REVIEW: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING, PRINCIPLES

OF TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING,

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND METHODS

PROBABILITY

CONCEPTS Permutation = Arrangement

Probability is the Mathematics of chance Permutation of n things taken n at a time.

Learn how to differentiate n sila and aarange mo on n slots.
• Probability Experiment
• Trial nPn = n!
• Outcome
• Sample Space Permutation of n things taken r at a time.
• Event
For 2 coins, how many outcomes are there? nPr = n!
(n – r )!
Types of Probability
1. Classical Permutations of n objects when some objects are
2. Empirical identical.
3. Subjective
n! ( p, q, r ... objects na may kamukha )
Probability Grammar p! q! r!
1. AND is MULTIPLY
2. OR is ADD Cyclical Permutation

Probability Rules NCYCLICAL = ( n-1 )!

1. P ranges from 0 to 1
2. P = 0 means it won’t happen Combination = Grouping
3. P = 1 means it will surely happen
4. Sum of all Probabilities in a sample space is 1 Combination of n things taken r at a time.
5. Sum of Contrasting Probabilities = 1
6. P of Population = P of Group = P of 1 person
7. Law of large numbers nCr = n! = nPr
( n - r )! r! r!
Sample Spaces
Applications
How to Count Sample Spaces
1. Tree Diagram APPLICATIONS
2. Tables
3. Mathematical PROBABILITY

When do we add? What is the probability of winning the 6/47 lotto?

When we talk about multiple events either MU or
not MU To win the lotto, you need to get the winning combination.
When do we multiply? There are how many combination? 47C6. And only 1
When we have multiple trials either dependent or winning combination.
independent
What is Conditional Probability?
When we give new information that will affect the ONE AT A TIME
outcome
1. In how many ways can you invite 1 or more of your 5
COUNTING SPACES friends to your party?

1. Fundamental Counting Rule

2. Permutation ARRANGEMENT w/in AN ARRANGEMENT
3. Combination
1.) In how many ways can you arrange 3 Math books and 4
Design books, if the Math books must be together?

DEDUCTING / DAGDAG – BAWAS

 REVIEW: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING, PRINCIPLES
OF TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING,
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND METHODS

PROBABILITY

PWIN = Desired Outcome

1.) In a row of 5 chairs, how many ways can you arrange 5 Total Outcomes
students if 2 of them must now sit together?

TO HAPPEN AT LEAST ONCE / KAHIT MINSAN LANG PWIN = Outcome in favor

Outcome in favor + Outcome not in favor
1.) Kobe Bryant has a 70% free throw shooting percentage.
If he shoots 3 free thtows, what is the probability that he
makes at least one? EXPECTATIONS

Let’s roll a dice, if it’s a 1 or 2, you win P6.00 ( P4.00

BIRTHDAY PROBLEM winnings plus P2.00 balik-taya ). Each roll, you have to pay
P2.00. Is it a good bet?
1.) In a group of 3 friends, what is the probability that 2 of
them have the same birthday? Ex = ∑ Xn ( Pn )
Xn = cost/value
REPEATED TRIALS Pn = probability

1. In a 5 item exam, w/ 4 choices each item. What is the

probability that you get: Sample Problems:

a) Exactly 3 correct answers 1. A probability can only range from:

b) At least 3 correct answers
c) A perfect score a.) 0 to 1
b.) 10 to 100
BAYES’ THEOREM c.) -10 to 10
d.) -1 to +1
1.) Bag 1 has 2 red balls and 1 blue ball. Bag 2 has
1 red ball and 3 blue balls. A coin is tossed ; if it is 2. What do you call rolling a die?
Heads, you choose Bag 1 and pick a ball at random. If
Tail, you pick from Bag 2. If a res ball is selected what is a.) Repeated Experiment
the probability that it came from Bag 2? b.) Sample Experiment
c.) Probability Experiment
d.) Infinite Experiment
MARK, VINCE & VINCENT
1. Mark, Vince & Vincent take turns in tossing coins until 3. When a die rolled, the probability of getting an 8 is?
someone gets a Head and wins. What is the probability
that Vince wins? a.) 1 c.) 0
b.) 2 d.) 3
ODDS
4. If a letter is selected at random from LOS
ANGELES, What is the probability of getting an “L”?

a.) 10% c.) 30%

b.) 20% d.) 40%

5. In a Review Class of 80 students, 70 passes the

Board Exam. If a student is selected at random.
Ding, nasaan ang bato? What is the probability that he passed?

