Advance computer Application

Q1 Explain relative co-ordinates?

Relative coordinates are based on the last point entered. Use relative coordinates
when you know the location of a point in relation to the previous point. To
specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate values with an @ sign.
Q2 Describe Block and how it is helpful in developing Autocad drawing?
In the context of AutoCAD, blocks are a geometric group that acts as a single
object and can be used in drawing repeatedly.
Blocks make drawing easier and encourage design consistency by combining
several entities. Blocks can be constructed once and added to the picture several
times, significantly minimizing the amount of repetitive work. In addition, any
changes made to a block update all instances, guaranteeing smooth design
changes across the project. Whether a straightforward symbol or a complicated
assembly, employing blocks in AutoCAD’s flexible drafting environment
speeds up the process and boosts productivity.
Q3 Write the names of the areas of the AutoCAD screen?
 Application menu/button.
 Quick Access Toolbar.
 Ribbon Panel.
 User Coordinate System (UCS)
 Model Space / Work Space / Drawing Window.
 View Cube.
 Navigation Bar.
 Model Layout Tab.

Q4 what is Array and what are various types of Arrays.

Arrays are classified into two types based on their dimensions : single-
dimensional and multi-dimensional. Logically, a single-dimensional array
represents a linear collection of data, and a two-dimensional array represents a
mathematical matrix. Similarly, a multidimensional array has multiple
dimensions.
 Q5 Write various steps for setting the Grid.
Click Tools > Drafting Settings menu. In the Drafting Settings dialog box, Snap
and Grid tab, click Grid On. Under Snap Type, make sure Grid Snap and
Rectangular Snap are selected. In the Grid X Spacing box, enter the horizontal
grid spacing in units.

1. On the Status Bar, right-click on grid display and select Grid Settings.

2. In the Drafting Settings dialog box, Snap and Grid tab, click Grid On.
3. Under Snap Type, make sure Grid Snap and Rectangular Snap are selected.
4. In the Grid X Spacing box, enter the horizontal grid spacing in units.
5. Modify other settings as needed.

Q6 Explain uses of 3D wire mesh for 3D views

The term derived from designers using metal wire to represent the three
dimensional shape. The 3D wire frame model is the most abstract out of the
three 3D CAD models other two models being surface and solid. Primarily it’s
an edge of skeletal representation of a real-world object, geometrically it consist
of points, lines, arcs, circles and other curves defining edges or object’s centre
lines. It is created by defining each edge of the physical object where two
mathematically continuous smooth surfaces meet. It allows shaping and
modifying solids and solid surfaces also 3D solid modelling efficiently draws
higher quality representations of solids over conventional line drawing.

Some of the key advantages one can drive out of 3D wire frame model could be listed as:

1. Elementary 3D design creation for assessment and quick design iterations

2. View the created model from any viewing angel
3. Examine three-dimensional relationships in composition, including the
distances, corners and checking potential interference
4. Perspective views creation
5. Automate auxiliary and orthographic views
6. Reference geometry for 3D solid, surface and mesh modelling
 Q7 Describe Grips in AutoCAD?

Grips are small squares, rectangles, and triangles that appear on selected
objects. You can stretch, move, copy, rotate, scale, and mirror objects using
grips without having to enter any commands.

You can modify the display, color, and behavior of grips with a variety of
controls on the Selection tab of the Options dialog box. For example, selecting a
block does not, by default, display grips for the objects within the block. It only
shows the insertion grip to avoid too many grips cluttering up the screen. For
those occasions where you wish to access grips on individual geometry in the
block, you can turn on the option to show grips within blocks.

The objects I described in this post are just a few of the many AutoCAD objects
offering relevant grip editing tools to help you minimize clicks and save time!
To learn more about object grips, check out these resources

Q8 Write various steps for creating Block?

1. Draw an Individual Object

To create a block from scratch, go to the “Quick Find” toolbar. Select your
preferred draw command and draw on the current layer. If you want to draw a
pipe object, you’ll need two lines and two circles. To draw a title block, simply
use the line draw command. You just need to select the draw commands
necessary to create the original objects that will form the block.
2. Name the Block

Go to the Home tab and select the block panel. Click on “Create” to start the
block command, which can also be initiated through the command terminal.
The “Block Definition” dialog box opens with an empty field. In the first text
field, enter the name of the block you want to create. Use a distinct and
memorable name if you plan to use this as a block reference in the future.

