UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY

(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)

City of Iriga

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

NAME: MIDN 3CL SADANG MARK JHED F

COURSE/YR/SECTION: BSMT-2B

𝗜𝗖𝗧 𝗔 : 𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 1

1. Research about main features of data processing.

Data Processing

 Is a technique for gathering unprocessed data and turning it into information that may be use. An organization's team
of data scientists and data engineers often performs it in a step-by-step manner. The unprocessed data is gathered,
sorted, processed, examined, and stored before being provided in a legible way. Data processing is essential for
organizations to create better business strategies and increase their competitive edge. By converting the data into
readable formats like graphs, charts, and documents, employees throughout the organization can understand and use
the data.

All About the Data Processing Cycle

 The data processing cycle consists of a series of steps where raw data
(input) is fed into a system to produce actionable insights (output).
Each step is taken in a specific order, but the entire process is repeated
in a cyclic manner. The first data processing cycle's output can be
stored and fed as the input for the next cycle, as the illustration below
shows us.

Generally, there are six main steps in the data processing cycle:

Fig: Data Processing Cycle

Step 1: Collection

The collection of raw data is the first step of the data processing cycle. The type of raw data collected has a huge impact on
the output produced. Hence, raw data should be gathered from defined and accurate sources so that the subsequent findings
are valid and usable. Raw data can include monetary figures, website cookies, profit/loss statements of a company, user
behavior, etc.

Step 2: Preparation

Data preparation or data cleaning is the process of sorting and filtering the raw data to remove unnecessary and inaccurate
data. Raw data is checked for errors, duplication, miscalculations or missing data, and transformed into a suitable form for
further analysis and processing. This is done to ensure that only the highest quality data is fed into the processing unit.

The purpose of this step to remove bad data (redundant, incomplete, or incorrect data) so as to begin assembling high-quality
information so that it can be used in the best possible way for business intelligence.

Step 3: Input

In this step, the raw data is converted into machine readable form and fed into the processing unit. This can be in the form of
data entry through a keyboard, scanner or any other input source.
 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

Step 4: Data Processing

In this step, the raw data is subjected to various data processing methods using machine learning and artificial intelligence
algorithms to generate a desirable output. This step may vary slightly from process to process depending on the source of data
being processed (data lakes, online databases, connected devices, etc.) and the intended use of the output.

Step 5: Output

The data is finally transmitted and displayed to the user in a readable form like graphs, tables, vector files, audio, video,
documents, etc. This output can be stored and further processed in the next data processing cycle.

Step 6: Storage

The last step of the data processing cycle is storage, where data and metadata are stored for further use. This allows for quick
access and retrieval of information whenever needed, and also allows it to be used as input in the next data processing cycle
directly.

Now that we have learned what is data processing and its cycle, now we can look at the types.

Types of Data Processing

There are different types of data processing based on the source of data and the steps taken by the processing unit to generate
an output. There is no one-size-fits-all method that can be used for processing raw data.

Type Uses
Batch Processing Data is collected and processed in batches. Used for large amounts of data.

Eg: payroll system

Real-time Data is processed within seconds when the input is given. Used for small amounts of data.
Processing
Eg: withdrawing money from ATM
Online Processing Data is automatically fed into the CPU as soon as it becomes available. Used for continuous
processing of data.

Eg: barcode scanning

Multiprocessing Data is broken down into frames and processed using two or more CPUs within a single computer
system. Also known as parallel processing.

Eg: weather forecasting

Time-sharing Allocates computer resources and data in time slots to several users simultaneously.

Data Processing Methods

There are three main data processing methods - manual, mechanical and electronic.

Manual Data Processing

This data processing method is handled manually. The entire process of data collection, filtering, sorting, calculation, and
other logical operations are all done with human intervention and without the use of any other electronic device or automation
software. It is a low-cost method and requires little to no tools, but produces high errors, high labor costs, and lots of time and
tedium.

Mechanical Data Processing

Data is processed mechanically through the use of devices and machines. These can include simple devices such as
calculators, typewriters, printing press, etc. Simple data processing operations can be achieved with this method. It has much
lesser errors than manual data processing, but the increase of data has made this method more complex and difficult.
 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

Electronic Data Processing

Data is processed with modern technologies using data processing software and programs. A set of instructions is given to the
software to process the data and yield output. This method is the most expensive but provides the fastest processing speeds
with the highest reliability and accuracy of output.

