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IEEE Standard for Learning

STANDARDS
Object Metadata

IEEE Computer Society

Developed by the
Learning Technology Standards Committee

IEEE Std 1484.12.1™-2020

(Revision of IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2002)

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IEEE Std 1484.12.1™-2020
(Revision of IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2002)

IEEE Standard for Learning

Object Metadata

Developed by the

Learning Technology Standards Committee

of the
IEEE Computer Society

Approved 24 September 2020

IEEE SA Standards Board

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Abstract: A conceptual data schema that defines the structure of a metadata instance for a
learning object is specified in this standard. For this standard, a learning object is defined as any
entity, digital or non-digital, that is used for learning, education, or training; a metadata instance for
a learning object describes relevant characteristics of the learning object to which it applies. Such
characteristics can be regrouped in general, life cycle, meta-metadata, educational, technical,
educational, rights, relation, annotation, and classification categories. The conceptual data schema
defined in this standard specifies the data elements of which a metadata instance for a learning
object is composed and allows for linguistic diversity of both learning objects and the metadata
instances that describe them. It is intended that this standard will be referenced by other standards
that will define the implementation descriptions of the data schema, so that a metadata instance
for a learning object can be used by a learning technology system to manage, locate, evaluate, or
exchange learning objects.

Keywords: data elements, data schema, datatypes, data types, IEEE 1484.12.1™, learning
objects, learning object metadata, LOM, metadata, schema, vocabulary

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Acknowledgements

The IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC) P1484.12 Learning Object Metadata (LOM)
working group wishes to thank Erik Duval, Tom Watson, and Wayne Hodgins for their tireless efforts and
commitment to developing a high quality solution and document. This document has its origins in both the
ARIADNE and IMS Projects, without which this document could not have been created. This document also
builds on metadata work done by the Dublin Core group.

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Participants

At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the Renewing SCORM Standards Working Group had the
following membership:

Andy Johnson, Chair

Avron Barr, Vice Chair

Mitchell Bonnett James Goodell Jonathan Poltrack

Ben Clark Alan Mustafa Robert Robson
Thomas Creighton George Vilches

At the time the previous standard was completed and the SCORM Standards Working Group sought to renew,
the working group had the following membership:

Wayne Hodgins, Chair

Carlos C. Amano Jack Hyde Tom Probert

Thor Anderson Chad Kainz Roy Rada
Patricia Barkman Ian Kegel Dan Rehak
Bill Blackmon Roger Lange Tyde Richards
Kerry Blinco John Manion Kevin Riley
Debbie Brown Jon Mason Robert Robson
Peter Brusilovsky Ed Matlack Randy Saunders
J.Richard Burke Ralf Matlack Jim Schoening
Mike Collett Cindy Mazow Kathy Sinitsa
Ben Copeland William A. McDonald Gayle Stroup
Philip Dodds Bill Melton Daniel Suthers
Erik Duval Brandon Muramatsu Joshua Tonkel
Frank Farance Yves Nicol Brendon Towle
Mike Fore Boyd Nielsen John Tyler
Eddy Forte Claude Ostyn Tom Wason
Paul Foster Bruce Peoples Eamonn Webster
Vladimir Goodkovsky Mike Pettit Steve White
Martha Gray Ian Wright

The following members of the individual Standards Association balloting group voted on this standard.
Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.

Pradeep Balachandran Daozhuang Lin R.K. Rannow

Avron Barr Brandon Muramatsu Brandt Redd
Mitchell Bonnett Alan Mustafa Gerald Stueve
Lyle Bullock Nick S.A. Nikjoo Yu Yuan
David Fuschi Jonathan Poltrack Oren Yuen
Werner Hoelzl Janusz Zalewski

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When the IEEE SA Standards Board approved this standard on 24 September 2020, it had the following
membership:

Gary Hoffman, Chair

Jon Walter Rosdahl, Vice Chair
John D. Kulick, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary

Ted Burse Howard Li Dorothy Stanley

Doug Edwards Dong Liu Mehmet Ulema
J.Travis Griffith Kevin Lu Lei Wang
Grace Gu Paul Nikolich Sha Wei
Guido R. Hiertz Damir Novosel Philip B. Winston
Joseph L. Koepfinger* Daidi Zhong
David J. Law Jingyi Zhou

*Member Emeritus

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Introduction

This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020, IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata.

Metadata is information about an object, be it physical or digital. As the number of objects grows exponentially
and our needs for learning expand equally dramatically, the lack of information or metadata about objects
places a critical and fundamental constraint on the ability to discover, manage, and use objects.

