Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T.

Page 1

Experiment No. 1

OBJECT:- To determine law .of machine for single purchase crab.

APPARATUS: - Single purchase crab, weights, pans etc.

FORMULA:-

Velocity ratio, V.R =[D/d]*[T1/T2]

Mechanical Advantage, M.A = load/effort = W/P
Efficiency ɳ=[ M.A/V.R]*100 %
Ideal effort, P1 = W/V.R.
Frictional effort , Pf=P- P1
Max. Efficiency, ɳmax = 1/[m * V.R] * 100%
FIGURE:-

SINGLE PURCHASE CRAB

THEORY:-

1. SIMPLE MACHINE: -It is a device which enables us to do some useful

work at some point when an effort or force is applied to it at some
other convenient point.

2. LIFTING MACHINE: - It is a device which enables us to lift a heavy load

by applying acomparatively smaller effort.
Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 2

3. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE: -It is the ratio of load lifted to effort

applied.

M.A= W/P

4. VELOCITY RATIO: -It is the ratio of distance moved by effort to the

distance moved bythe load.

V.R. = y/x

5. EFFICIENCY OF MACHINE: - Ratio of work output to work input is called

efficiency of machine.
= Wx/Py

= W/P/(y/x)

= M.A / V.R * 100 %

6. IDEAL MACHINE: - A machine is said to be ideal if its efficiency is 100%

which maybe in absence of friction.

M.A = V.R

7. LAW OFMACHINE: -It is defined as relation between load lifted & effort
applied.

P =mW+C

P- Effort applied to lift the load

m- Slope of line

W- Load lifted

C- It implies value of effort which is needed to overcome frictional force.

Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 3

DERIVATION FOR V.R &ɳmax

In one revolution distance moved by effort =πD

No. of revolution made by pinion 2 = 1

& no. of revolution made by spur 1= T2/T1

No. of revolution made by load drum = T2/T1

Distance moved by load = πD * T2/T1

V.R = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load

V.R = πD / (π d * T2/T1)

V.R = (D/d) * (T2/T1)

Since V.R. of machine is constant quantity to get maximum efficiency M.A. should be
maximum.

M.A. = W/P

P = mW+C

M.A = W/ (mW+C)

= 1/ (m+C/W)

neglectingC/W

Maximum M.A. = 1/m

Maximum efficiency = 1 / ( m * V.R ) * 100 %

PROCEDURE:-
1. Count the number of teeth on spur & pinion.

2. Note the diameter of load axle & effort wheel.

3. Wound the cord on load axle & effort wheel in such a fashion that
wheneffort is applied load is lifted up.
 Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 4

4. Note the weight of effort pan & load pan.

5. Apply some load say 4Kg in the load pan

6. Apply some weight in effort pan such that load is just lifted up.

7. Note the weights.

8. Increase the load in steps of 1 kg & repeat steps 5, 6 & 7.

OBSERVATION:-
1) Teeth of spur wheel 1, T1 =
2) Teeth of pinion wheel 2, T2 =
3) Diameter of effort wheel, D =
4) Diameter of load axle, d =
5) Weight of effort pan =
6) Weight of load pan =

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Load W Efficiency
Sr. Effort P (kg)
(kg) + wt. M.A.=W/P V.R. =
No. + wt. of pan ɳ%= M.A./V.R.*100
of pan

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

SAMPLE CALCULATION:-

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE = M.A. = W / P =

VELOCITY RATIO = V.R = [ D/d ] * [T1/T2] =

EFFICIENCY = ɳ= [ M.A / V.R] * 100 % =

 Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 5

GRAPH:-

Plot the graph between

I) Load & effort
2) Load & efficiency

RESULT :- The law of machines for single purchase crab is (P=mW+C) is

P =W +C

CONCLUSION: - Since the graph of load vs effort is a straight line, law of machine
is verified.

DISCUSSION:

1. What is law of machine Single Purchase Crab?

2. Explain Reversible and Non-Reversible machine.
3. Is Single Purchase Crab machine reversible? Why?
4. What do you mean by output & input of a machine?
Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 6

Experiment No. 2

OBJECT:- To determine law of machine for double purchase crab.