3. Define a Base Point

A base point consists of coordinates for the current user’s coordinate system.
It’s used as the insertion origin in a block reference. To define a base point,
simply click on “Pick Point” in the “Base Point” section. Then, select the origin
point using object snap for accuracy. The coordinates will be populated
accordingly. You can use it anytime you need to refer to the block.

4. Select Block Objects

Open the “Block Definition” dialog box. Click the “Select Objects” button in
the “Objects” section. Choose the objects you want to be included in the block.
Then, click enter to return to the block definition dialog box. Alternatively, you
could highlight all the objects before using the block command dialog box.

5. Define Block Behavior

Under the “Behavior” section, you can turn on the “Annotative” function if you
want the block to be displayed in scale and match the block’s orientation to the
layout. You can also force it to scale correctly when inserted in a different
drawing as an external block and add a hyperlink for an internet referencing if
you want. These special properties enhance the usability of your block.

6. Add a Description and Create

A block description is necessary if you want to use the block in the future. It’s
recorded in the DesignCenter, which organizes blocks, drawings, hatches, and
other content for easy access. Add a descriptive and memorable block
description, so you can refer to them easily. You can insert units or give the
block a name if it’s a graphic symbol. Once you’re done, click “OK” to finish
creating a block in AutoCAD.
Q9 How Design centre is helpful in developing AutoCAD Drawings.

The Design Center in AutoCAD provides access to other drawings, hatches,

blocks, etc. in our drawing area.

o Drag the blocks, drawings, and other tools.

o Create shortcuts of different folders, which can be accessed quickly.
o It allows us to open the drawing files in a new window.
o It will enable us to insert, paste, and copy the definitions into our current
drawing.
o It also allows us to browse the content on the web page, network drive,
and on our computer.

Q10 Differentiate between Spline command and Polyline command.

Spline = a smooth curve that may lie on a 2D plane or can wander in 3D space.
Polyline = a series of straight line and arc segments that define a single
AutoCAD entity. All the segments of a polyline lie on a 2D plane although that
plane may be at any orientation in 3D space. If the polyline contains arc
segments their ends will be tangent to the adjacent line or arc segment.

Polylines are useful for a variety of applications. They are used to define a path
or a single closed shape. For example, you could construct a hexagon with 6
lines or 1 polyline. Pedit can be used to convert the 6 lines to one polyline.
When using pedit and selecting one of the 6 lines AutoCAD will ask you if you
want to convert the first line to a polyline at which point you respond "yes" and
then select the other 5 lines. The result will be a closed polyline. Explode is
used to convert a single polyline to a collection of lines and arcs.

Q11 Write any five shortcut keys used in AutoCAD.

Ctrl+c = Copy object

Ctrl+x = Cut object

Ctrl+v = Paste object

Ctrl+Shift+c = Copy to clipboard with base point

Ctrl+z = Undo last action

Q12 Explain UCS World and what is its importance ?
 The user coordinate system (UCS) establishes the location and orientation of a
movable Cartesian coordinate system. The UCS is an essential tool for many
precision operations.

The UCS defines

 The XY plane, also called the work plane or construction plane, on which
objects are created and modified
 The horizontal and vertical directions used for features like Ortho mode, polar
tracking, and object snap tracking
 The alignment and angle of the grid, hatch patterns, text, and dimension objects
 The origin and orientation for coordinate entry and absolute reference angles
 For 3D operations, the orientation of work planes, projection planes, and
the Z axis for vertical direction and axis of rotation

By default, the UCS icon appears in the lower-left corner of the drawing area
for the current model viewport. The UCS in each paper space layout is
displayed as a drawing triangle.

Q13 How Subtract and Union commands are helpful in developing 3D

AutoCAD commands.
The UNION command is used to join two or more solids together to form one
solid object. The SUBTRACT command is used to subtract one or more solids
from another solid. The CYLINDER command is used to create a solid cylinder
primitive.

Q14 Define array and discuss its types.