What is the probability that you pick the right cup? 1 out of 3. a.) 7/8 c.) 10/12
Each cup has 1/3 chance of being the right one. b.) 2/3 d.) 1/2

OddsTO WIIN = Outcome in favor

Outcome not in favor
 REVIEW: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING, PRINCIPLES
OF TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING,
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND METHODS

PROBABILITY

6. If you toss 1coin and 1 die, how many possible

outcomes are there? a.) 56, 64 c.) 56, 72
b.) 64, 56 d.) 72, 56
a.) 12 c.) 10
b.) 6 d.) 14 16. Vince will study tomorrow; how many different ways
can he choose 3 books to study. One from 6 Math
7. If a card is selected at random from a deck of 52 books, 1 from 4 Design books and 1 from 3
cards. The probability that it is a red face card is? Hydraulics books?

a.) 1/13 c.) 3/26 a.) 36 c.) 72

b.) 2/13 d.) 6/13 b.) 144 d.) 108

8. Two dice are rolled. What is the probability that the 17. How many ways can you form a 5-man team from
sum of the 2 is greater than eight? 12 people?
a.) 1/4 c.) 1/6
b.) 5/18 d.) 11/36 a.) 95040 c.) 5040
b.) 792 d.) 252
9. A card is picked at random from a deck. Find the
probability that it is a Face card or a Spade? 18. If the probability of something to happen is 1/3, then
what is the odds that it will happen?
a.) 11/26 c.) 23/52
b.) 11/52 d.) 25/52 a.) 1 : 3 c.) 1 : 1
b.) 1 : 4 d.) 1 : 2
10. When you toss 3 coins. What is the probability that
you get exactly 3 heads? 19. What are the odds if the game is fair?

a.) 1/4 c.) 1/2 a.) 1 : 2 c.) 0 : 0

b.) 3/8 d.) 1/8 b.) 1 : 1 d.) 2 : 3

11. If 4% of laptops sold are defective. What is the 20. When you toss 3 coins, what is the expected value
possibility of selecting 3 laptops that are not for the number of Head?
defective?
a.) 1 c.) 2
a.) 0.115 c.) 0.775 b.) 1.5 d.) 2.25
b.) 0.885 d.) 0.225
21. 3 cards are selected from a deck at random w/o
12. What is 0!? replacement. What is the probability of getting all
red cards?
a.) 0 c.) 1
b.) e d.) 2 a.) 2/17 c.) 3/17
b.) 1/17 d.) 4/17
13. What comes next: 1, 1, 1/2, 1/6, 1/24, x?
22. The probability of an event happening when the
a.) 1/26 c.) 1/30 odds against it is 5 Is?
b.) 1/120 d.) 1/100
a.) 1/5 c.) 1/4
14. How many 4-digit student numbers can be made b.) 1/6 d.) 1/7
using 1 to 9, if repetition are allowed?
23. If I toss a coin twice, what is the chance that:
a.) 3024 c.) 5184 a.) the result are both Head.
b.) 6561 d.) 2520
a) 1/2 c.) 3/4
15. How many ways can a person enter and leave a b) 1/4 d.) 1/8
room w/ 8 doors if a.) he can use a door once b.) he
can use a door twice. 24. The result is one Head & one Tail. (From 32)
 REVIEW: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING, PRINCIPLES
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PROBABILITY