APPARATUS: -Double purchase crab, weights, pans etc.

FORMULA:-

1) Velocity ratio, V.R=[ D/d ] * [T1 /T2] * [T3 / T4]

2) Mechanical advantage, M.A = load/effort = W/P
3) Efficiency ɳ = [ M.A/V.R]*100 %
4) Ideal effort, PI= W/V.R.
5) Frictional effort , Pf=P- PI
6) Max. efficiency, ɳmax = 1/[m * V.R] * 100%
m:- Slope obtained from graph of load & effort
FIGURE:-

DOUBLE PURCHASE CRAB

THEORY:-

8. SIMPLE MACHINE: -It is a device which enables us to do some useful

work at some point when an effort or force is
applied to it at some other convenient point.
Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 7

9.LIFTING MACHINE: - It is a device which enables us to lift a heavy load by

applying acomparatively smaller effort.

10. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE: -It is the ratio of load lifted to effort

applied.
M.A= W/P

4. VELOCITY RATIO: -It is the ratio of distance moved by effort to the

distance moved bythe load.

V.R = y/x

5. EFFICIENCY OF MACHINE: - Ratio of work output to work input is called

efficiency of machine.

i= Wx/Py

Ti=[ W/P] Ty/xi

M.A/V.R

6. IDEAL MACHINE:-A machine is said to be ideal machine if its efficiency is

100% which may be in absence of friction.
Mechanical advantage = Velocity ratio

7. REVERSIBLE MACHINE: - Sometimes machine is capable of doing some

work in reverse direction after the effort is
removed. Such a machine is called as
reversible machine.

ɳ> ½

ɳ> 50%
If ɳ<50% then it is called as self locking machine

LAW OF MACHINE: -It is defined as relation between load lifted and effort
applied.

P=mW+c

P- Effort applied to lift the load

m- Slope of line

W- Load lifted
Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 8

C- It implies value of effort which is needed to overcome frictional force

DERIVATION FOR V.R &ɳmax

In one revolution distance moved by effort = πD

No of revolution made by pinion 4 =1

& no. of revolutions by spur 3 = T4/T3

No. of Revolution made by pinion 2 = T4/T3

No. of revolutions made by spur 1 = (T2/T1) x (T4/T3)

Distance moved by load = π d * [T2/T1] * [T4/T3]

Distance moved by effort

V.R = Distance moved by the
load
= [ D/d ] * [T1 /T2] * [T3 / T4]

Since V.R. of a machine is a constant quantity to get maximum efficiency, M.A

should be maximum.

M.A = W/P

P = mW+C

M.A = W/[mW+C]

M.A = 1/[ m+(C/W) ]

Neglecting C/W

Maximum M.A=1/m

Maximum efficiency = 1/[m*V.R] *100 %

PROCEDURE
1) Count the number of teeth on spur & pinion.
2) Note the diameter of load axle & effort wheel.
Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 9

3) Wound the cord on load axle & effort wheel in such a fashion that
when effort is applied load is lifted up.
4) Note the weight of effort pan and load pan.
5) Apply some load. (Say 2 kg)
6) Go on adding weights to effort pan such that load is just lifted up.
7) Note the weights.
8) Increase the load in steps of 1 or 2 kg and repeat steps 6 and 7.

OBSERVATIONS:-

1) Teeth of spur wheel 1, T1 =

2) Teeth of spur wheel 3, T3 =
3) Teeth of pinion 2,T2 =
4) Teeth of pinion 4,T4 =
5) Diameter of effort wheel, D =
6) Diameter of load axle, d =
7) Weight of effort pan =
8) Weight of load pan =

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Efficiency
Sr. Load W (kg) Effort P (kg)
M.A.=W/P V.R. ɳ%=
No. + wt. of pan + wt. of pan
M.A./V.R.*100
1

5
Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 10

SAMPLE CALCULATION:-
Mechanical Advantage = M.A. = W / P =

Velocity Ratio = V.R = [D/d] * [T1 /T2] * [T3 / T4] =

Efficiency = ɳ = [M.A / V.R] * 100 % =

GRAPH:-
Plot the graphs between
1) Load and effort
2) Load and efficiency

RESULT: -
1) The law of machine for double purchase crab P = (mW+C) is P = W +C
2) Maximum efficiency of double purchase crab is %.