It's a combination of numbers, pictures, or objects formatted into rows and
columns based on their type. Contiguous memory locations, also called database
systems, store arrays. You can also use them to demonstrate a mathematical
property known as the commutative property of multiplication. This shows that
you can change the order of the factors or elements, and the product of the
elements remains the same. You can use arrays to store several pieces of data of
the same type together. It also aids computer programming in helping you
locate and identify where you stored each piece of data or element.

Q15 What is the use of Overkill command in AutoCAD.

 Removes duplicate or overlapping lines, arcs, and polylines. Also, combines
those that are partially overlapping or contiguous.

The following changes are made to geometric objects in the drawing area or the
block editor:

 Duplicate copies of objects are deleted

 Arcs drawn over portions of circles are deleted
 Lines at the same angle that partially overlap are combined into a single line
 Duplicate line or arc segments are deleted
 Overlapping and zero-length polyline segments are deleted

Q16 Explain uses of various view ports for 3D objects in detail.

Types of viewports

Viewports can display entire, as well as cropped, views of a drawing, with specified layer and
class visibility settings, projection, render mode, and orientation parameters (complete with
details, annotations, dimensions, and title block borders). Viewports can show other parts of
the active document, or even portions of other documents. If the drawing changes, update the
viewports to reflect the changes.

 Sheet layer viewports

In both the Vector works Fundamentals and Vector works Design Suite
products, you can create one or more viewports on a sheet layer, and each
viewport can show one or more design layers from this document. Sheet layers
retain their own print settings, including print area, resolution, and printer setup
parameters. A sheet layer viewport can also be created from a clip cube or be
linked to a Render works camera.
  Design layer viewports (Vectorworks Design Suite product required)

Vectorworks Design Suite products allow you to create one or more viewports
on a design layer, and the design layers shown in the viewports can be either
from the current document, or referenced from another document. Like a sheet
layer viewport, a design layer viewport can display design layers from the
current file in a full or cropped view; unlike a sheet layer viewport, it can
include one or more design layers that are referenced from another file.

 Section viewports (Vectorworks Design Suite product required)

A vertical or horizontal section viewport creates a cross section view of a model
at a defined cut plane. A section viewport can be created from a design layer,
another non-sectioned vertical viewport, a clip cube on a design layer, or (for
vertical section viewports only) a horizontal viewport. Additionally, a vertical
section viewport can be created from a section-elevation line in the drawing. A
section viewport can be placed on a design layer or sheet layer. Section
viewports let you choose whether to view objects before and beyond the cut
plane or above and below the cut plane, and to set different display options and
attributes for 3D objects by class or individually.

 Interior elevation viewports (Vectorworks Architect required)

Interior elevation viewports are section viewports that allow you to
simultaneously create as many as four interior elevation viewports from a
selected room or area of the model. The interior elevation marker automatically
placed on the design layer allows you to edit which views you display and
maintains coordination between the drawing and the viewports. These viewports
can be placed on either a design layer or a sheet layer.

 Detail viewports (Vectorworks Design Suite product required)

A detail viewport is a cropped sheet layer viewport that shows a detail view of
any part of a drawing. A detail viewport can be created using either a simple 2D
crop object or a detail callout object, on a design layer, a sheet layer viewport,
or a section viewport.

 The Viewports tab of the Organization dialog box differentiates

among the various types of viewports.
Q17 Describe Hatch command in detail ?

HATCH (Command)

 Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or
gradient fill. Choose from the available hatch patterns, or use the User
Defined command option to create custom hatches.

Click HATCH. The following prompts are displayed.

Draw Boundary

 Uses specified points to define the boundary of a hatch or fill.

Remove Boundaries

 Removes from the boundary definition any of the objects that were previously
added.

o Select Objects Removes objects from the boundary definition.

o Add Boundaries Adds objects to the boundary definition.
Advanced

Sets the method used to create the hatch boundary.

Boundary Set Specifies a limited set of objects, called a boundary set, for evaluation
by the pick point of the hatch.

New Creates a boundary set from the selected objects.

Everything Creates a boundary set from everything visible in the current viewport.
Selecting this option discards any current boundary set and uses everything visible in
the drawing or in the current viewport.

Retain Boundary Creates an object that encloses each hatch object.

Island Detection Specifies whether to use objects within the outermost boundary as
boundary objects. Specifying no island detection prompts for the ray casting method.

