D b 2 4ac (4) 2 4 1 5 16 20 4 .
a
1 3 1
a
1
So the area = ( x 4 x 5) dx x 2 x 5 x a 3 2a 2 5a 0 a 3 2a 2 5a equals 6.
2 2
0 3 x 0 3 3
1 3
So a 2a 5a 6 a 6a 15a 18 a 6a 15a 18 0
2 3 2 3 2
3
After trying we find a zero a 3 . So a 6a 15a 18 can be divided by a 3 , see Mathematics 11T / 1T1.
3 2
a 3 / a 3 6a 2 15a 18 \ a 2 3a 6
a 3 3a 2
3a 2 15a
3a 2 9a So a 6a 15a 18 0 ( a 3)( a 3a 6) 0
3 2 2
6a 18
6a 18
0
a 3 of a 3a 6 0 a 3
2
(Because the qudratic equation has no solutions, D b 4ac (3) 4 1 6 9 24 15 ).
2 2
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 94
Assignment 18
a
e dx Lim e dx
x x
a: Improper integral
a
0 0
a a
e dx e e a e 0 1 e a . So e x dx Lim e x dx Lim 1 e a 1 .
x x a
x 0 a a
0 0 0
a
e dx Lim e dx
x x
b: Improper integral
a
0 0
a a
e dx e e e e 1 . So e dx Lim e x dx Lim e a 1 , does not exist.
x x a a 0 a x
x 0 a a
0 0 0
2 2
c: Improper integral x ln( x)dx Lim x ln( x)dx
0
a0
a
2
1 2
2 2
1 21
integration by parts, see also assignment 10b a x ln( x)dx 2 x ln( x) xa a 2 x x dx
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1
2 x ln( x) 2 xdx 2 x ln( x ) 4 x
t a a t a xa
1 1 1 1
2 ln(2) a 2 ln(a) 1 a 2 2 ln(2) 1 a 2 a 2 ln( a)
2 4 4 2
2 2
1 1
x ln( x)dx Lim x ln( x)dx Lim 2 ln(2) 1 4 a a 2 ln(a ) 2 ln(2) 1 .
2
0
a 0
a
a 0 2
2 a
sin( x) sin( x)
d: Improper integral 0 cos( x) dx Lim
a
0
cos( x)
dx
2
substitution, see also assignment 12j
a cos( a )
sin( x) 1
0 cos( x) dx dy ln( y ) y 0 ln(cos(a )) ln(1) ln(cos( a))
cos( a )
1
y
2 a
sin( x) sin( x)
0 cos( x) dx Lim dx Lim ln(cos(a )
cos( x)
a 0 a
2 2
Assignment 19
1: First rule: 3 and then 2.3 and then 2.1 and then 1
2
1 4
1 1 2 2
1 1 3 1 3 15
0 x ( x 1) dx 3 0 3x ( x 1) dx 1 3 y dy 3 1 y dy 12 y y 1 12
2 3 3 2 3 3
y x 3 1 and dy 3x 2 dx
x0 0 y0 1 and x1 1 y1 2
2: First rule 2.4 and then 2.1 and then 1
1 1 1
xe dx xe e x dx xe x e x dx xe x
1 1 1 1
x x
e x 1 2e 1
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
0 0 0
f ( x) x f '( x) 1
g '( x) e x g ( x) e x
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 95
3: First rule 2.3 and then 2.1 and then 1
5
2
1
5
1
5
1 2 32 5 5 2 2
1 2 2 y
2
x 1 x dx ydy ydy
22 2 3 y 2 3 3
y 1 x 2 and dy 2 xdx
x0 1 y0 2 and x1 2 y1 5
4: First rule 2.4 and then 3 and then 2.1 and then 1
1 11 2 1 1 1 1
x ln( x)dx 2 x ln( x)
x dx x 2 ln( x) xdx x 2 ln( x ) x 2 C
2
x2 2 2 2 4
1
