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PAM and PCM - END OF Sheet

The document discusses sampling theory and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). It describes the sampling process, aliasing, and the Nyquist theorem. It then discusses PAM and shows a figure of a PAM signal. It also discusses pulse code modulation (PCM), including the basic operations of sampling, quantization, encoding, and regeneration along the transmission path and in the receiver.

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Md. Mahmudul Hasan Rabbi 0242220005131149
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14 views6 pages

PAM and PCM - END OF Sheet

The document discusses sampling theory and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). It describes the sampling process, aliasing, and the Nyquist theorem. It then discusses PAM and shows a figure of a PAM signal. It also discusses pulse code modulation (PCM), including the basic operations of sampling, quantization, encoding, and regeneration along the transmission path and in the receiver.

Uploaded by

Md. Mahmudul Hasan Rabbi 0242220005131149
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling Process:

Sampling Theory and Nyquist theorem (Nyquist Rate)


Aliasing is produced by the sampling process. Aliasing refers to the phenomenon of a high-frequency
component in the spectrum of the signal seemingly taking on the identity of a lower frequency in the
spectrum of its sampled version, as illustrated in Fig.-1. The aliasing occurred when a signal is sampled at
lower rate that is required by Nyquist theorem.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):

In pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), the amplitudes of regularly spaced pulses are varied in proportion to the
corresponding sample values of a continuous message signal; the pulses can be of a rectangular form or some
other appropriate shape. Pulse-amplitude modulation as defined here is somewhat similar to natural sampling,
where the message signal is multiplied by a periodic train of rectangular pulses. In natural sampling, however,
the top of each modulated rectangular pulse is permitted to vary with the message signal, whereas in PAM it is
maintained flat.

Figure5.5: PAM

Pulse-Code Modulation:
In pulse code modulation (PCM), a message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulses, which
is accomplished by representing the signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude.

The basic operations performed in the transmitter of a PCM system are sampling, quantization, and encoding,
as shown in Fig. 5.11(a). The basic operations in the receiver are regeneration of impaired signals, decoding,
and reconstruction of the train of quantized samples, as shown in Fig. 5.11(c). Regeneration also occurs at
intermediate points along the transmission path as necessary, as indicated
in Fig. 5.11(b).
Low pass Filter: Low pass filter is to pevent the aliasing of the message signal.

Sampling : The incoming message (baseband) signal is sampled with a train of rectangular pulses. To
ensure perfect reconstruction of the message signal at the receiver, the sampling rate must be greater than
twice the highest frequency component W of the message signal in accordance with the sampling theorem.
In practice, an anti-alias (low-pass) filter is used at the front end of the sampler in order to exclude
frequencies greater than W before sampling .

Quantization: quantization is the process by which sampled signal is discretized along its amplitude. The
sampled version of the message signal is then quantized, thereby providing a new representation of the
signal that is discrete in both time and amplitude. The quantization process may follow a uniform law. In
certain applications, however, it is preferable to use a variable separation between the representation
levels. By using a nonuniform quantizer with the feature that the step size increases as the separation
from the origin of the input–output amplitude characteristic is increased.

Encoder: To exploit the advantages of sampling and quantization for the purpose of making the
transmitted signal more robust to noise, interference and other channel degradations, we require the use
of an encoding process to translate the discrete set of sample values to a more appropriate form of signal.
Any plan for representing this discrete set of values as a particular arrangement of discrete events is called
a code.

Regeneration along with the transmission path:

The most important feature of a PCM system lies in the ability to control the effects of distortion and noise
produced by transmitting a PCM signal over a channel. This capability is accomplished by reconstructing
the PCM signal by means of a chain of regenerative repeaters located at sufficiently close spacing along
the transmission route. As illustrated in Fig. 5.13, three basic functions are performed by a regenerative
repeater: equalization,timing, and decision making.
Operation in Receiver:

(i)Decoding and Expanding:


The first operation in the receiver is to regenerate (i.e., reshape and clean up) the received pulses. These clean
pulses are then regrouped into code words and decoded (i.e., mapped back) into a quantized PAM signal. The
decoding process involves generating a pulse whose amplitude is the linear sum of all the pulses in the code
word.

(ii)Reconstruction
The final operation in the receiver is to recover the message signal. This operation is achieved by passing the
expander output through a low-pass reconstruction filter whose cutoff frequency is equal to the message
bandwidth. Recovery of the message signal is intended to signify estimation rather than exact reconstruction

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