This standard addresses this problem by defining a structure for interoperable descriptions of learning objects.

9
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Contents

1. Overview�� 11
1.1 Scope�� 11
1.2 Purpose�� 11
1.3 Word usage�� 12

2. Normative references�� 12

3. Definitions�� 13

4. Overview of the metadata structure�� 13

4.1 Basic metadata structure�� 13
4.2 Data elements�� 14
4.3 List values�� 15
4.4 Vocabularies�� 15
4.5 Smallest permitted maximum values�� 16
4.6 Character sets�� 16
4.7 Representation�� 16

5. Conformance�� 17

6. Base schema�� 17

7. LangString�� 17

8. DateTime�� 17

9. Duration�� 17

10. Vocabulary�� 17

Annex A (informative) Mapping to Unqualified Dublin Core�� 46

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IEEE Standard for Learning
Object Metadata

1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard specifies a conceptual data schema that defines the structure of a metadata instance for a learning
object. For this standard, a learning object is defined as any entity, digital or non-digital, that is used for
learning, education or training.

For this standard, a metadata instance for a learning object describes relevant characteristics of the learning
object to which it applies. Such characteristics can be regrouped in general, life cycle, meta-metadata,
educational, technical, educational, rights, relation, annotation, and classification categories.

The conceptual data schema specified in this standard will allow for linguistic diversity of learning objects and
the metadata instances that describe them.

The conceptual data schema defined in this standard specifies the data elements of which a metadata instance
for a learning object is composed.

This standard will be referenced by other standards that will define the implementation descriptions of the
data schema so that a metadata instance for a learning object can be used by a learning technology system to
manage, locate, evaluate, or exchange learning objects.

This standard does not define how a learning technology system will represent or use a metadata instance for
a learning object.

1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to facilitate search, evaluation, acquisition, and use of learning objects, for
instance, by learners, instructors, or automated software processes. The purpose is also to facilitate the sharing
and exchange of learning objects by enabling the development of catalogs and inventories while taking into
account the diversity of cultural and lingual contexts in which the learning objects and their metadata will be
exploited.

By specifying a common conceptual data schema, this standard helps to ensure that bindings of Learning
Object Metadata (LOM) will likely have a high degree of semantic interoperability. As a result, transformations
between bindings will be straightforward.

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IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

The intent of this standard is to specify a base schema, which can be used to build on as practice develops, for
instance in order to facilitate automatic, adaptive scheduling of learning objects by software agents.

1.3 Word usage

The word shall indicates mandatory requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard
and from which no deviation is permitted (shall equals is required to).1,2

The word should indicates that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable,
without mentioning or excluding others; or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily
required (should equals is recommended that).

The word may is used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the standard (may equals
is permitted to).

The word can is used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical, or causal (can
equals is able to).

2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.

ISO 639:1988, Code for the representation of names of languages.3

ISO/IEC 646:1991 Information technology—ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange.

ISO 3166-1:1997, Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions—Part 1: Country
codes.

ISO 8601:2000, Data elements and interchange formats—Information interchange—Representation of dates

and times.

ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000, Information technology—Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS)—

Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane.4

IETF RFC 2048:1996, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures,
1996-11, available at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2048.txt.

ISO/IEC 11404:1996, Information technology—Programming languages, their environments and system

software interfaces—Language-independent datatypes.

IETF RFC 2425: 1998, MIME Content-Type for Directory Information.5

1
The use of the word must is deprecated and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirements, must is used only to describe
unavoidable situations.
2
The use of will is deprecated and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirements, will is only used in statements of fact.
3
ISO publications are available from the International Organization for Standardization (https://www.iso.org/) and the American
National Standards Institute (https://www.ansi.org/).
4
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch) and the American National
Standards Institute (https://www.ansi.org/).
5
Document available at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2425.txt.

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IETF RFC 2426: 1998, vCard MIME Directory Profile.6

OED, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Ed. 1989, 1989.

3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary
Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 7

category (LTSC—Learning Technology Standards Committee- Learning Object Metadata): A group of

related data elements.

datatype: A property of distinct values, indicating common features of those values and operations on those
values.

extended data element: An element of a data structure that is defined outside a standard and is permitted
within an instance of the data structure.

