TOPIC 7:

COMPUTER COMMUNICATION
Unit One: Introduction to Computer Communication

March 20 1
 Unit Objectives
To be able to know the:  Transmission media types.
 Definition of terminologies  Wireless Broadcast
associated with computer  Data Transmission
communication  Networking hardware
 Importance of computer  Communications software
communication  Network topologies
 Limitations of computer
communication

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Definition of terminologies
 Computer Communication
Computer communication is the transmission
of data and information over a channel
between two computers.
 Communications between computers can be
as simple as cabling two computers to the
same printer.

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 Definition of terminologies
 Computer Network
 A computer Network is a connection of two or more
computers and devices connected by channels so that they
can communicate with each other and share resources:
 Examples of resources
 data, a single internet connection,
 software,
 peripheral devices, processing power.

March 20 4
Definition of terminologies
 Encoding
This is the process through which Information
(e.g. data, text, voice or video) from the
sending device is converted into signals
which the communication medium can carry.

010110

Sending device Receiving device

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Definition of terminologies
 Transmission
This is the process through which the signals are
broad cast/ sent out through the medium to the
receiving device.
 Decoding
 This is the process through which the signals are
converted back into the information in its original
form in the receiving device.

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 Definition of terminologies
 Telecommunication refers to transmission of data and information
over a long-distance, eg television
 Teleprocessing: This refers to access and modification of computer
files located elsewhere.
 Downloading: To Download is to transfer a file to your computer from
another.
 Uploading means to transfer a file from your computer to another.
 Throughput refers to the rate of how much data is moved during a
certain amount of time.
 The amount of signals that can travel over a communications channel
sometimes is called the Bandwidth. The higher the bandwidth, the more
data and information the channel can transmit.

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 Definition of terminologies
 Data Encryption
 This is Process of converting data into coded form
(cypher text) to prevent it from being read or understood
by unauthorized people.
 Encrypted data is difficult to decode without a secret key
 Communications Software
 This refers to a set of instructions (software) needed by a
computer before it starts sending and receiving data from
other computers.

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 Importance of computer
communication
 It allows sharing of hardware like printers.
 It allows sharing of software between two or more
computers, hence reducing on cost.
 It allows sharing and transfer of data and information
stored on other computers on the network.
 Facilitate communications between people e.g. through
electronic-mail, Mobile phones,e.t.c.

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 Importance of computer
communication
 Computer communication has security & tight
control measures over data access.
 It enables online learning and collaborative
research.
 It allows access to common databases for
example in banks.
 Has enabled improved travel service through e-
bookings and e-reservation.
 Provides for online employment e.g.
telecommuting.
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 Limitations of computer
communication
 Data theft. If a computer is a standalone, physical access becomes
necessary for any kind of data theft. However, if a computer is on a
network, a computer hacker can get illegal access.
 Rapid Spread of Computer Viruses: If any computer system in a
network gets infected by computer virus, there is a possible threat of
other systems getting infected.
 Expensive Set Up: The initial set up cost of a computer network can be
high depending on the number of computers to be connected.
 Dependency on the Main File Server: In case the main File Server of a
computer network breaks down, the system becomes useless.

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 Limitations of computer
communication
 Exposure to External Exploits. Someone on a different computer can
send data to the computer in such a way as to attack it - make it lock up
or crash, make it slow down, or even take control of it.
 Automatic Downloads. If a computer is connected to a network, it's
easier to download and install software from the network onto the
computer without any human intervention. If the new software hasn't
been tested, it could cause unpredictable behavior.
 Computer Networks can Fail. Computer networks can be so powerful
and useful that it is very vital for them to be used. All of the computers
in an office building might become completely useless if a single
network component fails.

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 Transmission media
(Channels)
 Transmission media refers to the physical materials
that are used to transmit data between computers.
(Guided)
 For communications between computers that are
linked by cable, there are three choices:
 Twisted wire,
 Coaxial cable,
 Fiber optic line.

