TLC483/CE483/CS

C321: EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS

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Announcement
Quiz-1 in the end of today’s lecture

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Objectives
After completing this chapter of the book, you would be able to:
Compare the microprocessors and microcontrollers
Describe the advantages of the microcontrollers for some applications
Explain the concept of embedded systems
Discuss the criteria for considering a microcontroller
Explain the variations of speed, packaging, memory and cost per unit
and how these effect the choice of a microcontroller
Compare the various members of the 8051 family
Compare 8051 microcontrollers offered by various manufacturers

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Outlines
Microcontrollers and embedded processors
Differences between microcontrollers and
microprocessors
Embedded processors: microprocessors targeted
towards embedded market
Criteria for choosing a microcontroller
Overview of the 8051 family
Various versions of 8051 family being offered by
different manufacturers

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Microcontrollers and
embedded processor

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Microcontroller vs General purpose
microprocessor

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Microcontroller vs General purpose
microprocessor (Contd)

Observe all peripheral integrated on

a single chip in microcontrollers
while the same peripherals external
to a microprocessor

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 Microcontroller vs General purpose
microprocessor (Contd)
A designer using general purpose microprocessor e.g. the Pentium, needs to add
the peripherals externally to make them useful
Although the addition of these peripherals would make the systems bulkier and
more expensive, but they have the advantage of being versatile i.e. the designer
can add ROM, RAM etc, according to his requirements
In comparison, these peripherals are inbuilt embedded on a single chip
therefore the designer cannot add any external I/O, memory or timer to it
The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and I/O ports however, make
microcontrollers ideal for applications in which cost and space are critical e.g. in
TV remote, we do not need the power of an 8086 microprocessor
In many applications, the space, power consumed and price per unit are more
critical than the processing power
Some manufacturers have even got ADCs and other peripherals integrated into
the microcontrollers

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Microcontrollers for embedded systems

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Microcontrollers for embedded systems (Contd)
Some embedded products using microcontrollers

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x86 PC embedded applications
Although microcontrollers are the preferred choice for many applications,
sometimes a microcontroller is inadequate for the task
For this reason, many manufactures of general-purpose microprocessors
have targeted their microprocessor for the high-end of the embedded
market
When a company targets a general-purpose microprocessor for the
embedded market, it optimizes the processor used for embedded systems
For this reason, these processors are sometimes called high-end
embedded processors
Very often the terms embedded processor and microcontroller are used
interchangeably
x86 used to denote the microprocessor family based on the Intel 8086 and
8088 microprocessors

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 x86 PC embedded applications (Contd)
One of the most critical needs of an embedded system is
to decrease power consumption and space
In high-performance embedded processors, the trend is to integrate
more functions on the CPU chip (thus achieving lower power
consumption and lower space utilization) and let designer decide
which features he/she wants to use
The trend has invaded PC design with a chip containing the entire
PC apart from some components e.g. DRAMs, i.e. computer on a chip
In many cases (because of MS-DOS and Windows standardization)
using x86 PCs for the high-end embedded applications:
Saves money and shortens development time since:
A vast library of software already written for the DOS and Windows platforms
Windows is a widely used and well understood platform hence developing a
windows-based embedded product reduces the cost and shortens
development time considerably

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Choosing a microcontroller
Four major 8-bit microcontrollers i.e. most available
operations are limited to 8 bits
Motorola’s 6811
Intel’s 8051
Zilog’s Z8
Microchip’s PIC

Each one having its own instruction and register set and
are thus, not compatible with each other i.e. a program
written for one will not run on others
There are also 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers made by
various chip makers

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Microcontroller choice criteria
Three basic criteria used to select among
the available microcontrollers
Meeting the computing needs of the task at hand
efficiently and cost effectively
Availability of software development tools, such as
compilers, assemblers, and debuggers
Wide availability and reliable sources of the
microcontroller according to needs both for now and
for future

