\ ‘Switching © When auser accesses the internet or another computer network outside their immediate location, messages are sent through the network of transmission media. This technique of transferring the information from one computer network to another network is known as switching, © $witching in a computer network is ac! hardware device which is used to join multip! area network (LAN). © Network switches operate at © Switching is transparent to the user an home network. the packets based on MAC addresses. © Switches are used to forward © A Switch is used to transfer the data only to the device that has been addressed. It verifies the destination address to route the packet appropriately. © Itis operated in full duplex mode. © Packet collision is minimum as it directly communicates between source and destination. © Itdoes not broadcast the message as it works with limited bandwidth. Why is Switching Concept required? ‘Switching concept is developed because of the following reasons: © Bandwidth: It is defined as the maximum transfer rate of a cable. It is a very critical and expensive resource. Therefore, switching techniques are used for the effective utilization of the bandwidth of a network. Collision: Collision is the effect that occurs when more than one device transmits the message over the same physical media, and they collide with each other. To overcome this problem, switching technology is implemented so that packets do not collide with each other. Advantages of Switching: © Switch increases the bandwidth of the network. © It reduces the workload on individual PCs as it sends the information to only that device which has been addressed. © It increases the overall performance of the network by reducing the traffic on the network. © There will be less frame collision as switch creates the collision domain for each connection. Disadvantages of Switching: © A Switch is more expensive than network bridges. Switch cannot determine the network connectivity issues easily. designing and configuration of the switch are required to handle multicast hieved by using switches. A switch is a small le computers together with one local layer 2 (Data link layer) in the OS! model. d does not require any configuration in the 2 switches are used for transmitting the data on the data link layer, and it 'S error checking on transmitted and received frames. 2 switches forward the packets with the help of MAC address. S$ are used for forwarding the packets known as Switching modes. aized. The frame Consists of © In switching mode, Different parts of @ frame are recogn sat pate such as preamble, destination MAC address, source MAC address, user's data, FCS. ies : There are three types of switching modes: © Store-and-forward © Cut-through © Fragment-free \d-forward is a technique in which the intermediate nodes store the received then check for errors before forwarding the packets to the next node. switch waits until the entire frame has received. On receiving the entire ' ch store the frame into the switch buffer memory. This process is known frame. ‘stored, then the frame is checked for the errors. If any error is discarded otherwise the message is forwarded to the next 6S is known as forwarding the frame. dundancy Check) technique is implemented that uses a number of ‘the errors on the received frame.© The store-and-forward techni network will lique Il not be affected by t ee level of security as the destination ward switch gee es S are highly reliable as it does not forward the collided © Store-and-for frames. ne cs tod Switching ar Switching is a technique in which the switch forwards the packets after the destination address has been identified without waiting for the entire frame to be received. © Once the frame is received, it checks the first six bytes of the frame following the Preamble, the switch checks the destination in the switching table to determine the outgoing interface port, and forwards the frame to the destination. © Ithas low latency rate as the switch does not wait for the entire frame to be received before sending the packets to the destination. © Ithas no error checking technique. Therefore, the errors can be sent with or without errors to the receiver. © A Cut-through switching technique has low wait time as it forwards the packets as soon as it identifies the destination MAC address. © In this technique, collision is not detected, if frames have collided will also be forwarded. Fragment-free Switching co AFragment-free switching is an advanced technique of the Cut-through ‘Switching. co AFragment-free switching is a technique that reads atleast 64 bytes of a frame before forwarding to the next node to provide the error-free transmission. combines the speed of Cut-through ‘Switching with the error checking functionality. : This technique checks the 64 bytes of the ethernet frame where addressing ion is available. f : S ig detected within 64 bytes of the frame, the frames which are collided be forwarded further.Differences b/w Store-and-forward and Cut-through SWitChiNG. Store-and-forward Switching Cut-through Sueiehine: Store-and-forward Switching is a Cut-through Switching ive technique that waits until the technique that checks the entire frame is received. first 6 bytes following the preamble to identify the destination address. It performs error checking It does not perform any error functionality. If any error is found checking. The frame with or in the frame, the frame will be without errors will be discarded otherwise forwarded to forwarded. the next node. It has low latency rate as it checks only six bytes of the frame to determine the destination address. It has high latency rate as it waits for the entire frame to be _Teceived before forwarding to the “next node. is highly reliable as it forwards Itis less reliable as compared only error-free packets. to Store-and-forward technique as it forwards error prone packets as well. It has a high wait time as it waits It has low wait time as cut | for the entire frame to be through switches do not store | received before taking any the whole frame or packets. forwarding decisions. there can be multiple paths from sender to receiver. The switching the best route for data transmission. used to connect the systems for making one-to-one TechniquesCircuit Switching ° ° ° Circuit Switching is a ‘switching technique that establishes a dedicated path between sender and receiver. In the Circuit Switching Technique, once the connection is established then the dedicated path will remain to exist until the connection is terminated. Circuit switching in a network operates in a similar way as the telephone works. A complete end-to-end path must exist before the communication takes place. In case of circuit switching technique, when any user wants to send the data, voice, video, a request signal is sent to the receiver then the receiver sends back the acknowledgment to ensure the availability of the dedicated path. After receiving the acknowledgment, dedicated path transfers the data. Circuit switching is used in public telephone