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 Twisted wire
Advantages:
 Twisted pair cable
 It is of low cost
comes  small in size
in two varieties:  easy to install
Shielded and  It is the most popular and
Unshielded Twisted generally the best for schools.
Pair (UTP). Disadvantage:
 UTP is the most  Subject to interference
 limited distance, usually less
popular
than 100 meters

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 Coaxial cable
 Coaxial cable consists of a single
copper wire surrounded by at
Advantages
least three layers:  Coaxial cable is insulated more heavily
 An insulating material than twisted-pair cable. So it is highly
 A woven or braided metal resistant to signal interference.
 Used for longer distances (300 – 600
 A plastic outer coating. meters)
 Cable TV wiring often uses  Transmits faster than UTP
coaxial cable because it can be Disadvantages
cabled over longer distances  Heavy & bulky
than twisted-pair cable.  Needs booster over longer
distances

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Fiber Optic Cable
 Each strand, called an optical
fiber, is as thin as a human hair. Advantages:
 Each optical fiber is surrounded  Carry significantly more signals than other
by an insulating glass cladding cables.
and a protective coating.  Faster data transmission.
 Fiber-optic cables are used by  Less vulnerable to electrical noise from
many local and long-distance other devices
telephone companies, cable TV,  Better security for signals during
and in high-traffic networks or transmission.
as the main cable in a network.  Smaller size, and much thinner and lighter
than other cables.
Disadvantages:
 Expensive as compared to other media
 Harder to install and modify.
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 Wireless Broadcast
 Wireless telecommunications (unguided) technologies
transport digital communications without cables between
communications devices.
 Wireless transmission media used in communications include
broadcast radio, cellular radio, microwaves, communications
satellites, and infrared & bluetooth.
 Wireless transmission is more convenient than installing
cables but it has Slower data transfer than hard-wired
methods and it is also Subject to interference

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 Microwave
 Microwaves are high-frequency radio waves that are sent through
the atmosphere and space to deliver telecommunications services,
including TV distribution. It is dependent on line of sight.
 Advantage:
 Speed of light
 Microwave signals can carry thousands of channels at the same
time
 Disadvantage:
 Line-of-sight only-
(there is need for radio transmitters
in networks using air interface (radio waves)
to be positioned free of obstacles)

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 Satellite
 A satellite is basically a
microwave station placed in
outer space. The satellite
receives a signal from the earth,
amplifies it, and then
rebroadcasts it at a different
frequency to any number of
earth-based stations.
 Advantage: Always in sight
 Disadvantage: Expensive uplink
and downlink facilities
 Infrared and Bluetooth
 IrDA (Infrared Data Association) ports transmit data via infrared light
waves. As long as the devices are within a few feet and nothing
obstructs the path of the
 infrared light wave, data can be transferred without the use of cables.
 Bluetooth port is an alternative to IrDA. Bluetooth technology uses
radio waves to transmit data between two devices.
 Many computers, peripherals, smart phones, PDAs, cars, and other
consumer electronics are Bluetooth-enabled, which means they
contain a small chip that allow them to communicate with other
Bluetooth-enabled computers and devices.

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 DATA TRANSMISSION
 Telecommunications involves the transmission of data,
information, and instructions among computers.
 Any transmissions sent during these communications can be
categorized by a number of characteristics including the
signal type, transmission mode, transmission direction, and
transmission rate.
 Signal Type: Recall that computers produce digital signals yet
telephone equipment originally was designed to carry only
voice transmission in the form of an analog signal.

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 Analog Signals
 An analog signal uses variations which are
represented by a continuous waveform to convey
information.
 It is particularly useful for wave data like sound
waves.
 Analog signals are what normal phone line and
sound speakers use.

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 Digital Signals
 A digital signal is a series of discrete (discontinuous) bits
which are simply the presence or absence of an electric
pulse. The state of being on or off represents the binary
digit of 1 or 0, respectively.