LangString: A datatype that represents one or more character strings. A LangString value allows multiple
semantically equivalent character strings, such as translations or alternative descriptions. See also: datatype.

learning object: For this standard, a learning object is defined as any entity, digital or non-digital, that is used
for learning, education or training.

learning object metadata (LOM) data element: A data element for which the name, explanation, size,
ordering, value space, and datatype are defined in this standard.

smallest permitted maximum: For implementation-defined values, the smallest permitted maximum value
(see 4.5).

value space: The set of values for a given datatype (ISO/IEC 11404:1996).8

NOTE—In LOM, a value space is typically enumerated outright, or defined by reference to another standard or
specification.9

4. Overview of the metadata structure

4.1 Basic metadata structure
Data elements describe a learning object and are grouped into categories. The LOMv1.0 Base Schema
(Clause 6) consists of nine such categories:

a) The General category groups the general information that describes the learning object as a whole.
b) The Lifecycle category groups the features related to the history and current state of this learning
object and those who have affected this learning object during its evolution.
c) The Meta-Metadata category groups information about the metadata instance itself (rather than the
learning object that the metadata instance describes).
6
Document available at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2426.txt.
7
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://dictionary.ieee.org. An IEEE Account is required for access to the dictionary,
and one can be created at no charge on the dictionary sign-in page.
8
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
9
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement this
standard.

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d) The Technical category groups the technical requirements and technical characteristics of the learning
object.
e) The Educational category groups the educational and pedagogic characteristics of the learning object.
f) The Rights category groups the intellectual property rights and conditions of use for the learning
object.
g) The Relation category groups features that define the relationship between the learning object and
other related learning objects.
h) The Annotation category provides comments on the educational use of the learning object and
provides information on when and by whom the comments were created.
i) The Classification category describes this learning object in relation to a particular classification
system.

Collectively, these categories form the LOMv1.0 Base Schema. The classification category is used to provide
certain types of extensions to the LOMv1.0 Base Schema, as any classification system can be referenced.

4.2 Data elements

Categories group data elements. The LOM data model is a hierarchy of data elements, including aggregate
data elements and simple data elements (leaf nodes of the hierarchy). In the LOMv1.0 Base Schema, only leaf
nodes have individual values defined through their associated value space and datatype. Aggregates in the
LOMv1.0 Base Schema do not have individual values. Consequently, they have no value space or datatype.
For each data element, the LOMv1.0 Base Schema defines the following:

— Name: the name by which the data element is referenced

— Explanation: the definition of the data element
— Size: the number of values allowed
— Order: whether the order of the values is significant (only applicable for data elements with list values,
see 4.3)
— Example: an illustrative example

For simple data elements, the LOMv1.0 Base Schema also defines the following:

— Value space: the set of allowed values for the data element—typically in the form of a vocabulary or a
reference to another standard.
— Datatype: indicates whether the values are LangString (Clause 7), DateTime (Clause 8), Duration
(Clause 9), Vocabulary (Clause 10), CharacterString, or Undefined.

Both the size and datatype information allow inclusion of smallest permitted maximum values.

Extensions to the LOMv1.0 Base Schema shall retain the value space and datatype of data elements from the
LOMv1.0 Base Schema. Extensions shall not define datatypes or value spaces for aggregate data elements in
the LOMv1.0 Base Schema.

The numbering schema of the data elements represents an aggregation hierarchy of data elements and
their components. As an example, the aggregate data element 7:2:Relation.Resource has two components:
7.2.1:Relation.Resource.Identifier and 7.2.2:Relation.Resource.Description. The former data element is in

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turn an aggregate, as it contains components 7.2.1.1:Relation.Resource.Identifier.Catalog and 7.2.1.2:Relation.

Resource.Identifier.Entry. (See 4.3 for the interpretation of aggregate data elements that have list values.)

All data elements are optional: this means that a conforming LOM instance includes values for any number
of data elements defined in Clause 6. As the LOMv1.0 Base Schema in Clause 6 imposes an aggregation
relationship, components can by definition only be present in a LOM instance as a component of the aggregate
element to which they belong. As an example, 7.2.1:Relation.Resource.Identifier appears by definition as a
component of 7.2:Relation.Resource. In that sense, the presence of the component implies automatically the
presence of the aggregate element to which the component belongs.

4.3 List values

In some instances, a data element contains a list of values, rather than a single value. This list is of one of the
following:

— Ordered: The order of the values in the list is significant. For example, in a list of authors of a
publication, the first author is often considered the more important one. As another example, in a
hierarchical classification structure, the order is from more general to more specific.
— Unordered: The order of the values in the list bears no meaning. For example, if the description of
a simulation includes three short texts that describe the intended educational use in three different
languages, then the order of these texts is not significant.

