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2.back Propagation Algorithm

The document describes a training set used for machine learning models. It defines feature vectors and target vectors for training samples, and provides equations for calculating error and updating weights during backpropagation. Backpropagation is then described as having a forward and backward phase to update network weights iteratively based on training examples.

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8 views11 pages

2.back Propagation Algorithm

The document describes a training set used for machine learning models. It defines feature vectors and target vectors for training samples, and provides equations for calculating error and updating weights during backpropagation. Backpropagation is then described as having a forward and backward phase to update network weights iteratively based on training examples.

Uploaded by

coding727tree
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Training Set:

Set of ordered pairs of input feature


vector and target vector.

 
N
T 
( p) ( p)
X ,t
p 1

N  no. of training sample


 x1( p ) 
 ( p) 
 x2 
. 
 FeatureVector for p sample   
( p) th n
X
. 
. 
 
 xn( p ) 
xi( p )  ithComponent of the FeatureVector for p thsample
t1( p ) 
 ( p) 
t 2 
. 
 Target Vector for p sample    
( p) th K
t
. 
. 
 
t K( p ) 

ti( p )  ithComponent of the Target Vector for p th sample

Error for p-th training sample


1

2
E ( p)
 t k  y k 
( p ) ( p )
2 kOutputs  

 E ( p) net (p)
w ji ( p)
  E  
( p) j

w ji net (p)
j
w ji
  (j p ) x (jip )
E ( p )
where,
 ( p)
j 
net (p)
j
and
net (p)
j
  w x ( p)
ji ji
i

net (p)   ( p) 
j

w ji
  
w ji  i
w ji x ji   x ji

( p)

Weight correction for p-th pattern

wji  wji  w(jip )


Evaluation of  (j p )
Case 1: j th neuron belongs to output layer.
( p ) y ( p )
E ( p)
E
 (j p )    
j

net (p)
j
 y ( p)
j net (p)
j

  1 2
  ( p )   t k  y k  
y j  2 kOutputs
 ( p) ( p)   
 net j
(p)
  net (p)
j   
[ y (j p )    net (p)
j ]

  t (j p )  y (j p )  y (j p ) (1  y (j p ) )
Case 2: : j th neuron belongs to hidden layer

E ( p ) E ( p ) netk(p)
 ( p)
  
j
net j
(p)
kDS ( j ) netk net j
(p) (p)

 E ( p )  netk(p) y (p)
    
(p) 
j

kDS ( j )  netk  y j net (p)


(p)
j

 
kDS ( j )
 k( p )
 
(p)  ki ki

y j  i
w x ( p) 

 

net (p)
j

  net (p)
j  
[ y (j p )    net (p)
j ]

  ( p)  ( p)
 
kDS ( j )
 k( p ) (p)  ki i  j

y j  i
w y

y (1  y (j p ) )

[ xki( p )  yi( p ) ]
 
kDS ( j )
 k( p ) wkj y ( p ) (1  y ( p ) )
j j

 y (j p ) (1  y (j p ) ) 
kDS ( j )
 k( p ) wkj
Back Propagation Algorithm:
It is the weight updating scheme of Multi Layer
Perceptron (MLP).
It has two phases.
▪ Forward Phase: Feature Vector provided as
the input forward through the network and
compute the output of every unit in the
network. The output of each node is provided
as the input to the next layer.

▪ Backward Phase: Weight corrections are


performed in the backward direction (from the
last layer) through the network.
# define MAX_ITERATION 50000
BACK PROPAGATION ALGORITHM
 
N
X 
( p) ( p)
(Training Examples ,t ,
p 1

Rate Learning  ,

nin
No. of Neurons in Input Layer ,

No. of Hidden Layers NLhidden ,

No. of Neurons in Hidden Layer nhidden ,


No. of Neurons in Output Layer nout )
Begin

nin
▪ Create a feed forward network with

inputs, nhidden hidden units distributed in


NLhidden no. of hidden layers and nout
output units.
▪ Initialisation of network weights: All the
weights of the neural network are initialised
with random floating-point numbers (e.g.,
between -0.05 and 0.05).

▪ No_of_epoch=0;

▪ Do
{
For p=1 to N (all the training samples)

Perform the following tasks:


/* Forward Phase */
1. Propagate the input forward
through the network: Input the
( p)
instance X forward through the
network and compute the output
y (j p ) of every unit j in the network.
/* Backward Phase */
2. Weight corrections are performed
in the backward through the
network:

i. For each neuron j belong to


Output Layer calculate the error
term  j in the following way:
( p)

 (j p )   t ( p )  y ( p )  y ( p ) (1  y ( p ) )
j j j j

ii. For each neuron j belong to


Hidden Layer calculate the error
 ( p)
term j in the following way:
 (j p )  y ( p ) (1  y ( p ) )   w
j j
( p)
k kj
k DS ( j )

where, DS ( j )  Immediate down


stream of j-th neuron.
iii. Update each network weight
wji  wji  w(jip )
where, w( p)
ji
  ( p) ( p)
j x ji

and ji  i-th input to j-th


( p)
x
neuron for p-th pattern.
End For
No_of_epoch = No_of_epoch +1;

}
while(No_of_Epoch<MAX_ITERATION);

▪ Return the interconnection weights;


End

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