ENGGMATH 5

Engineering Data
Analysis
ENGR. JANINA CHRISTELLE C. ORMITA
FACULTY, CE DEPARTMENT
ENGG
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 PRELIM TOPICS
1. OBTAINING DATA
1.1 Methods of Data Collection
1.2 Planning and Conducting Surveys
1.3. Introduction to Design Experiments

2. PROBABILITY
2.1 Relationship among Events ENGG
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2.2 Rules of Probability 5
 PRELIM TOPICS
3. Discrete Probability Distribution
3.1 Random Variables
3.2 Cumulative Distribution
3.3 Binomial Distribution
3.4 Poisson Distribution
4. Continuous Probability Distribution
4.1 Continuous Random Variables
4.2 Normal and Exponential ENGG
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Distribution 5
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring

information on variables of interest, in an established systematic
fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, ENGG
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test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. 5
 TYPES OF DATA
1. PRIMARY DATA
data which are collected a fresh and for
the first time and thus happen to be
original in character and known as
PRIMARY DATA.

2. SECONDARY DATA
data which have been collected by someone else
and which have already been passed through the ENGG
statistical process. MATH
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 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
PRIMARY DATA

1. Observation
2. Interview
3. Questionnaire
4. Case Study
5. Survey

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 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

OBSERVATION

Observation method is a method under

which data from the field is collected with the help
of observation by the observer or by personally
going to the field.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Subjective bias eliminated Time consuming
Current information Limited information
Independent to respondent’s Unforeseen factors
variable ENGG
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 TYPES OF OBSERVATION

STRUCTURED and
UNSTRUCTURED
1. Structured Observation
when observation is done by characterizing style of recording
the observed information, standardized conditions of
observation , definition of the units to be observed , selection
of pertinent data of observation.
Example: An auditor performing inventory analysis in store

2. Unstructured Observation
when observation is done without any thought before
observation.
Example: Observing children playing with new toys. ENGG
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 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
PARTICIPANT and
NON-PARTICIPANT
1. Participant
when the Observer is member of the group which he is
observing.
Advantages: 1. Observation of natural behavior
2. Closeness with the group
3. Better understanding

2. Non-participant
when observer is observing people without giving any
information to them.
Advantages: 1. Objectivity and neutrality ENGG
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2. More willingness of the respondent 5
 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
CONTROLLED and UNCONTROLLED
1. Uncontrolled
when the observation takes place in natural condition. It is
done to get spontaneous picture of life and persons.

2. Controlled
when observation takes place according to definite pre
arranged plans , with experimental procedure then it is
controlled observation generally done in laboratory under
controlled condition.

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 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

INTERVIEW METHOD
INTERVIEW METHOD
This method of collecting data
involves presentation or oral-verbal
stimuli and reply in terms of
oral-verbal responses.

Interview Method is an oral verbal communication where

interviewer asks questions (which are aimed to get
information required for study) to respondent.

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 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
• Personal interviews : The interviewer asks questions
generally in a face to face contact to the other person or
persons.
• Structured interviews : in this case, a set of pre- decided
questions are there.
• Unstructured interviews : in this case, we don’t follow a
system of pre-determined questions.
• Focused interviews : attention is focused on the given
experience of the respondent and its possible effects.
• Clinical interviews : concerned with broad underlying
feelings or motivations or with the course of individual’s life
experience, rather than with the effects of the specific
experience, as in the case of focused interview. ENGG
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 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
• Group interviews : a group of 6 to 8 individuals is
interviewed.
• Qualitative and quantitative interviews : divided on the
basis of subject matter i.e. whether qualitative or quantitative.
• Individual interviews : interviewer meets a single person
and interviews him.
• Selection interviews : done for the selection of people for
certain jobs.
• Depth interviews : it deliberately aims to elicit unconscious
as well as other types of material relating especially to
personality dynamics and motivations.
• Telephonic interviews : contacting samples on telephone.
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 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD
This method of data collection is quite
popular, particularly in case of big
enquiries.

The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are

expected to read and understand the questions and write
down the reply in the space meant for the purpose in the
questionnaire itself. The respondents have to answer the
questions on their own.
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 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Low cost even if the geographical area is Low rate of return of duly filled
too large questionnaire.

Answers are in respondents word so free Slowest method of data collection.

from bias.

Adequate time to think for answers. Difficult to know if the expected

respondent have filled the form or it is
filled by someone else.
Non approachable respondents may be
conveniently contacted.

Large samples can be used so results are ENGG

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more reliable. 5
 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

CASE STUDY METHOD

CASE STUDY METHOD is essentially
an intensive investigation of the
particular unit under consideration.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
They are less costly and less They are subject to selection bias
time-consuming; they are
advantageous when exposure data is
expensive or hard to obtain.
They are advantageous when studying They generally do not allow
dynamic populations in which calculation of incidence (absolute risk). ENGG
follow-up is difficult. MATH
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 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA

SURVEY METHOD
SURVEY METHOD is one of the
common methods of diagnosing and
solving of social problems is that of
undertaking surveys.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Relatively easy to administer Respondents may not feel encouraged
to provide accurate, honest answers
Can be developed in less time Surveys with closed-ended questions
(compared to other data-collection may have a lower validity rate than
methods) other question types.
Cost-effective, but cost depends on Data errors due to question
survey mode non-responses may exist. ENGG
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