If an aggregate data element contains a list of values, then each of these values shall be a tuple of component
elements. For example, the LOMv1.0 Base Schema specifies that the data element 1.1:General.Identifier
contains an unordered list of values. This means that the value of the data element 1.1:General.Identifier is an
unordered list of (1.1.1:General.Identifier.Catalog, 1.1.2:General.Identifier.Entry) tuples. In this case, for each
individual 1.1:General.Identifier value, 1.1.1:General.Identifier.Catalog determines the catalog from which
the corresponding 1.1.2:General.Identifier.Entry originates.

4.4 Vocabularies
Vocabularies are defined for some data elements. A vocabulary is a recommended list of appropriate values.
Other values, not present in the list, are allowed. However, metadata that rely on the recommended values will
have the highest degree of semantic interoperability, i.e., the likelihood that such metadata will be understood
by other end users is highest.

The value of data elements with associated vocabularies shall be represented as a (source, value) pair, as
detailed in Clause 10. If the source is “LOMv1.0,” then the value space is described by this edition of this
standard.

NOTE—If the source is not “LOMv1.0,” then users and implementers are encouraged to create vocabularies that do not
conflict with this standard.

If a vocabulary is used that intersects with the LOMv1.0 vocabulary, then only the values not included in this
standard should have a source that is not “LOMv1.0.” This will increase semantic interoperability for the
values that are included in this standard.

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Example: As an illustration, the following examples of the different cases for the data element 5.2:Educational.
LearningResourceType are given:

— If the value is just contained in the vocabulary, for instance “Questionnaire,” then this would be
represented as (“LOMv1.0”, “Questionnaire”). This option is preferred if the values in the vocabulary
can adequately express the intended meaning.
— If the user wants to assign a value that is not part of the list given for 5.2:Educational.
LearningResourceType, then the user designates the value as, for instance, (“http://www.vocabularies
.org/LearningResourceType”, “MotivatingExample”). This option provides more flexibility to
the indexer of learning objects, at the expense of semantic interoperability. Values defined in one
community of users, or by an individual end user, will not be used consistently throughout a larger
community. In the example URI above, a URI was used to indicate the source of the vocabulary, but
using a URI is not a requirement.

The meaning associated with a vocabulary value is defined by the corresponding term in the Oxford English
Dictionary, 2nd Ed., 1989, unless explicitly defined in the LOMv1.0 Base Schema.

4.5 Smallest permitted maximum values

In the LOMv1.0 Base Schema (Clause 6), smallest permitted maximum values are defined for:

— Aggregate data elements: All applications that process LOM instances shall process at least that
number of entries. In other words: an application imposes a maximum on the number of entries it
processes for the value of that data element, but that maximum shall not be lower than the smallest
permitted maximum value.
— Data elements with datatype CharacterString or LangString: All applications that process LOM
instances shall process at least that length for the CharacterString value (either directly or contained
in the LangString) of that data element. In other words: an application imposes a maximum on the
number of characters it processes for the CharacterString value of that data element, but that maximum
shall not be lower than the smallest permitted maximum value for the datatype of the data element.

NOTE 1—The intent is for the smallest permitted maximum values to cover most cases.

NOTE 2—What “processing” means in the above depends on the nature of the application.

4.6 Character sets

This standard defines a conceptual structure for learning object metadata. It does not specify bindings,
encodings, and representations, which are specified in other parts of the Learning Object Metadata standard.
The LOMv1.0 Base Schema does not specify encodings for CharacterString. (In the case of non-restricted
CharacterString values, reference is made to the repertoire of ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000.) Whatever decisions are
made in documents that deal with representation, such decisions shall be taken with a view to support multiple
languages.

4.7 Representation
For each data element, the specification includes the datatype (e.g., LangString, DateTime, etc.) of its values.

This standard does not define tokens for element names or vocabulary values. It is expected that such tokens
will be defined in bindings of this standard.

16
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

Within the LOMv1.0 Base Schema, the ordering of the categories and the data elements within the categories
and subcategories is informational. An instance of the LOMv1.0 Base Schema shall preserve the nesting of
categories and subcategories, but the instance need not order the categories or the subitems within a category
or subcategory. For example, category 5:Educational is allowed to appear before category 1:General, and
within category General, Item 1.3:General.Language is allowed to appear before item 1.2:General.Title.