f ( x) ln( x) f '( x)
x
1
g '( x) x g ( x) x 2
2
5: Rule 1
1
1 4
1
1
0 x dx 4 x x0 4
3
6: First rule 2.4 and then 1
x cos( x)dx x sin( x) sin( x)dx x sin( x) cos( x) C
f ( x) x f '( x) 1
g '( x) cos( x) g ( x) sin( x)
7: First rule 2.4 and then 2.1 and then 2.2 and then 1
3 3
1 13 13 13
0 0 2
2 0
2 0
2 0
cos(2 x) dx
2
sin ( x ) dx (1 cos(2 x )) dx (1 cos(2 x )) dx 1dx
1 3 1 3 1
2 x 4 sin(2 x) 6 8 3
x 0 x 0
8: First rule 2.4 and then 3 and then 2.4 and then 2.1 and then 1
2 2
1 2 2x 1 2 2x
2 2 2
1 2x
1 x e dx 2 x e x1 1 2 x 2e dx 2 x e x1 1 xe dx
2 2x 2x
f ( x) x 2 f '( x) 2 x f ( x ) x f '( x ) 1
1 2x 1 2x
g '( x) e 2 x g ( x) e g '( x ) e 2 x g ( x ) e
2 2
1 2 2x
2
1 2x 2 2
1 2 x 1 2 2 x
2
1 2x
2 2
1 2x
2 x e 2 xe 2 e dx 2 x e 2 xe 2 e dx
x 1 x 1 1 x 1 x 1 1
2 2 2
1 2 2x 1 2x 1 2x 5 4 1 2
2 x e 2 xe 4 e 4 e 4 e
x 1 x 1 x 1
9: Rule 1
1
e
5 x
dx e 5 x c
5
10: First rule 2.5 and then 2.2 and then 2.5 and then 1
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 96
x 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 x2 1 x x 2 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 1
2
1 2
ln(2)
2
dx dx dx dx dx x dx ln( x ) x 1
x
x 1 2
11: First rule 2.1 and then 1
50
50 cos(3t )dt 50 cos(3t )dt 3
sin(3t ) C
2 2
ln( x) ln( x)
12: Improper integral 0 x dx Lim
a0
a
x
dx
ln(2) ln(2)
1
2
ln( x) 1 1
first rule 2.3 and then 1 dx ydy y 2 ln 2 (2) ln 2 (a )
a
x ln( a ) 2 y ln( a ) 2 2
1
y ln( x) and dy
dx
x
x0 a y0 ln(a) and x1 2 y1 ln(2)
2 2
ln( x) ln( x) 1 1
0 x dx Lim
a0
a
x
dx Lim( ln 2 (2) ln 2 (a )) , so does not exist
a0 2 2
13: First rule 2.3 and then 3 and then 2.2 and then 1
( y 1) 2 y2 2 y 1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
x2 1 1
0 x 1 1 y
dx dy 1 y dy 1 ( y 2 y )dy 1 ydy 1 2dy 1 y dy
y x 1 and dy dx and ( y 1) 2 x 2
x0 0 y0 1 and x1 1 y1 2
2
1 2
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1
1 ydy 1 2dy 1 y dy 2 y y 1 2 y y 1 ln( y)y 1 2 2 2 1 (4 2) ln(2) 0 ln(2) 2
2 2
14: First rule 2.4 and then 2.1 and then 2.4 and then 1
x e dx x e 2 xe dx x e 2 xe x dx x 2e x 2( xe x e x dx )
2 x 2 x x 2 x
f ( x) x 2 f '( x ) 2 x f ( x ) x f '( x ) 1
g '( x) e g ( x) e
x x
g '( x ) e x g ( x ) e x
x 2 e x 2( xe x e x ) C x 2e x 2 xe x 2e x C
15: First rule 2.3 and then 1
1 1
x ln( x) dx y dy ln( y ) C ln(ln( x)) C
1
y ln( x) and dy dx
x
16: First rule 2.3 and then 2.2 and then 1
