single over 3 Fhe used 4.What is Multiplexing? pte data tT ghar Multiplexing is a technique used to combine and send the mul be ‘nultiplexind medium. The process of combining the data streams is know® pines 1 NPE TT for multiplexing is known as a multiplexer. mux) that COME. and On? ol Multiptexing is achieved by using a device called Multiptoxer ( je. n input fines generate a single output line. Multiplexing follows many-t0" NO, 1.05 table at the line (DEMUX) Ova n outputs) Demuttiplexing is achieved by using a device called Demultiplexer Te (one input an receiving end. DEMUX separates a signal into Its componont ane approach Therefore, we can say that demultiplexing follows the one-to-m 4.4Why Multiplexing? © The transmission medium is used to send the signal {ro can only have one signal at a time. ium © If there are multiple signals to share one medium, then the re Ma a way that each signal is given some portion of the availabl pice ina there are 10 signals and bandwidth of medium is100 units, sai each signal. ility of collision. © When multiple signals share the common medium, there is @ possibility Multiplexing concept is used to avoid such collision. © Transmission services are very expensive. 1.2History of Multiplexing : © Multiplexing technique is widely used in telecommunications in which 2 calls are carried through a single wire. : ; in © Multiplexing originated in telegraphy in the early 1870s and is now widely used communication. © George Owen Squier developed the telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910. veral telephone Concept of Multiplexing cae MUX: Multiplexer IM | DEMUX: Demultiplexer U —_—___—+ TLink channels © The’'n’ input lines are transmitted through a multiplexer and multiplexer combines the signals to form a composite signal. © The composite signal is passed through a Demultiplexer and demultiplexer separates a signal to component signals and transfers them to their respective destinations. Advantages of Multiplexing: ‘© More than one signal can be sent over a single medium. ©. The bandwidth of a medium can be utilized effectively. Multiplexing Techniques Multiplexing techniques can be classified as:2. Frequency-division Multiplexing (FDM) ofa & Risan analog technigue Jhnique in which the available bandwidth © Frequency Division Multiplexing is a techniqui 5 Fprmenensmission medium is subdivided inte several channels, — 57 12 14 19 © In the above diagram, a single transmission medium is subdivided into several juency fhannels, and each frequency charne ne Siven to different devices. Device 1 has 2 frequency channel of range from tte 6 © The input signals are translated inte frequency bands by using modulation techniques, and they are combined by a multiplexer it form a composite signal, © The main aim of the FDMis to subdivide the available bandwidth into different frequency channels a1 different devices.Advantages Of FDM: a a is used for analog signals. process is very simple and easy modulation. E © ALarge number of one can be ont through an FDM simultaneously. © It does not require any synchronization between sender and receiver. Disadvantages Of FOM: . ‘© FDM technique is used only when low-speed channels are required. © It suffers the problem of crosstalk. © ALarge number of modulators are required. © It requires a high bandwidth channel. Applications Of FDM: © FDM is commonly used in TV networks. £ ‘ies, and © itis used in FM and AM broadcasting. Each FM radio station has ener Ses inthe they are multiplexed to form a composite signal. The multiplexed signal is air. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WOM), WDM Transmitter ‘© Wavelength Division Multiplexing is same as FDM except that the optical signals are transmitted through the fibre optic cable. © WDMis used on fibre optics to increase the capacity of a single fibre. © tis used to utilize the high data rate capability of fibre optic cable, an analog multiplexing technique. : ical signals from different source are combined to form a wider band of multiplexer. e of light with theism: signals t tinations. ising 2 P ical $I © Multiplexing and Demultiplexing can be actieved BM fhe various optic opti © Prism can perform a role of multiplexer by compl nsrnitte EamPostte signal, and the composite signal is tan eying © Prism also performs a reverse operation, .e., demu! Fiber optic cable Demultiplexer Multiplexer Time Division Mutipiexing ith © Itis a digital technique. e time wi © In Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique, all signals operate at the Pea operate different frequency, but in case of Time Division Multiplexing technique, at the same frequency with different time. es i In Time Division Multiplexing technique, the total time available in the cheney nine distributed among different users. Therefore, each user is allocated with differ interval known as a Time slot at which data is to be transmitted by the sender. © Auser takes control of the channel for a fixed amount of time. iS © InTime Division Multiplexing technique, data is not transmitted simultaneously rather the data is transmitted one-by-one. . in TDM, the signal is transmitted in the form of frames. Frames contain a cycle of time slots in which each frame contains one or more slots dedicated to each user. ° it can be used to multiplex both digital and analog signals but mainly used to multiplex digital signals. There are two types of TDM: © Synchronous TDM © Asynchronous TDM. Synchronous TDM 8 A Synchronous TDM is a technique in which time slot is preassigned to every device. In Synchronous TDM, each device Is given some time slot respective ofthe tact eat the device contains the data or not. Ifthe device does not have any data, then the siot will ramain empty. tn Synchronous TDM, signals are sent in the form of frames. Time slots are organized i form of frames. ifa device does not have data for a particelar 4 mthe will be transmitted, a ime slot, then the empty slot © The most popular Synchronous TDM are T-1 multiplexing, ISD i multiplexing, Piexings 'SDN multiplexing, and SONET If there are n devices, then there are n slots, ° ° ° ° °Iii &.220¥° figure, the Synchronous TDM technique is implemented. Each device is