a.) 1/2 c.) 3/4 a.) 729 c.) 504

b.) 1/4 d.) 1/8 b.) 648 d.) 576

25. The result is 1 Head then 1 Tail. (From 32) 34. Without repetition. (From 42)

a.) 1/2 c.) 3/4 a.) 504 c.) 448

b.) 1/4 d.) 1/8 b.) 336 d.) 576

26. A bag has 3 red balls and 5 green balls. If two balls 35. How many even 3-digit numbers can be formed
are picked in succession w/o replacement. What using the digits 1 to 9, if repetition is not allowed?
are the chances that:
a.) Both are red. a.) 360 c.) 504
b.) 224 d.) 448
a.) 1/7 c.) 3/56
b.) 3/28 d.) 1/14 36. How many even 3-digit numbers can be formed
from digits 0 to 9, if repetition is not allowed?
27. One is red and one is green. (From 35)
a.) 328 c.) 256
a.) 15/56 c.) 3/28 b.) 360 d.) 300
b.) 5/28 d.) 15/28
37. How many ways can 4 cards from a deck of cards
28. Two balls are of the same color. (From 35) can be arranged?

a.) 11/28 c.) 13/28 a.) 6497400 c.) 7311616

b.) 15/28 d.) 17/28 b.) 270725 d.) 6895200

29. There is an exam of 10 items, w/ a multiple choice 38. How many permutations can be made from the
of 4 options. What is the probability that I will get word “LAKERS” taken 2 at a time?
exactly 7 correct answers?
a.) 24 c.) 33
a.) 0.002 c.) 0.004 b.) 28 d.) 30
b.) 0.003 d.) 0.005
39. How many permutations can be made from the
30. What is the probability that I will get at least 7 word “APPLE” taken 3 at a time?
correct answers? (From 38)
a.) 33 c.) 24
a.) 0.0034 c.) 0.0035 b.) 30 d.) 36
b.) 0.0033 d.) 0.0036
40. In how many ways can 7 men be seated in a round
31. You have an 80% of passing each of the 3 subjects table w/ 7 seats?
of the board exam. What is the chance that you will a.) 720 c.) 360
pass at least one subject? b.) 5040 d.) 2520

a.) 123/125 c.) 124/125 41. In how many ways can 4 students be arranged in a
b.) 1/125 d.) 2/125 square table 4 seats?

32. How many 2-digit numbers can be formed by the a.) 24 c.) 6
use of digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 w/o repetition? b.) 12 d.) 18

a.) 20 c.) 36 42. In how many ways can 11 people be seated in a

b.) 30 d.) 25 round table w/ 8 seats?

33. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed by the a.) 40320 c.) 831600
use of the 1st 9 integers, if repetition is allowed? b.) 6652800 d.) 5040
 REVIEW: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING, PRINCIPLES
OF TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING,
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND METHODS

PROBABILITY

51. How many possible line segments can be formed

43. Solve for n if nC12 = nC3? by 14 distinct points?

a.) 14 c.) 16 a.) 182 c.) 105

b.) 15 d.) 17 b.) 91 d.) 210

44. How many group of 4 men can be formed out of 10 52. In how many ways can a hostess select 6 guests
men? from 10 women if she is to avoid having a particular
2 of them together?
a.) 210 c.) 5040
b.) 105 d.) 2520 a.) 140 c.) 180
b.) 160 d.) 200
45. What is the probability of winning the 6/42 lotto?
53. How many ways can you invite 1 or more of your 5
a.) 1/5245786 friends to a party?
b.) 1/2622893
c.) 6/5245786 a.) 31 c.) 32
d.) 3/5245786 b.) 30 d.) 29

46. How many two-digit combinations can be formed 54. Four different colored cards can be arranged in a
using the digits 1 to 9? row to make a colored pattern. How many patterns
can be made if a pattern consist 1 or more cards?
a.) 72 c.) 36
b.) 18 d.) 81 a.) 24 c.) 63
b.) 64 d.) 23
55-a) How many 3 letter combinations can be formed
from the letters of the alphabet? 55. Four couples are to be seated at a round table w/
boys & girls alternating. How many ways can they
a.) 2600 c.) 5200 be seated? A pair must seat w/ each other.
b.) 15600 d.) 7800
a.) 24 c.) 18
47. How many 3 letter combinations can be made from b.) 36 d.) 12
the word APPLE?
56. 10 students, 5 boys and 5 girls, are to be seated at
a.) 5 c.) 9 a round table alternately. How many ways can they
b.) 7 d.) 11 be seated?

