Hanoi University of Science and Technology

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

FINAL PROJECT REPORT

Group 7
Topic: Automatic temperature-controlled fan
Instructor: Nguyễn Cảnh Quang
Class: CTTT – KT ô tô 01-K65
Class code: EE2110E- 136277
Name Student ID
Nguyễn Mạnh Cường 20207181
Nguyễn Tài Hùng 20207156
Đặng Phan Long 20207162
Nguyễn Văn Ngọc 20207187
 TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Overview...........................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Objective...........................................................................................................................................4
1.3 Expected outcomes ..........................................................................................................................4
2. Overall description..................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Block diagram ...................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Method..............................................................................................................................................5
3. Designation.............................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Project Scope:...................................................................................................................................6
3.2 Components List:..............................................................................................................................6
3.3 Introduction to each elements.........................................................................................................6
3.3.1 NPN Transistor 2N3904 .............................................................................................................6
3.3.2 Op-amp LM741 ..........................................................................................................................8
3.3.3 Supply voltage source 9V.........................................................................................................10
3.3.4 Rain Water sensor....................................................................................................................11
3.3.5 LED............................................................................................................................................11
3.3.6 Resistor 1k and 300 Ω .............................................................................................................13
3.3.7 Capacitor SAMXON..................................................................................................................14
3.3.8 Diode 1N5408...........................................................................................................................15
4. Circuit Diagram, Analysis and Calculation:...........................................................................................16
4.1 Circuit Diagram:..............................................................................................................................16
4.2 Circuit Analysis:...............................................................................................................................16
4.3 Circuit Calculation:..........................................................................................................................17
5. Practical Circuit:....................................................................................................................................18
6. Conclusion and Recommendation:.......................................................................................................19
References:...............................................................................................................................................19

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 Abstract
Moisture level of Soil plays an important role which directly
influences the yield of crops. Testing Moisture level is widely used and
applied to adjust the amount of irrigation, especially in the agricultural
industry. Therefore, it is beneficial to study test method. The primary
challenge with testing, though, is figuring out how to tell when the soil is
moist and vice versa. This results in improved product quality that is
transferred to customers and enhanced efficacy. That’s why our group
decided to propose and make an electrical circuit to determine Soil Moisture.
We applied all we knew about Electronic Design, without using any
different ones. Everyone may use this circuit to determine if the soil is moist
or dry. Proteus also includes a simulation that helps with creating actual
circuits, capturing the spirit of a concept, and enabling circuit analysis.

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Chapter I: Introduction

1. Overview
As we all knew, many elements affect manufacturing process and
people. One of the most effective things is the moisture, so that the
introduction of the humidity measurement circuit is inevitable.

2. Objective
Our project is that we develop a circuit to test moisture of soil and
from this, it will response many applications in industry. We use analog
components to get the target of checking humidity level. The main goal is
that we convert the humidity to electrical specification parameters and
through elements to light up LEDs that tell whether the soil is dry or wet.

3. Expected outcomes
- Designing a circuit without relating to digital equipment,

exceeding range of Electronic Design

- Using Proteus to Simulink the circuit

- The circuit works like the circuit principle on the simulation

- Real Circuit operates well without any fire or broken equipment

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Chapter II: Overall description
1. Block diagram

2. Method
The primary power source for every component in this project is a 9V
battery.
Three components make up the circuit: a sensor, a control system, and
alarming LEDs.
Rainwater Sensor is the sensor that is utilized. The signal will be sent to
the controlling system as soon as it comes into contact with moisture.

The IC LM741, NPN BJT, capacitor, and a few resistors make up the
control system.

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 Here, we have two LEDs to show the outcome. The green LED is
constantly on while the red one is off when the sensing pad is dry. The
green LED turns off and the red LED turns on when liquid contacts the
pad.

Chapter III: Designation

3.1: Project Scope
- IC LM741, Transistor Q1 2N3904, Transistor Q2 2N3904

- The moisture sensor module

- Supply voltage source 9V

3.2: Components List

- Resistor 10000 Ω and 300 Ω

- Diode RED-LED and GREEN-LED

- NPN Transistor 2N3904

- IC LM741

- Supply voltage source 9V

- Rain sensor

- Capacitor SAMXON 100uF-25V

- Si diode 1n5819

3.3 Introduction to each element

3.3.1 NPN Transistor 2N3904

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 The NPN transistor, also known as a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), is
primarily used for current amplification and quick switching. It consists of three
semiconductor layers (a p-type semiconductor sandwiched by two n-type
semiconductors).