 Advantages010110
of digital signals include:
 Digital signals can be copied exactly without any loss
of quality
 Digital signals can be further processed by computer.

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 Transmission Modes
 When two devices exchange data, the data flows between the
devices as a continuous stream of bits.
 There are two basic transmission techniques for separating the
groups of bits: asynchronous transmission and synchronous
transmission

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Asynchronous transmission
 Asynchronous transmission transmits one byte at a
time over a line at random intervals.
 Each byte is framed by controls—a start bit for
marking the beginning of the byte, a stop bit for
marking the end of the byte, and a parity bit for error
checking.
 Asynchronous transmission is relatively slow and
used for low-speed transmission.

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Synchronous transmission
 Synchronous transmission transmits groups of bytes
simultaneously at regular intervals.
 The beginning and ending of a block of bytes is determined
by the timing of the sending device and receiving devices.
 Although synchronous transmission requires more
complicated and expensive communications devices, it
provides much higher speeds and greater accuracy than
asynchronous transmission.

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Transmission Direction
 The direction in which data flows along
transmission media is characterized as
 simplex,
 half-duplex,
 full-duplex or
 multiplex

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 Simplex transmission
 Simplex transmission sends data in one direction only.
 Simplex transmission is used only when the sending device
does not require a response from the receiving device. One
example of simplex transmission is television broadcasting.

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Half-duplex transmission
 Half-duplex transmission allows data transmission
in either direction, but only one way at a time.
 Many fax machines, police radio calls, credit card
verification systems and automatic teller machines
use half-duplex transmission.

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Full-duplex transmission
 In full-duplex transmission, data can flow in both
directions at the same time. A regular telephone
line, for example, supports full-duplex transmission,
allowing both parties to talk at same time.

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Multiplex transmission
 In multiplex transmission, several different types of
signals can be carried at once through the same
line. E.g. During Video calls where Images

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March 20 32
 Networking hardware
 Networking hardware includes all computers,
peripherals and Communications devices that
enable two or more computers to exchange items
such as data, instructions, and information with
each other.
 Examples include: a server computer, clients/work
stations, network interface card, modems,
Hub/Switch, repeater, Router, etc.

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 1. SERVER
 A server is the host or central computer that
manages the resources on a network.
 A server provides a centralized storage area for
programs, data, and information.
 A dedicated server is a server that performs a
specific task. Examples of dedicated Servers
include: file server, print server, database server,
and a network server

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Roles of Dedicated Servers
 A file server stores and manages files on a
network
 A print server manages printers and print
jobs.
 A database server stores and provides access
to a database
 A network server (e.g., a DNS) manages
network traffic.
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 Requirements of a server
computer
 It needs a computer with very high processing
speed
 It needs large amounts of RAM
 It needs a very big storage capacity
 It needs a very fast Network interface card
 It needs network operating system such as Novell
Netware, Windows NT Server or Apple Share

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 2. NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
 A network card, also called network
interface card (NIC), is a device that
enables the computer or device that
does not have built-in networking
capability to access a network.
 Examples include
adapter card, PC Card,
USB network adapter, flash card
e.t.c

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3 MODEMS (signal converters)
 The modem, is a device which Modulates a digital
signal from computers into an analog one to send
data out over the phone line. Then for an incoming
signal it Demodulates, the analog signal into a
digital one.

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 4. HUBS and SWITCHES
 A hub, (also called a multi-station access unit
(MAU)) is a device that provides a central point for
cables in a network.
 Unlike the hubs, a switch does not broadcast the
data to all the computers, it sends the data packets
only to the destined computer.

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 5. REPEATER
 A repeater is a device that accepts a signal
from a transmission medium, amplifies it, and
retransmits it over the medium.
 As a signal travels over a long distance, it
undergoes a reduction in strength, an
occurrence called attenuation.

