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Lab 15 - DLD

The document discusses different types of counters including asynchronous and synchronous counters. It provides examples of 3-bit asynchronous and synchronous up counters as well as 3-bit asynchronous down counters.

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Laiba Toori
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11 views5 pages

Lab 15 - DLD

The document discusses different types of counters including asynchronous and synchronous counters. It provides examples of 3-bit asynchronous and synchronous up counters as well as 3-bit asynchronous down counters.

Uploaded by

Laiba Toori
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSC 105L – Digital Logic Design

Semester: 2nd (Spring 2024)

Lab Instructor: Mr. Asim Naveed Session: 2023


Miss Farva
Date:

Name Reg. No. Marks


Counters
A counter is a sequential circuit, a group of flip flops and a clock signal applied to them.
Counters are of two types
1. Asynchronous or ripple counters
2. Synchronous

counters Asynchronous
Counters:
It is a type of counter in which the output of one flip flop become the input for the next flip
flop. The number of flip flops used in the ripple counter depends upon the number of states
of counter. The maximum number of states that a counter can have is 2n where n represents
the number of flip flops used in counter.

Figure: Asynchronous counter


Synchronous Counters:
If the "clock" pulses are applied to all the flip-flops in a counter simultaneously, then such a
counter is called as synchronous counter.

Figure: Synchronous counter


Counters are further divided into up counter, down counter, and up and down counter. The
up counter counts numbers from 0 to n, down counter counts numbers from n to 0. Up down
counter is the one that can do up-counting and down-counting in a counter.
UP-COUNTER
An up counter counts events in increasing order. Up counter can be synchronous or
asynchronous.
ASYNCHRONOUS UP-COUNTER
An asynchronous counter is one whose output become input for the next flip flop. In
asynchronous counters. Thus, all the flip-flops do not change state simultaneously.

Figure: Asynchronous Up Counter

3-BIT ASYNCHRONOUS UP-COUNTER


To design a 3-bit asynchronous up counter we will use 3 JK flip flops, in which the output of
the first flip flop will be the input of the next, and a logic 1 is given to both inputs J and K. As
we are making a 3-bit counter so our counter will count numbers from 0 to 7.

Figure: 3-bit Asynchronous Up Counter

Truth Table

clock Qc Qb Qa Decimal
Initially 0 0 0 0
1st 0 0 1 1
2nd 0 1 0 2
3rd 0 1 1 3
4th 1 0 0 4
5th 1 0 1 5
6th 1 1 0 6
7th 1 1 1 7
SYNCHRONOUS UP-COUNTER
A synchronous counter is one whose output bits change state simultaneously. In synchronous
counters, the flip flops are clocked at the same time by a common clock. Thus, all the flip
flops change state simultaneously.
3-BIT SYNCHRONOUS UP-COUNTER
To make a 3-bit synchronous up counter we need 3 T Flip Flops (other flip flops can also be
used).

Figure: 3-bit Synchronous Up Counter


DOWN COUNTER
A down counter counts events in decreasing order. Down counter can be synchronous or
asynchronous.
ASYNCHRONOUS DOWN-COUNTER
There are two methods of making an asynchronous down-counter, the first one is to make up
a counter, and instead of taking the output from Qa, Qb, and Qc take the output from their
complemented values.
The second one is to take inputs from Qa, Qb, and Qc but give complemented values clock to
the next flip-flop.
3-BIT ASYNCHRONOUS DOWN-COUNTER
3 Flip flops are used to make a 3-bit asynchronous down counter. Following is the
circuit diagram of the 3-bit asynchronous down counter.

Figure: 3-bit Asynchronous Down Counter


clock Qc Qb Qa Base 10 Qc’ Qb’ Qa’ Base 10

Initially 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 7
1st 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 6
2nd 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 5
3rd 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 4
4th 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 3
5th 1 0 1 5 0 1 0 2
6th 1 1 0 6 0 0 1 1
7th 1 1 1 7 0 0 0 0

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