CONCLUSION: -
Since graph of load vs. effort is a straight line, Law of machine is verified.

DISCUSSION:
5. What is law of machine of Double Purchase Crab?
6. What is maximum M.A. and maximum efficiency of the machine?
7. Is Double Purchase Crab machine reversible? Why?
8. Define Ideal machine and Ideal Effort.
Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 11

Experiment No. 3

OBJECT:-To determine law of machine for differential axle and wheel.

APPARATUS: -Differential axle, weights, pans etc.

FORMULA:-

7) Velocity ratio, V.R=2D/[ d1-d2 ]

8) Mechanical advantage, M.A = load/effort = W/P
9) Efficiency ɳ = [ M.A/V.R]*100 %
10) Ideal effort, PI= W/V.R.
11) Max. efficiency, ɳmax = 1/[m * V.R] * 100%
FIGURE:-

DIFFERENTIAL AXLE & WHEEL

Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 12

THEORY:-

11. SIMPLE MACHINE: -It is a device which enables us to do some useful

work at some point when an effort or force is applied to it at

some other convenient point.

12. LIFTING MACHINE: - It is a device which enables us to lift a heavy load

by applying acomparatively smaller effort.

13. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE: -It is the ratio of load lifted to effort

applied.

M.A= W/P

14. VELOCITY RATIO: -It is the ratio of distance moved by effort to the
distance moved bythe load.

V.R y/x

15. EFFICIENCY OF MACHINE: - Ratio of work output to work input is called

efficiency of machine.

ɳ = [ M.A / V.R] * 100 %

16.IDEAL MACHINE:- A machine is said to be ideal machine if its efficiency is

100% which may be in absence of friction.
Mechanical advantage = Velocity ratio

17. REVERSIBLE MACHINE: - Sometimes machine is capable of doing some

work in reverse direction after the effort is
removed. Such a machine is called as reversible
machine.

ɳ> ½

ɳ> 50%
If ɳ<50% then it is called as self-locking machine
Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 13

18.LAW OF MACHINE: -It is defined as relation between load lifted and effort
applied.

P=mW+c

P- Effort applied to lift the load

m- Slope of line

W- Load lifted

C- It implies value of effort which is needed to overcome frictional force

DERIVATION FOR V.R &ɳmax

The effort string is wound round the wheel Another string is wound round
the axle B which after passing round the pulley is wound round the axle C
in opposite direction to that of the B care being taken to wind the string on
the wheel A & axle C in same direction.

In the revolution of effort wheel A, displacement of the effort

=π D.

Length of string which will wound on the axle B in one revolution = πd1

Length of string which unwound from axle C in one

revolution=πd2.

In one revolution the length of string which will wound = πd1- πd2

Displacement of weight = 1/2(πd1- πd2)

V.R = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load.

& no. of revolutions by spur 3 = T4/T3

No. of Revolution made by pinion 2 = T4/T3

No. of revolutions made by spur 1 = (T2/T1) x (T4/T3)

Distance moved by load = π d * [T2/T1] * [T4/T3]

Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 14

πD
V.R = 1/ (πd1- πd2)
2

2D
V.R =
πd1- πd2

PROCEDURE
9) Count the number of teeth on spur & pinion.
10) Note the diameter of load axle & effort wheel.
11) Wound the cord on load axle & effort wheel in such a fashion that
when effort is applied load is lifted up.
12) Note the weight of effort pan and load pan.
13) Apply some load. (Say 2 kg)
14) Go on adding weights to effort pan such that load is just lifted up.
15) Note the weights.
16) Increase the load in steps of 500gm and repeat steps 6 and 7.