x 2 3x 4 x 2 3x 4
3 3
9 a2 9 1
1 x 1 dx Lim
a 1
1
x 1
dx Lim (
a 1 2
12 4a ) 12 4 12
2 2 2
x 2 3x 4 ( x 4)( x 1)
3
1 2
3 3 3 3 3
a x 1 dx a x 1 dx a ( x 4)dx a xdx a 4dx 2 x xa 4 x xa
3
9 a2
12 4a
2 2
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 97
17: First rule 2.4 and then 2.1 and then 1
4 4 4
x sin( x)dx x cos( x)
0
4
x 0
cos( x)dx x cos( x)
0
4
x 0
cos( x)dx
0
f ( x) x f '( x) 1
g '( x) sin( x) g ( x) cos( x)
1 1 1
x cos( x)x40 sin( x)x40 2 0 2 0 ( ) 2
42 2 2 8
18: First rule 2.4 and then 2.3 and then 2.1 and then 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
4 arctan( x)dx x arctan( x)x4 4 x 2 1 xdx x arctan( x) x4 4 2 y dy
2 2
1
f ( x) arctan( x) f '( x) y x 2 1 and dy 2 xdx
x 12
g '( x) 1 g ( x) x x0 4 y0 17 and x1 2 y1 5
5
x arctan( x)x4 dy x arctan( x) x4 ln( y)
2
1 1 2 2 1
24 y 2 y 17
1 17
2 arctan(2) 4 arctan(4) ln( )
2 5
19: First rule 2.3 and then 2.1 and then 1
1 1
cos ( x) sin( x)dx y dy y dy 3 y C cos3 ( x) C
2 2 2 3
3
y cos( x) and dy sin( x)dx
20: First rule 2.3 and then 1
ex 1
e x 1 dx y dy ln( y ) C ln(e 1) C
x
y e x 1 and dy e x dx
21: First rule 2.2 and then 1
1 4 1 4
4 4 4
1 1
0 (sin(3x) cos(2 x))dx 0 sin(3x)dx 0 cos(2 x)dx 3 cos(3x) x0 2 sin(2 x) x0 6 2 6
22: First rule 2.2 and then 1
2 2
1 3 1 4x
2 2 2
8 1 1 8 1 4 7 1 8 4
1 ( x e )dx 1 x dx 1 e dx 3 x x1 4 e x1 3 3 4 e 4 e ) 3 4 (e e )
2 4x 2 4x
23: First rule 2.4 and then 1
2 2
1 3 1 3
2 2 2
1 1 3 1 2
1 x ln( x)dx ln( x) 3 x x1 1 x 3 x dx 3 x ln( x) x1 3 1 x dx
2
1
f ( x) ln( x) f '( x)
x
1
g '( x) x 2 g ( x) x 3
3
2
1 3 1 1 3 2 8 8 1 8 7
3 x ln( x ) x ln(2) 0 ( ) ln(2)
3 3 x 1 3 9 9 3 9
x 1
24: First rule 2.3 and then 3 and then 2.3 and then 3 and then 1
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 98
y4
1 5 5 5 29 5
x y 1 1 1 1
0 ( x 4)2 4 dx 4 y 2 4 dy 4 y 2 4 dy 44 y 2 4 dy 20 z 2 dz 44 y 2 4 dy
y x 4 and dy dx and y 4 x z y 2 4 and dz 2 ydy
x0 0 y0 4 and x1 1 y1 5 y0 4 z0 20 and y1 5 z1 29
29 5
1 1 y
29 5
1 1 1
2 20 z
dz 4 2
4
y 2 2
dy ln( z )
2
4 arctan( )
z 20 2 2 y 4
1 1 5 1 29 5
ln(29) ln(20) (2 arctan( ) 2 arctan(2)) ln( ) 2 arctan( ) 2 arctan(2)
2 2 2 2 20 2
Assignment 20
5 5
s '(t ) v(t ) s (5) v(t )dt 9,8tdt 4,9t 2
5
a: 4,9 25 122,5 meter
t 0
0 0
t t
s '(t ) v(t ) s (t ) v( x)dx 9,8 xdx 4,9 x 2
t
b: 4,9t 2
x 0
0 0
490
c: 4,9t 2 490 t 2 100 t 100 10 of t 100 10 seconds.