48. How many combinations can be made from 8 men

and 9 women for a 6-people group? a.) 1440 c.) 720
b.) 2880 d.) 5040
a.) 8008 c.) 12376
b.) 5005 d.) 18564 57. How many triangles can be formed from 8 non
collinear points?
49. If 3 must be men and 3 must be women?
a.) 336 c.) 28
a.) 3528 c.) 2520 b.) 56 d.) 112
b.) 4704 d.) 5005
58. There are 11 contestants in a Badminton
50. How many ways can 3 men and 4 women be competition w/c will play in a single round robin
seated on a bench if the women are to be together? elimination. What is the minimum number of days
can they finish the elimination if no player must play
a.) 144 c.) 576 more than once per day?
b.) 288 d.) 1152
a.) 10 c.) 12
b.) 11 d.) 13
 REVIEW: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING, PRINCIPLES
OF TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING,
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND METHODS

PROBABILITY

67. To motivate his girlfriend, Paul offers to buy her an

59. Roll a pair of dice once. What is the probability that iPhone if she wins 2 Dota games in a row, in a 3
the sum is 9? game series against him and the Champion,
alternately. The champion is better than Paul.
a.) 1/9 c.) 1/6 Which set should she choose?
b.) 5/36 d.) 7/36
a.) PCP c.) EITHER
60. The probability that both function of a 2 function b.) CPC d.) NEITHER
machine works correctly is .93. The probability of
the 1st machine to function is .97. What is the 68. When you toss 100 coins. What is the probability
reliability of the 2nd function? that 60 will be head?

a.) 0.95 c.) 0.94 a.) 0.01 c.) 0.03

b.) 0.96 d.) 0.92 b.) 0.02 d.) 0.04

61. A man invites 12 friends to his house. How many 69. Which of the following is more probable?
ways can he do it if 2 of his friends are a couple, so
they must be invited together? a.) Get at least one six when 6 dice are rolled
b.) Get at least two six when 12 dice are rolled
a.) 2048 c.) 1024 c.) Both
b.) 2047 d.) 1023 d.) None

62. If they are newly broken-up couple and must not 70. If contestants A, B, C & D are in a beauty contest
meet in the party? (From 70) and there are no other contestants. What is the
probability that A or D wins? If probability of A =
a.) 2048 c.) 1024 1/2, B = 1/3 and C = 1/24.
b.) 2047 d.) 1023
a.) 3/8 c.) 5/8
63. How many ways can you sit 10 students in a round b.) 1/2 d.) 3/4
table if 3 must sit together?
71. How many ways can you arrange the letters in the
a.) 241920 c.) 15120 word SAMIE if the vowels must be together?
b.) 30240 d.) 10080
a.) 72 c.) 36
64. When you select a 2-digit number, what is the b.) 24 d.) 54
probability that it is divisible by 7?
72. There are 6 routes from your boarding house to the
a.) 7/45 c.) 2/15 review center. How many ways can you come to
b.) 13/90 d.) 1/6 the review enter and back home using a route only
once?
65. There are 20 defective items per 1000 of a product.
What is the probability that there is 1 defective in a a.) 36 c.) 42
batch of 100? b.) 30 d.) 48

a.) 0.26 c.) 0.25 73. In a gambling table, a man gets P 5.00 if he gets all
b.) 0.28 d.) 0.27 heads or all tails when 3 coins are tossed, and pays
P 3.00 if only one or 2 heads show. What is the
expected gain or loss per toss?
66. A bag has red balls and green balls. If two balls are
picked in random, the probability that they are both a.) Loss of P 1.00
red is 1/2. What is the minimum number of balls? b.) Gain of P 1.00
c.) Loss of P 2.00
a.) 34 c.) 21 d.) Gain of P 2.00
b.) 24 d.) 49
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CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND METHODS