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6. A ROUTER
 A Router connects multiple
networks and routs
communications traffic to the
appropriate network using the
fastest available path.
 A router allows multiple
computers to share a single
high-speed Internet connection
such as through a cable
modem

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 7. NETWORK BRIDGE
 A bridge connects  A bridge knows all of the addresses on
two pieces of land each side of the bridge and can send
together offering a
information accordingly.
path from one to
another.
 A network bridge is
device that
connects two
networks making
each accessible to
the other.

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 8. MULTIPLEXER
 A multiplexer is a device that combines two or more
input signals from various devices into a single
stream of data and then transmits it over a single
transmission medium.
 By combining the separate data streams into one, a
multiplexer increases the efficiency of
communications and reduces the need for using
multiple separate transmission media.

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 COMMUNICATIONS
SOFTWARE
 The principal functions of communications software are network
control, access control, transmission control, error
detection/correction, and network security.
 Communications software consists of programs that :
1. (1) help users establish a connection to another computer or network;
2. (2) manage the transmission of data, instructions, and information;
3. (3) provide an interface for users to communicate with one another.
 The first two are system software and the third is application software.

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 Networking Operating
System
 A network operating system (NOS) is the system  Examples of
software that organizes and coordinates the
NOSs include:
activities on a network. The principal functions of
NOS include network control, access control,  Novell NetWare
transmission control, error detection/correction,  Microsoft
and network security. Windows
 System maintenance tasks such as backup server 2003
 File management tasks and 2008.
 Prioritizing print jobs on the network
 AppleShare
 Unix /NFS
 Sun Solaris

March 20
 Network Protocols
 This refers to  The principal functions of protocol in a
a set of rules network include:
and  identifying each device in the communication
procedures path;
governing  securing the attention of the other device;
transmission  verifying correct receipt of the transmitted
between message;
components
 determining that a message requires
in a computer
retransmission if it is incomplete or has errors;
network.
 performing recovery when errors occur.

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Packets and Packet Switching
 When a computer sends data over the Internet, the data is divided
into small pieces called packets.
 Each packet contains the data, as well as the recipient (destination),
the origin (sender), and the sequence information used to reassemble
the data at the destination.
 Each packet travels along the fastest individual available path to the
recipient's computer via communications devices called routers.
 This technique of breaking a message into individual packets,
sending the packets along the best route available, and then
reassembling the data is called packet switching.

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 Common protocols
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - an internet protocol for
transferring of e-mails.
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It allows files containing text, programs,
graphics, numerical data, and so on to be downloaded off or
uploaded onto a network.
 Internet Protocol (IP) - does the packet forwarding and routing.
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a network
standard that defines how messages (data) are routed from one end
of a network to the other, ensuring the data arrives correctly.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - responsible for delivery of
data over the network.

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 Common protocols
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): It allows Web browsers and
servers to send and receive Web pages.
 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): It allows the
management of networked nodes to be managed from a single
point.
 Telnet Protocol: It provides terminal emulation that allows a
personal computer or workstation to act as a terminal, or access
device, for a server.
 Sequential Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) - works with the Novell's
internet work' packet / sequential exchange; responsible for
delivery of sequential data over the network

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 Comminucations
application software.
 These are computer  e-mail,
software programs that  FTP,
help to accomplish  Web browsers,
specific tasks related to  newsgroup/message
telecommunications. boards,
 A variety of examples of  chat rooms,
application software for  instant messaging,
communications include:  video conferencing,
and
 VoIP.
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NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 A network topology is a description of the possible physical
connections within a network.
 In other words, a topology is the physical arrangement of the
devices in a communications network.
 Three commonly used network topologies are bus, ring, and
star. However, Most computer networks are hybrids—
combinations of these topologies.
 In a network topology, any network hardware component is
also called a node.

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 Bus topology
 A bus or linear network topology consists of a single
central cable that connects all computers and devices
together.
 The physical cable that connects the computers and
other devices is known as the bus or the backbone.