5. Conformance
There are multiple levels of conformance defined in this specification.

— A strictly conforming LOM metadata instance shall consist solely of LOM data elements.
— A conforming LOM metadata instance may contain extended data elements.
— A LOM instance that contains no value for any of the LOM data elements is a conforming instance.

In order to increase semantic interoperability, extended data elements should not replace data elements in the
LOM structure. This means that an organization should not introduce new data elements of its own that replace
LOM data elements. As an example, an organization should not introduce a new data element “name” that
would replace 1.2:General.Title.

NOTE—In order to increase semantic interoperability, users of this standard are encouraged to carefully map their
metadata information to the data elements of this standard. For example, the user should not map an element to describe the
fonts used in the document to the data element 1.2:General.Title.

6. Base schema
Table 1 defines the LOMv1.0 Base Schema structure.

7. LangString
Table 2 defines the structure of a LangString item.

8. DateTime
Table 3 defines the structure of a DateTime item.

9. Duration
Table 4 defines the structure of a duration item.

10. Vocabulary
Table 5 defines the structure of a vocabulary item.

17
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
1 General This category groups the general 1 Unspecified
information that describes this — — —
learning object as a whole.
1.1 Identifier A globally unique label that Smallest Unspecified
identifies this learning object. permitted
— — —
maximum:
10 items
1.1.1 Catalog The name or designator of the 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “ISBN”, “ARIADNE”, “URI”
identification or cataloging scheme IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
for this entry. A namespace scheme. permitted
maximum:
1000 char)
1.1.2 Entry The value of the identifier within the 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “2-7342-0318”, “LEAO875”,
identification or cataloging scheme that IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest “https://www.ieee.org/
designates or identifies this learning permitted documents/1234”
object. A namespace specific string. maximum:
1000 char)

18
1.2 Title Name given to this learning object. 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”, “The life and works
(smallest of Leonardo da Vinci”)
— permitted
maximum:
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

1000 char)
Table continues

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IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
1.3 Language The primary human language or smallest Unordered LanguageID = CharacterString “en”,
languages used within this learning permitted Langcode (smallest “en-GB”,
object to communicate to the intended maximum: [“-”Subcode]* permitted “de”,
user. 10 items with Langcode a maximum: “fr-CA”,
NOTE 1— An indexation or cataloging language code as 100 char) “it”
tool could provide a useful default. defined by the code “grc”
NOTE 2— If the learning object had no set ISO 639:1988 (ancient greek, until 1453)
lingual content (as in the case of a picture and Subcode “en-US-philadelphia”
of the Mona Lisa, for example), then the (which can occur “eng-GB-cockney”
appropriate value for this data element an arbitrary number “map-PG-buin”
would be “none.” of times) a country (Austronesian - Papua New Guinea
NOTE 3— This data element concerns code from the code – buin)
the language of the learning object. set ISO 3166- “gem-US-pennsylvania”
Data element 3.4:Meta-Metadata. 1:1997.
Language concerns the language NOTE 4—
of the metadata instance. This value space
is also defined by
RFC1766:1995 and

19
is harmonized with
that of the xml:lang
attribute.
NOTE 5—
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

ISO 639:1988 also

includes “ancient”
languages, like

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

Greek and Latin.
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

The language code

should be given in
lower case and the
country code (if
any) in upper case.
However, the values
are case insensitive.
“none” is also an
acceptable value.
Table continues

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
1.4 Description A textual description of the content of smallest Unordered LangString (“en”, “In this video clip, the
this learning object. permitted (smallest life and works of Leonardo da
NOTE 6— This description need not be maximum: permitted Vinci are briefly presented. The
in language and terms appropriate for 10 items maximum: focus is on his artistic production,
the users of the learning object being 2000 char) most notably the Mona Lisa.”)
—
described. The description should be
in language and terms appropriate
for those that decide whether or not
the learning object being described is
appropriate and relevant for the users.
1.5 Keyword A keyword or phrase describing the topic smallest Unordered LangString (“en”, “Mona Lisa”)
of this learning object. permitted (smallest
This data element should not be maximum: — permitted
used for characteristics that can be 10 items maximum:
described by other data elements. 1000 char)
1.6 Coverage The time, culture, geography or region to smallest Unordered LangString (“en”, “16th century France”)
which this learning object applies. permitted (smallest NOTE 8— A learning object could

20
The extent or scope of the content of the maximum: permitted be about farming in 16th century
learning object. Coverage will typically 10 items maximum: France: in that case, its subject can
include spatial location (a place name 1000 char) be described with 1.5:General.
or geographic coordinates), temporal Keyword = (“en”,”farming”) and
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

period (a period label, date, or date its 1.6:General.Coverage can be

range) or jurisdiction (such as a named (“en”,”16th century France”).
administrative entity). Recommended
—