allocated with some time slot. The time slots are transmitted irrespective of whether the sender has data to send or not. Disadvantages Of Synchronous TDM: p © The capacity of the channel is not fully utilized as the empty slots are also transmitted which is having no data. In the above figure, the first frame is completely filled, but in the last two frames, some slots are empty. Therefore, we can say that the capacity of the channel is not Utilized efficiently. © The speed of the transmission medium should be greater than the total speed of the input lines. An alternative approach to the Synchronous TDM is Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing. Asynchronous TDM © An asynchronous TDM is also known as Statistical TDM. © An asynchronous TDM is a technique in which time slots are not fixed as in the case of ‘Synchronous TOM. Time slots are allocated to only those devices which have the data to send. Therefore, we can say that Asynchronous Time Division multiplexor transmits only the data from active workstations. © Anasynchronous TDM technique dynamically allocates the time slots to the devices. © In Asynchronous TDM, total speed of the input lines can be greater than the capacity of the channel. © Asynchronous Time Division multiplexor accepts the incoming data streams and creates a frame that contains only data with no empty slots. © In Asynchronous TDM, each slot contains an address part that identifies the source of the data.© The difference botween Asynchronous TOM and SY Synchronous TDM are unutlized, but in Asynchrort leads to the smaller transmission time and effICler™ he © In Synchronous TDM, if there are n sending devic®=+ 67 there: ‘Asynchronous TDM, if there are n sending device>; of th less than n (men). stical analy ° ihe number of slots in a frame depends on the stati lines. Concept Of Asynchronous TDM. — &.; ? ding tl In the above diagram, there are 4 devices, but only two devices are sending i” ©. Therefore, the data of A and C are only transmitted through the transmission I Frame of above diagram can be represented as: Transmission Line The above figure shows that the data part contains the address to determine the source of the data. What is Spread Spectrum? The increasing demand for wireless communications has problems due to limited spectrum efficiency and multipath propagation. The use of spread spectrum communication has simplified these problems. In the spread spectrum, signals from different sources are combined to fit into larger bandwidth. j ‘Most stations use air as the medium for communication, stations must be able to share the ‘medium without an interception and without being subject to jamming from a malicious intruder. To achieve this, spread-spectrum techniques add redundancy means it uses extendedt Bs 1 Se os Se e [_soreeaing spreaded signa! cesignat 5 pandwidt! of sourt eT al preading Code “en eee Spread Spectrum rinciples of Spread &; as spectrum process: nto 1. To allow redundancy, it is Taceieady) ‘that the bandwidth allocated to each stati >, Much lager than needed. The spreading process occurs after the signal is created by the source: . odulated signal BW is much larg Conditions of Spread Spectrum are: 1. The spread spectrum is a type of modulation where m than the baseband signal BW i.e. spread spectrum is a wi 2. Asspecial code (pseudo noise) is used for spectrum spreadins used to despread the signal at the receiver. Characteristics of the Spread Spectrum are: Higher channel capacity. Ability to resist multipath propagation They cannot easily intercept any unauthorized person. They are resistant to jamming. The spread spectrum provides immunity to distortion due t 6. The spread spectrum offers multiple access capabilities. Two types of techniques for Spread Spectrum are: 1. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 2. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS): In Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), different carrier frequencies are modulated by the source signal i.e. M carrier frequencies are modulated by the signal. At one moment signal modulates one carrier frequency and at the subsequent moments, it modulates other carrier frequencies. The general block diagram of FHSS is shown in the below figure. ide band scheme. g and the same code 0 multipath propagation. Msen4ss 1 ghia dod signal [ems J some pattern for each for the hopping period Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum inal of that A pseudorandom code generator generates Pseudo-random Noise of hopping period Th. The frequency corresponding to the pattern is used and is passed to the frequency synthesizer. The synthesizer generates a carrier sigi frequency. The figure above shows the spread signal via FHSS. Advantages of FHSS: Synchronization is not greatly dependent on distance. + Processing Gain is higher than DSSS. Disadvantages of FHSS: + The bandwidth of the FHSS system is too large (in GHz). + Complex and expensive Digital frequency synthesizers are required. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): In DSSS, the bandwidth of the original signal is also expanded by a different technique. Here, each data bit is replaced with n bits using a spreading code called chips, and the bit rate of the chip is called as chip-rate. The chip rate is n times the bit rate of the original signal. The below Figure shows the DSSS block diagram. eel Chip generator Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum+ The DSSS System combats the jamming most effectively. « The performance of DSSS in presence of noise is superior to FHSS. + Interference is minimized against the signals. Disadvantages of DSSS: ; * Processing Gain is lower than DSSS. ns * Channel Bandwidth is less than FHSS. g fer and receiver. : Synchronization is affected by the variable distance between the transmit Unlock the Power of Placement Preparation! Complete Interview Preparation Course Feeling lost in OS, DBMS, CN, SQL, and DSA chaos? Our ‘er 100,000+ geeks, this course is your is the ultimate guide to conquer placements. Trusted by ov: " roadmap to interview triumph : Complete Interview Ready to dive in? Explore our Free Demo Content and join our Preparation course