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 Merits of BUS Topology
 Easy to implement and extend (quick setup)
 Cheaper than other topologies.
 Computers and devices can be attached and detached at any
point on the bus without disturbing the rest of the network.
 Failure of one device usually does not affect the rest of the
bus network.
 Data, instructions, and information in a bus network can be
transmitted in both directions.
 Cable faults are easily identified.
 Weight reduction due to less wires

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 Demerits of
BUS Topology
 If there is a problem with the cable, the entire network goes down.
 There is no central host computer to control the network.
 Only one device can transfer items at a time.
 If many computers are attached, the amount of data flowing along the
cable increases, data collisions occur and the network slows down.
 Limited cable length and number of stations.
 Performance degrades as additional computers are added or on
heavy traffic.(shared bandwidth)
 It is slower than the other topologies.

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 Ring Topology
 Ring network consists of a cable
forming a closed ring, or loop, with all
the computers and devices in a
network
 A ring network links all nodes together
in a circular chain.
 The node examines any data that
passes by to see if it is the addressee;
if not, the data is passed on to the next
node in the ring.

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 Advantages
of Ring Topology
 Ring topology Can cover a larger distance as compared to
a bus network and is commonly used in wide area networks
(WAN)
 No collisions occur because data takes one direction only
 Very orderly network where every device has access to the
token and the opportunity to transmit
 The speed of data transmission is faster than in a bus
topology.

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 Demerits
of a Ring Topology
 Ring Topology Network is More difficult to establish.
 If the cable fails, the whole network goes down.
 Data messages travel in only one direction from device to
device around the entire ring
 If a node on a ring network fails, all nodes after the failed
nodes cannot function.
 There is no central host computer to control the network.
 Moves, adds and changes of devices can affect the network

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 Star Topology
 On a star network, all of
the computers and devices
(nodes) on the network
connect to a central hub or
switch.
 All data that is transferred
from one computer to
another passes through
the hub.

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Merits of a Star Topology
 Easy to install and maintain.
 Better performance: The star topology prevents the
passing of data packets through an excessive number
of nodes.
 Computers and devices can be added to or removed
from the network with little or no disruption to the
network.
 Reliable because each device connects directly to the
hub, if one device fails, only that device is affected.
March 20 59
Demerits of a Star Topology
 If the hub fails, the entire network fails
 Lots of cable required so that the installation cost is
expensive.
 Network size is limited by the number of
connections that can be made to the hub.
 Performance for the entire network depends on the
capabilities of the hub.
 Set up of the system can be very complex.

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 Mesh Topology
 This is the type of network
topology in which each of the
nodes of the network is connected
to each of the other nodes in the
network.
 Fully connected Mesh topology
makes it possible for data to be
simultaneously transmitted from
any single node to all of the other
nodes.

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 Merits of Mesh Topology
 Data will always be delivered.
 All of the data that is transmitted between
nodes in the network takes the shortest path
between nodes.
 In the case of a failure or break in one of the
links, the data takes an alternate path to the
destination.

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 Demerits of Mesh Topology
 Mesh topology is generally too costly and complex for
practical networks, and very hard to setup.
 Lots of cable required so that the installation cost is
expensive.
 Network size is limited by the number of interconnections
that can be made between the computers.
 It requires that the nodes of the network possess some type
of logical 'routing' algorithm to determine the correct path to
use at any particular time.

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 Tree Topology
 Tree network
topology is also
known as a the
hierarchical
network topology.
 This is because it
contains different
levels of hierarchy.

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 Tree Topology
 The type of network topology in which a central 'root' node (the top
level of the hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes that
are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the second level),
 Each of the second level nodes will also have one or more other
nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the third level)
connected to it.
 The hierarchy of the tree is symmetrical - Each node in the network
having a specific fixed number, of nodes connected to it at the next
lower level in the hierarchy.
 It usually has three layers: the core layer, the distribution layer and
the Access layer.

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 Factors to consider When
Choosing a Topology:
 Cost.
 Future growth:
 Length of cable needed.
 Number of computers to be connected
 Level of security required

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 END OF UNIT

NEXT UNIT:
702: Computer Networks

March 20 67