PROBABILITY

74. A group of 5 men will be formed from a selection of a.) 2/7 c.) 1/4
15 men which includes John. How many of these b.) 3/7 d.) 1/5
groups will include John?
82. A dart 12 inches in radius has a bull’s eye of 1 inch
a.) 1001 c.) 960 radius. What is the probability that you hit the bull’s
b.) 1234 d.) 1200 eye?

75. How many ways can you arrange the letters of the a.) 1/144 c.) 1/72
word SHOUTER if the 1st letter must be a b.) 1/12 d.) 1/108
consonant and no consonants must be adjacent to
the other? 83. A three-man jury has two members each of whom
independently has a probability of P of making the
a.) 144 c.) 576 correct decision and a third member who flips a
b.) 288 d.) 72 coin for each decision (Majority rules). A one-man
jury has probability P of making the correct
76. 4 Cards are drawn from a deck of cards. Find the decision. Which jury has the better probability of
probability that they are of the same suite? making the correct decision?

a.) 11/4165 c.) 22/4165 a.) Three-man jury c.) Neither

b.) 44/4165 d.) 33/4165 b.) One-manjury

77. A single dice is WEIGHTED so that each even 84. If a chord is selected from a circle. What is the
number is twice as likely to appear than any odd probability that it is longer than the radius?
number. If it is rolled once, what is the probability
that it is a prime number? a.) 1/2 c.) 1/3
b.) 2/3 d.) 3/4
a.) 1/3 c.) 5/9
b.) 4/9 d.) 2/3 85. A particle is at x = 1 at the x-axis. If he goes to x = 0
then it will be destroyed. Based on the available
78. Twenty-three Ping Pong balls are put in a bag. If 2 data, this particle has a 1/3 chance to move to 0.
balls are drawn at random, what is the probability What is the probability that it will be escape?
that both are odd?
a.) 1/3 c.) 1/2
a.) 12/23 c.) 11/23 b.) 1/4 d.) 1/5
b.) 6/23 d.) 13/23
86. A man is one step from falling off of a tower. The
79. There are 4 Math and 4 Design books. How many probability that he moves toward is 1/4 and away is
can you arrange them if the subjects must be kept 3/4. What is the probability that he will be safe?
together?
a.) 2/3 c.) 1/4
a.) 576 c.) 1152 b.) 1/3 d.) 3/4
b.) 288 d.) 864
87. Say there are 20 MLBB heroes. How many should
80. The probability the Mico will win a Dota match is you ask so that the probability that at least 2 of
1/4. If he plays twice, what are the odds that he them would have the same hero be greater than
wins the 1st game and loses the 2nd. 1/2.

a.) 3 : 16 c.) 3 :10 a.) 5 c.) 7

b.) 3 : 13 d.) 3 : 14 b.) 6 d.) 8

81. A man is known to speak the truth 2 out of 3 times. 88. So that the probability that at least 1 of them will
He throws a die and reports that the number share the same favorite character as you is 1/2?
obtained is 5. Find the probability that the number (From 116)
obtained is actually 5.
a.) 11 c.) 13
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PROBABILITY

b.) 12 d.) 14

89. Kobe has a 50% three-point percentage during

practice. If he keeps on shooting until he makes a
shot, then how many shots should he expect to
miss first to make one shot.
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4

90. There are n people at a circular table in a Filipino

restaurant. On the table, there are n different dishes
arranged on a Lazy Susan. Each person starts
eating the dish in front of him. If someone spins the
Lazy Susan so that everyone is faced with a
random dish. What is the expected number of
people that end up with their original dish?
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4