The three regions of a BJT are connected to the outside world through the
three terminals, named: Emitter (E), Base (B), Collector (C). The two functions in
a BJT are referred to as the base-emitter junction (B-E junction) and the base-
collector junction (B-C) junction.
There are three operating regions of a bipolar junction transistor:

 Active region: The region in which the transistors operate as an amplifier.

 Saturation region: The region in which the transistor is fully on and operates
as a switch such that collector current is equal to the saturation current.
 Cut-off region: The region in which the transistor is completely off and
collector current is equal to zero.

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 2N3904 is an NPN transistor so collector (C) and emitter (E)
will be open (reverse biased) when base pin (B) is held to ground and
will be closed (forward biased) when signal is provided for the root pin.
2N3904 has a gain of 300; This value determines the gain of the
transistor. The maximum amount of current that can flow through pin C
is 200mA, so loads that consume more than 200mA cannot be connected
with this transistor. To bias the transistor must supply current to the base
pin, this current (IB) is limited to 5mA.

3.3.2 Op-amp LM741

In this project we use LM741 amplifier IC as a comparator in order to
check voltage levels and make decisions based on which input has larger
voltage. Therefore, the circuit performs a certain action based on these
value levels. The op-amp chip contains a total of 8 pins, as shown in the
figure below.

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 The comparator typically has one input that serves as the reference
voltage and an unknown, variable voltage for the other input. This
frequently comes from a sensor that measures heat, light, or another
parameter.

Using as a comparator, if we have a reference voltage (set at a certain

value) and we have a variable voltage, we can determine whether the
variable voltage exceeds or falls below this reference voltage. If it goes
above it, then we can make the circuit perform a certain action. If it goes
below it, we can make the circuit to take a different action. For example,
if it exceeds the reference level, an LED turns on. If it drops below, the
LED turns off.

The only 5 pins we will use for our comparator circuit are V+, V-,
inverting input, non-inverting input and output.

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 Pin #7 (V+) connects to VCC receiving positive voltage while pin #4
(V-) connects to the ground or receives negative voltage. The inverting
terminal of op-amp is connected with Pin # 2 while the non-inverting
terminal is connected with Pin # 3. We can take the output from Pin # 6
of LM741.

Thus, the voltages we supply to these terminals are really biasing for
our output.

3.3.3 Supply voltage source 9V

9V battery is used as supply voltage source in this project.

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 3.3.4 Rain Water sensor (Sensing Pad)
The Sensing Pad consists of two nickel-coated series copper tracks
and two Header pins internally connected. Through two jumper wires,
these pins are utilized to link the Sensing Pad to the circuit. Always, one
pin of the rain sensor circuit provides a V+ power supply to the one track
of the sensing pad, and another pin is received the return power supply
from another track of the sensing pad.

The sensing pad with series of exposed copper traces, works as a potentiometer-
like variable resistor whose resistance according to the quantity of water present on
its surface. This resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of water:

 The more water on the surface means better conductivity and will result in a
lower resistance.
 The less water on the surface means poor conductivity and will result in a
higher resistance.

The sensor produces an output voltage according to the resistance, which

becomes one of input values in LM741.

3.3.5 Led Diode

The LED stands for Light-emitting diode. LED is a PN-junction
diode mainly used as the source of light.

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 A diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals that only
permits current to flow in one direction. To prevent the current from
flowing through both ways, it essentially has tremendous resistance on
one end and minimal resistance on the other. Thus, a diode is like a valve
in an electrical circuit.

It is based on the electroluminescence effect - a process where a diode

converts electric current to light when electrons change their state inside
the LED semiconductors. Unlike other mainstream diodes, the material
forming the LEDs comes with a transparent package, allowing the
infrared and visible light to pass through the junction.

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 The LEDs are also rated with respect to the voltage required to turn
them on. For example, red LEDs have a maximum voltage rating of
about 2.2V, whereas blue LEDs and white LEDs have voltage ratings of
3.4V and 3.6V, respectively.

3.3.6 Resistor 10000 and 300 Ω

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current
flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, adjust signal levels, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.