network. It is used for voice transmission. Fixed data can be transferred at a time in circuit switching technology, ZomMunication through circuit switching has 3 phases: > Circuit establishment a transferich a single in which a sing! © Space Division Switching is a circuit switching toca ohysically separate Set of transmission path is accomplished in a switch by US! ed by using crossbar switch. A crossbar can be enabled or crosspoir © Space Division Switching can be achiev switch is a metallic crosspoint or semiconductor gate that disabled by a control unit. ; ‘ample, Xilinx © The Crossbar switch is made by using the semiconductor. For examP! crossbar switch using FPGAs. ‘onblocking switches. © Space Division Switching has high speed, high capacity, and n Space Division Switches can be categorized in two ways: © Crossbar Switch © Multistage Switch Switch ar The Crossbar switch is a switch that has n input lines and n output lines. The cross! switch has n? intersection points known as crosspoints. Disadvantage of Crossbar switch: i ‘The number of crosspoints increases as the number of stations is increased. Therefore, it becomes very expensive for a large switch, The solution to this is to use a multistage switch. Multistage Switch © Multistage Switch is made by splitting the crossbar switch into the smaller units and then interconnecting them. © It reduces the number of crosspoints. © If one path fails, then there will be an availability of another path. Advantages Of Circuit Switching: ° © In the case of Circuit Switching technique, the communication channel is dedicated. © It has fixed bandwidth. Disadvantages Of Circuit Switching: © Once the dedicated path is established, the only delay occurs in the speed of data transmission. © It takes a long time to establish a connection approx 10 seconds during which no data can be transmitted. © It is more expensive than other switching techniques as a dedicated path is required for each connection. © Itis inefficient to use because once the path is established and no data is transferred, then the capacity of the path is wasted. © In this case, the connection is dedicated therefore no other data can be transferred even if the channel is free. Switching Switching is a switching technique in which a message is transferred as a unit and routed through intermediate nodes at which it is stored and Switching technique, there is no establishment of a dedicated path the sender and receiver. 2 ition address is appended to the message. Message Switching provides routing as the message is routed through the intermediate nodes based ation available in the message.o Message switches al i . efficient routes, PY8F@™med in such a way so that they can provide the most © Each and every node stores the enn; This type of network is kn © entire Message and then forward it to the next node. netw own as store and forward network. © Message Switching treats each message as an independent entity. Suis Advantages Of Message Switching © Data channels are shared among the communicating devices that improve the efficiency of using available bandwidth. Traffic congestion can be reduced because the message is temporarily stored in the nodes. ° Message priority can be used to manage the network. The size of the message which is sent over the network can be varied. Therefore, it ‘Supports the data of unlimited size. Disadvantages Of Message Switching } Message switches must be equipped with sufficient ‘storage to enable them to the messages until the message is forwarded. Long delay can occur due to the storing and forwarding facility provided by the age switching technique. Packet switching is a switching technique in which the message is sent in one , but it is divided into smaller Pieces, and they are sent individually. Splits into smaller pieces known as Packets and packets are givena number to identify their order at the receiving end. Packet contains some information in its headers such as source address, address and sequence number. will travel across the network, taking the shortest path as possible. a € reassembled at the receiving end in correct order. ing or corrupted, then the message will be sent to resend the l€ packets is reached, then the acknowledgment messageApproaches Of Packet Switching: ‘There are two approaches to Packet Switching: Datagram Packet switching: © Itis a packet switching technology in which packet is known as a datagram, is considered as an independent entity. Each packet contains the information about the destination and switch uses this information to forward the packet to the correct destination. The packets are reassembled at the receiving end in correct order. In Datagram Packet Switching technique, the path is not fixed. Intermediate nodes take the routing decisions to forward the packets. _ © Datagram Packet Switching is also known as connectionless switching. _ Virtual Circuit Switching _ Virtual Circuit Switching is also known as connection-oriented switching. Jn the case of Virtual circuit switching, a preplanned route is established before the _ Messages are sent. Call request and call accept packets are used to establish the connection between der and receiver.© Inthe above diagram, A and B are the sender and receiver respectively. 1 and 2 are the nodes. © Gall request and call accept packets are used to establish a connection between the | When a route is established, data will be transferred. ‘After transmission of data, an acknowledgment signal is sent by the receiver that the e e has been received. ‘user wants to terminate the connection, a clear signal is sent for the roach and Virtual Circuit approach Sane ee A Cireu ode takes routing Node does not take any routing to forward the decision. occur Congestion can occur when the node is busy, and it does not allow | travel in : ap other packets to pass through. | | |Itis more flexible as all the Itis not very flexible. packets are treated as an independent entity. Advantages Of Packet Switching: © Cost-effective: In packet switching technique, switching devices do not require massive secondary storage to store the packets, so cost is minimized to some extent. Therefore, we can say that the packet switching technique is a cost-effective technique. © Reliable: If any node is busy, then the packets can be rerouted. This ensures that the Packet Switching technique provides reliable communication. © Efficient: Packet Switching is an efficient technique. It does not require any established path prior to the transmission, and many users can use the same communication channel simultaneously, hence makes use of available bandwidth very efficiently. Disadvantages Of Packet Switching: © Packet Switching technique cannot be implemented in those applications that require low delay and high-quality services. © The protocols used in a packet switching technique are very complex and requires high implementation cost. © If the network is overloaded or corrupted, th packets. It can also lead to the loss of critical en it requires retransmission of lost | information if errors are nor recovered. i.