OBSERVATIONS:-

1) Diameter of effort wheel, D =

2) Diameter of greater axle, d1 =

2) Diameter of smaller axle, d2 =

3) Weight of effort pan =

Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 15

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Load W Effort P Efficiency

Sr.
(kg) + wt. (kg) + wt. M.A.=W/P V.R. = ɳ%=
No.
of pan of pan M.A./V.R.*100
1

SAMPLE CALCULATION:-

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE = M.A. = W / P =

VELOCITY RATIO = V.R = 2D/ [d1-d2] =

EFFICIENCY =ɳ = [M.A / V.R] * 100 % =

GRAPH:-
Plot the graphs between

1) Load and effort

2) Load and efficiency

RESULT: -
1) The law of machine for double purchase crab P = (mW+C) is P = W+
C

2) Maximum efficiency of double purchase crab is %.

Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 16

CONCLUSION: -
Since graph of load vs. effort is a straight line, Law of machine is verified.

DISCUSSION:
1. Is Differential Axle and Wheel reversible? Why?
2. Define an Ideal Machine.
3. What is the application of the system?
4. Explain the various types of lifting machin
 Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 21

Experiment No. 5

OBJECT: -Determination of coefficient of friction using inclined plane set up.

APPARATUS: -Inclined plane, Wooden Box, Cord with pan, weights etc.

𝑊1−𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜽
FORMULA:- µs =
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜽

FIGURE:-

SIDE ELEVATION
THEORY:-

i) Laws of Friction :

The laws of dry friction (Sometimes called Coulomb friction) may be stated as
follows

1) If friction is neglected, the reactions are always normal to the surface in

contact.
2) Friction always acts to oppose the relative motion of the free body (or its
tendency to move) and it is tangent to the surfaces in contact.
3) If static friction is acting, the value of the friction force may vary from zero
to its maximum available value adjusting itself to the resultant force
tending to cause motion.
Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 22

4) The maximum available Value of static friction (i.e. the limiting friction
when motion impends)is equal to 1.1.s N where 1..ts is the coefficient of
static friction & N is the normal force:
5) It motion occurs, the kinetic friction force always acts at its constant value of
14 N where ilk is the coefficient of kinetic friction & N is the normal force.
6) The angle between the total reaction and its normal component when
limiting friction is acting is called the angle of friction. The tangent of this
angle is equal to the coefficient of friction.
i) Laws of Friction :

At a fixed angle of inclination θ, the suspended mass is increased until the block
is at the verge of upward slippage, i.e. in the state of impending motion. Refer
to the free-body diagram of the block at such a state as shown above for
equilibrium.

FBD of pan:

+↑∑Fy = 0 : T = W1……………………….(1)
FBD of block:

+↑∑Fy = 0 : N = Wcosθ…………….…...…(2)

` +↑∑Fx = 0 : T = µs N – Wsinθ = 0…………(3)

(1) and (2) in (3) gives

W1-µs. Wcosθ – Wsinθ = 0

µs = [ W1 – Wsinθ ] / Wcosθ
PROCEDURE:-
1) Set the incline plane of some suitable angle.
2) Note the weight of box and pan.
3) Put some weight say 50 gm in box and note W inclusive of weight of box.
4) Go on adding weights, in pan till the box just starts moving up on the incline.
5) Note W1 inclusive of weight of pan & weight added.
 Prof. ASIM EJAZ SHEIKH A.C.E.T. Page 23

6) Increase weight W & repeat steps 4 & 5.

OBSERVATION:-

i) Weight of box = gm
ii) Weight of pan = gm

Sr. No. Weight Weight Angle 𝑾𝟏 − 𝑾𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

µ𝐬 =
𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
(W) (W1) θ

SAMPLE CALCULATION:-
𝑊1−𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜽
µs = =
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜽

Averageµs =

RESULT: - The coefficient of friction between wood (base of box) &glass (top of

inclined plane) is,µs=

CONCLUSION: - The critical angle of inclined plane, θ critical = tan-1 {µs} =