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 Fig: Resistor

Fig: Resistor Symbol

3.3.7 Capacitor SAMXON

25V Capacitor Specifications

Maximum voltage: 25V
Type: Fixed Capacitance
Polarization Capacitor
Capacitance is correctly marked on the body of the capacitor, in
addition to the maximum operating temperature of the capacitor.
Capacitors are indispensable in filter circuits, oscillator circuits and
AC signal transmission circuits.
Allow AC voltage to pass and prevent DC voltage, so capacitors are
used to transmit signals between amplifier stages with difference in DC
voltage. Filter the AC voltage after it has been rectified (remove negative
phase) to a flat DC voltage. That is the principle of the source filter
capacitors. With AC power (AC), the capacitor conducts electricity, and
with DC power (DC), the capacitor becomes a filter capacitor.

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 3.3.8 Diode 1N5408

1N5408 is a diode of 1N540x series. It is a general purpose diode with

many good features which makes it ideal to use in wide variety of general

purpose applications. For example it is capable of handling maximum 3A

or 3000mA of current across it.

It is manufactured in DO201 package that is a slightly bigger package

from DO-41 but can be used in replacement of many DO-41 diodes if

slightly bigger space is available.

It is also an ideal diode if you are looking for a little bit more ampere

handling capabilities as compare to DO-41 diodes for example 1N4007,

1N4148 etc. In most applications you can replace these diodes with

1N5408 to get more forward current.

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Chapter IV: Circuit Diagram, Analysis and Calculation
1. Circuit Diagram:

2. Circuit Analysis:

-The basic working principle of our circuit starts from the change of
resistance of the soil. We used a sensor J1 as moisture sensor. The nature of
this sensor is only rheostat. IC LM741 play a role as a voltage comparator
that compares voltage between inverting and non-inverting terminals. In this
circuit, pin 2 is inverting terminal and pin 3 is non-inverting terminal.

- When sensor is being dry, the resistance of it is very high(about 6k

to 10k), it is resulted that voltage entering into pin 2 of IC741 is high.
And voltage at pin 2 is higher than voltage at pin 3, Comparator LM741
will make voltage at pin 6 be nearly zero. So V6 = 0V is the same that the
current in Base of transistor Q1 is zero, Transistor Q1 is in cut off-

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 region, voltage at anode D1 is not higher than voltage at cathode so that
RED-LED D1 does not light up. In addition, voltage source, R5, R6,
Transistor Q2 and diode D2 make a close circuit and transistor Q2
definitely operating in saturation region. It makes GREEN-LED D2 light
up.
- In reverse, when sensor is wet, the more resistance decreases, the
more voltage at pin 2 decreases. When voltage at pin 2 is smaller than
ones at pin 3, voltage out of this op-amp approximately equals to
Vcc( voltage source ). It makes transistor Q1 work in saturation region.
So that RED-LED D1 lights up so clearly. Moreover, the current into
Base of transistor is zero so Q2 is in cut-off region, GREEN-LED Q2
doesn’t work.

3. Circuit Calculation
As our knowledge, if the value of current through LED diode is

higher than 10mA, the LED diode will light up. In addition, LED will
not

light up if the current through LED diode is lower than 0.04mA

We consider transistor Q1 which is in linear region: Vbe=0.7,

Ic=𝛃Ib,𝛃=50,Vd1=2V

To light up RED-LED diode: Ie > 10mA => Ib > 0.2mA

We have Vcc – Vd3 = R5xIb + Vbe + Vd1

So that we will choose R5 =20k

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 I want that trans Q1 operates in linear-region, we need choose a

value of R6 which is very suitable

We have

Transistor Q1 operating in linear region if

So that We choose R6=300

Chapter V: Practical Circuit and Implementation Circuit

Practical Circuit

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Chapter VI: Conclusion and recommendation
The agriculture sector has advanced greatly, greatly increasing
production as a result of the use of science and technology. This study has
explained the design of a soil moisture testing circuit, which uses IC LM741,
LEDs, rain sensing pad in order to check whether the soil is dry or not.
Moreover, the LEDs will change to a signaling state when the sensor is
exposed to enough dampness. Theoretical and simulation test has been
carried out in order to ensure the practical result.

Due to time constraints, this project has several drawbacks. In

the future, if we have chance to develop this project, we intent to update
with some ideas:

- Integrating pump system to ensure sufficient water supply.

- Developing a remote overview monitoring and control

application

- Adding more measuring sensor (temperature, light.........)

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 References:
- https://www.theengineeringknowledge.com/introduction-to-741-op-
amp/
- https://www.electronicshub.org/rain-alarm-project/

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