Examples of Data Processing

Data processing occurs in our daily lives whether we may be aware of it or not. Here are some real-life examples of data
processing:

 A stock trading software that converts millions of stock data into a simple graph
 An e-commerce company uses the search history of customers to recommend similar products
 A digital marketing company uses demographic data of people to strategize location-specific campaigns
 A self-driving car uses real-time data from sensors to detect if there are pedestrians and other cars on the road

2. Research on the application of appropriate computer software of data processing and networking on-board ship.

An introduction to computer networks on board ships

 A digital shipping industry means computer networks are vital to your performance. Here’s an introduction to how
they work, and what to consider when you design them. Though surrounded by water, computer networks on board
vessels are similar to those found in any other industrial environment, like factories or airplanes. But there are some
maritime-specific considerations you need to make. This article will address those. Our goal is for you to know what
matters at sea, so that you know what to consider for your digital infrastructure. Once installed, it will be with you for
years, so it’s important to get it right.

First, we’ll look at what a basic computer network on a ship might consist of. Then we’ll talk about what sort of hardware
you should opt for at sea.

Common Applications

 Ships contain a wide variety of machinery and equipment which are running literally round the clock. Since it is
critical that these machineries keep running smoothly, it is utterly necessary to keep a close check on the various
parameters which could blow the whistle if anything seems to be going wrong. There are hundreds of such
parameters such as range of temperatures, pressures, flow rates, level changes and so forth. Earlier such records used
to be recorded manually in books and it is still the practice in most cases. Over a period of time computers would take
over and it would be much easier to store, retrieve, transmit, analyse and interpret this data for later purposes with the
use of computers and related paraphernalia. This would increase reliability and efficiency of record keeping and in
turn would improve performance.
 Similarly non-technical data exists in abundance such as inventory of spares, spares used, spares changed,
consumables purchased, lubricating oil inventory and usage, fuel oil usage and inventory. This data can also be stored
with ease and can be visualized graphically in the form of graphs and charts which would give the trends in
utilization over a period of time. Likewise spares parts inventory control can be done much more effectively when
computer power is utilized for the purpose.
 PMS stands for planned maintenance system and refers to the process of carrying out routine maintenance operations
on various machineries based on different parameters such as manufacturer’s instructions, running hours, timeframe
and past experience. Since the list of small parts which need to be serviced can easily run into thousands, it would be
very difficult if not impossible to remember each and every part. In a computer based PMS application, the system
itself generates a list of items that are due for maintenance and any other reminders. Apart from that the parts which
have been serviced are documented in the PMS with any relevant comments/suggestions which could be of immense
use when the next opportunity arises and new staff is on board.
 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

The key components of the ship’s IT network

Vessels come in all shapes and sizes. So do their computer networks.

What follows is a run-through of the core components on which all on-board computer networks are based.

Above: A simplified computer network, including a selection of peripherals

(marked in white).

Modem

Assuming the vessel has an Internet connection, the first device on the network is the modem. Vessels can connect to the
internet via different platforms (usually 4G/5G or satellite), but they all require a modem.

Router

The router does two things:

1. It enables the local network to share a single Internet connection (from the modem).
2. The router creates a subnet. The router does this by assigning names (IP addresses) to every unit on the local network
(LAN). Once each unit is given a unique name, the router can route the traffic to and from them.

Switch

Once the router has established the network and assigned names to the connected units, the switch physically directs traffic
within the local network. Another way to look at it: The router connects your network to other networks. The switch connects
units within your network.

Example: If you’re in Japan and want to send a message via email to your colleague in the UK, the router will direct it
towards your overseas colleague. But if you wish to print the same text from the printer on your local network, the message
will find its way there via the switch.

Below: Connecting your Local Area Network (LAN) to a Wide Area Network (WAN) / the Internet.
 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

Server

As the name suggests, the server serves its users by providing access to shared resources like the network operating system,
applications, and data. It also processes data from sensors and devices, such as CCTV cameras or sonars, before forwarding it
to the appropriate output units (monitors).

Clients (users)

The units that allow you to access and use the network are known as clients. These include laptops, computers, cell phones
and PLCs. All clients have processing power and can send and/or receive data to/from the network. Clients have unique IP
addresses.

Cables/wires

Data passes through the network via cables, also referred to as wires. Common examples are coaxial cables and fiberoptic
cables. Today, most networks consist of a combination of hardwired and wireless connections.

Peripherals

We divide peripherals into three categories:

1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Storage Devices

Input devices include cameras, keyboards, mouse’s and sensors. Output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers.
Storage devices can be anything from hard drives to USB memory sticks.

Peripherals aren’t technically part of the network, but you can’t use the network without them. The whole point of a network
is to send and/or receive data, which requires inputs and outputs.

The illustration further up presents a selection of peripherals in the context of the computer network.