Nearest Runs a line from the point you specify to the nearest object and then traces
the boundary in a counterclockwise direction.

Angle Runs a line at the specified angle from the point you specify to the first object
encountered and then traces the boundary in a counterclockwise direction.

Style Specifies the method used to hatch or fill objects within the outermost hatch
boundary. If you have selected no internal objects, a hatching style has no effect.
Because you can define a precise set of boundaries, it's often best to use the Normal
style.

Ignore Ignores all internal objects and hatches or fills through them.

Outer (Recommended) Hatches or fills inward from the outer boundary. HATCH
turns hatching or filling off if it encounters an internal island. This option hatches or
fills only the outermost level of the structure and leaves the internal structure blank.

Normal Hatches or fills inward from the outer boundary. If HATCH encounters an
internal island, it turns off hatching or filling until it encounters another island within
the island.

Associativity Specifies that the new hatch pattern is updated when its boundaries are
modified.
Gap Tolerance Sets the maximum size of gaps that can be ignored when objects are
used as a hatch boundary. The default value, 0, specifies that the objects must enclose
the area with no gaps. Any gaps equal to or smaller than the value you specify in the
gap tolerance are ignored, and the boundary is treated as closed.

Separate Hatches Controls whether the command creates a single hatch object or
multiple hatch objects when several separate closed boundaries are specified.

Draw Order

Assigns the draw order to a hatch or fill. You can place a hatch or fill behind all other
objects, in front of all other objects, behind the hatch boundary, or in front of the hatch
boundary.

Origin

Controls the starting location of hatch pattern generation. Some hatches, such as brick
patterns, are meant to be aligned with a point on the hatch boundary. By default, all
hatch origins correspond to the current UCS origin.

Use Current Origin Sets the value of the HPORIGINMODE system variable. The
last 5 options listed below correspond to the values 1-5.

Set New Origin Specifies the new hatch origin point directly.

Default to Boundary Extents Calculates a new origin based on the rectangular

extents of the hatch. Choices include each of the four corners of the extents and its
center.

Annotative

Specifies that the hatch is annotative. This property automates the process of scaling
annotations so that they plot or display at the correct size on the paper.

Hatch Color

Overrides the current color with a specified color for hatch patterns and solid fills.

Layer

Assigns new hatch objects to the specified layer, overriding the current layer. Enter
Use Current or “.” to use the current layer.

Transparency

Sets the transparency level for new hatches or fills, overriding the current object
transparency. Enter Use Current or “.” to use the current object transparency setting.
 Advance computer Applications
2022

Q21 Enlist any five subcommands used for drawing different types of
objects.
BASIC DRAWING COMMANDS FOR AUTOCAD. Construction Commands.
 ARRAY: ...
 COPY: Draws a copy of selected objects.
 MIRROR: Makes mirror images of existing objects. ...
 MOVE: Moves designated entities to another location.
 OFFSET: ...
 FILLET: Changes any corner to a rounded corner.
 CHAMFER: Changes any corner to an angled corner.

Q22 Discuss how to dimension style for a new drawing.

1. Click Home tab Annotation panel Dimension Style.

2. In the Dimension Style Manager, click New.
3. In the Create New Dimension Style dialog box, enter a name for the new
dimension style, and click Continue.
4. In the New Dimension Style dialog box, click each tab, and make any changes
for the new dimension style.
5. Click OK and then Close to exit the Dimension Style Manager.

Q24 Write down steps to set lights in 3D views.

3 Basic lighting techniques in a 3D environment
There are three basic lighting techniques that are widely used in photography,
film, theater, and painting. These three simple lighting techniques can be
applied to a virtual 3D environment as well, to create basic lighting for 3D
animations. However, 3D lighting is not limited to these three techniques and
can be much more complicated.

1. Three-point Lighting
Three-point lighting is probably the most common one, which obviously uses
three light sources:
  The key light: which is the most intense one among the three and the
primary source of light; placed to one side of the subject.
 The fill light: which is less intense, placed on the opposite side of the
key light to slightly fill in the shadow cast from the key light.
 The rim light: which is placed behind the object to separate it from the
background by adding a highlight around it.
Q26 Differentiate between standard primitives and extended primitives.