4,9
t 10 is not relevant, so after 10 seconds reaches the ground.
Assignment 21
a: v(0) 10 , a(t ) 2 and s (0) is unknown
t t
v(t ) v(0) a( x)dx v(t ) 10 2dx 10 2 x x 0 10 2t
t
b:
0 0
the travelled distance during these 10 seconds =
10 10
s(10) s(0) v( x)dx (10 2 x)dx 10 x x 2
10
(100 100) (0 0) 200 meter
x 0
0 0
Assignment 22
a1+a2:
2
a3: " area " f ( xi )x 5 f (4) 5 f (1) 5 45 5 0 225
i 1
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 99
b1+b2:
5
b3: " area " f ( xi )x 2 f (4) 2 f (2) 2 f (0) 2 f (2) 2 f (4)
i 1
2 45 2 21 2 15 2 15 2 21 90
c1+c2:
10
c3: " area " f ( xi )x 1 f (4) 1 f (3) 1 f ( 2) 1 f ( 1) 1 f (0)
i 1
1 f (1) 1 f (2) 1 f (3) 1 f (4) 1 f (5)
45 0 21 24 15 0 15 24 21 0 45
Assignment 23
a1+a2:
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 100
2
a3: " area " f ( xi 1 )x 5 f (1) 5 f (6) 5 0 5 45 225
i 1
b1+b2:
5
b3: " area " f ( xi 1 )x 2 f (2) 2 f (0) 2 f (2) 2 f (4) 2 f (6)
i 1
2 21 2 15 2 15 2 21 2 45 90
c1+c2:
10
c3: " area " f ( xi 1 )x 1 f (3) 1 f (2) 1 f (1) 1 f (0)
i 1
1 f (1) 1 f (2) 1 f (3) 1 f (4) 1 f (5) 1 f (6)
0 21 24 15 0 15 24 21 0 45 45
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 101
Assignment 24
a1+a2:
2
xi xi 1 195 195
a3: " area " f ( )x 5 f (1.5) 5 f (3.5) 5 5 0
i 1 2 8 8
b1+b2:
5
xi xi 1
b3: " area " f ( )x 2 f (3) 2 f ( 1) 2 f (1) 2 f (3) 2 f (5)
i 1 2
2 0 2 24 2 0 2 24 2 0 0
c1+c2:
Modulewerkboek Wiskunde 21T / 2T1 102
10
xi xi 1
c3: " area " f ( )x 1 f (3.5) 1 f (2.5) 1 f (1.5) 1 f (0.5) 1 f (0.5)
i 1 2
1 f (1.5) 1 f (2.5) 1 f (3.5) 1 f (4.5) 1 f (5.5)
153 105 195 165 63 63 165 195 105 153
0
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Assignment 25
b a 9 1 8
a: x
n n n
8
xi a (i 1) x 1 (i 1)
n
8 1 ( i 1) 8n 8
b: f ( xi ) x xi e xi x (1 (i 1) ) e
n n
n
n
8 1 (i 1) 8n 8
c: " area " lim f ( xi ) x lim (1 (i 1) ) e
n n
i 1
i 1 n n
Assignment 26
a: 0 t 25 sec: v(t ) 0.2 litre/s
We have a constant flow so the volume = v*time=0.2*25=5 litre
t 25
b: 25 t 35 sec: v(t ) 0, 2 e 5
litre/s
The flow is not constant so:
Divide [25,35] in n equal parts, width t
This gives partition: t1 25 , t2 , t3 , . . . ti , . . ., tn 1 35
ti 25
Contribution from rectangle i is: v(ti )t 0, 2 e 5
t
n n t 25 35 t 25
i
Volume = Lim v(t )t Lim 0, 2 e
n i 1
i
n
i 1
5
t 0, 2 e 5
dt
25
t 25
We calculate the integral by rule 2.3, substitution y and we find 0.8647 litre.
5
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