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Criteria (Contd)
Meeting the computing needs of the task at hand
efficiently and cost effectively
Speed: Max speed that the microcontroller supports
Packaging: 40-pin DIP (dual inline package) or a QFP (quad flat
package) or some other package as is important in terms of space,
assembling and prototyping the end product
Power consumption: Especially important for battery-powered
products
The amount of RAM and ROM on chip
The number of I/O pins and the timer on chip
How easy to upgrade to higher-performance or lower power-
consumption versions?
Cost per unit: Important in terms of the cost of the final product

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 Criteria (Contd)
Availability of software development tools, such as code-efficient C language
compilers, assemblers, debuggers, emulator, technical support and both in
house and outside expertise
Wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontroller
The 8051 family has the largest number of diversified (multiple source) suppliers
 Intel (Original)
 Atmel
 Philps/Signetics
 AMD
 Infineon (formely Siemens)
 Matra
 Dallas Semiconductor/Maxim

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Overview of the 8051
family

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8051 microcontroller

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The 8051 microcontroller (Contd)

System bus connects all

devices to the CPU
System bus:
8-bit data bus
16-bit address bus
Bus control signals

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The 8051 family

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Various 8051 microcontrollers
Although the 8051 is the most popular member of the 8051 family, you
won’t see “8051” in the part number
This is because the 8051 is available in various memory types, all of
which having different part numbers
UV-EPROM (Ultraviolet Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):
 To erase the data stored in the transistor arrays, ultraviolet light is directed onto the die
Flash ROM:
 Flash memory is an EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable ROM) form of
computer memory and thus, does not require a power source to retain the data
NV-RAM (Non volatile-Random Access Memory):
 RAM that retains data without applied power.

More discussion about the 8051 memories later

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8051: UV-EPROM
8751 microcontroller
Only 4kBytes of on-chip UV-EPROM
Using this chip for development requires access to a
PROM burner as well as UV-EPROM eraser to erase the
contents of UV-EPROM before it can be programmed
again.
UV-EPROM takes around 20mins to erase 8751 before it
can be programmed again
This has led many manufacturers to introduce flash and
NV-RAM versions of 8051

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8051: Flash memory
AT89C51 from Atmel corporation
Ideal for development since flash memory can be erased in seconds unlike
the 20mins or more needed for 8751
Development using AT89C51 needs a ROM burner that supports erasing the
flash memory as well thus, eliminating the need of a separate ROM eraser
In flash memory, the ROM contents MUST BE erased completely before it
can be programed again

DS89C4x0 from Dallas Semiconductor, now part of Maxim Corp.

Again Flash memory but PROM burner (of AT89C51) not required
Comes with on-chip loader, loading program to the on-chip flash via serial PC
COM port
This in-system program loading makes it an ideal home development system

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8051: NV-RAM and OTP
DS5000 from Dallas Semiconductor
The advantage of NV-RAM is the ability to change ROM components one
byte at a time
The DS5000 also comes with a loader, allowing it to be programmed through
the PC’s COM port

One-time programmable (OTP) versions of 8051

UV-PROM and Flash versions typically used for product development
When a product is developed and absolutely finalized, the OTP version of the
8051 is used for mass production due to being cheaper in terms of price per
unit

8051 family from Philips

Many features e.g. ADC, DAC, extended I/Os and both flash and OTP

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 Summary
Role and importance of microcontrollers in everyday life
were discussed
Microprocessors and microcontrollers were contrasted
Use of microcontrollers in the embedded market was
discussed as well
The criteria for microcontroller selection and an
overview of the various versions of the 8051
microcontroller was also considered

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Next time

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Quiz 1: Total points 20
Q-1) Convert the following.
◦ a. (6𝐵2)𝐻𝑒𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 – 0110 1011 0010
◦ b. (629)10 𝑡𝑜 𝐻𝑒𝑥 – 275
Q-2) Perform the following operations
◦ a. FFFFH + 2222H + 2CH + 3FH – 1228C
◦ b. 6B2H – 2DH – 685

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