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

best practice is to select a value from
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

a controlled vocabulary (for example,

the Thesaurus of Geographic Names
[TGN]) and that, where appropriate,
named places or time periods be used in
preference to numeric identifiers such as
sets of coordinates or date ranges.
NOTE 7— This is the definition from
the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set.a

Table continues

21
objects that are fully
ordered. Example:
A set of objects
that are connected
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

by “previous” and
“next” relationships.
Table continues

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IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
1.8 Aggregation The functional granularity 1 Unspecified 1: the smallest level Vocabulary If the learning object is a digital
Level of this learning object. of aggregation, e.g., (Enumerated) picture of the Mona Lisa,
raw media data or 1.7:General.Structure = Atomic and
fragments. 1.8:General.AggregationLevel = 1.
2: a collection of If the learning object is a lesson with
level 1 learning the digital picture of the Mona Lisa,
objects, e.g., a 1.7:General.Structure = Collection
lesson. or Networked (since there are
3: a collection of two descriptions of the same type
level 2 learning of Structure) and 1.8:General.
objects, e.g., a AggregationLevel = 2.
course. If the learning object is a course
4: the largest level on the Mona Lisa, 1.7:General.
of granularity, e.g., Structure = Linear if the documents
a set of courses that are intended to be viewed linearly
lead to a certificate. and 1.8:General.AggregationLevel
NOTE 10— = 3.
Level 4 objects If the learning object is a collection

22
can contain level of lessons from different sources,
3 objects, or can 1.7:General.Structure = Collection
recursively contain and 1.8:General:AggregationLevel
other level 4 objects. = 3.
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

Lastly if the learning object is a

set of courses with a full history,
description, interpretation, etc. of the

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

Mona Lisa, 1.7:General.Structure
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

= Linear or Hierarchical and

1.8:General.AggregationLevel = 4.
NOTE 11— A learning
object with AggregationLevel =
1 will typically have 1.7:General.
Structure = “atomic”. A learning
object with AggregationLevel = 2, 3
or 4 will typically have 1.7:General.
Structure = “collection”, “linear”,
“hierarchical” or “networked”.

23
learning object itself
is not available.
2.3 Contribute Those entities (i.e., people, smallest Ordered
organizations) that have contributed to permitted
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

the state of this learning object during maximum:

its life cycle (e.g., creation, edits, 30 items
publication).

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

NOTE 13— This data element is

— — —
different from 3.3:Meta-Metadata.
Contribute.
NOTE 14— Contributions should
be considered in a very broad sense
here, as all actions that affect the
state of the learning object.
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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
2.3.1 Role Kind of contribution. 1 Unspecified author Vocabulary
NOTE 15— Minimally, the Author(s) of publisher (State)
the learning object should be described. unknown
initiator
terminator
validator
editor
graphical designer
technical
implementer
content provider
technical validator
—
educational
validator
script writer
instructional
designer
subject matter

24
expert
NOTE 16—
“terminator” is the
entity that made
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

the learning object

unavailable.
2.3.2 Entity The identification of and information Smallest Ordered vCard, as defined CharacterString “BEGIN:VCARD\nFN:Joe Friday\

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

about entities (i.e., people, permitted by IMC vCard (smallest nTEL:+1-919-555-7878\nTITLE:

organizations) contributing to this maximum: 3.0 (RFC 2425, permitted Area Administrator\, Assistant\n
learning object. The entities shall 40 items RFC 2426). maximum: EMAIL\;TYPE=INTERN\
be ordered as most relevant first. 1000 char) nET:jfriday@host
.com\nEND:VCARD\n”
2.3.3 Date The date of the contribution. 1 Unspecified — DateTime “2001-08-23”

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
3 Meta- This category describes this metadata 1 Unspecified
Metadata record itself (rather than the learning
object that this record describes).
This category describes how the
metadata instance can be identified, who — — —
created this metadata instance, how,
when, and with what references.
NOTE 17— This is not the information
that describes the learning object itself.
3.1 Identifier A globally unique label that smallest Unspecified
identifies this metadata record. permitted
— — —
maximum:
10 items
3.1.1 Catalog The name or designator of the 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “Ariadne”, “URI”
identification or cataloging scheme IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
for this entry. A namespace scheme. permitted
maximum:

25
1000 char)
3.1.2 Entry The value of the identifier within the 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “KUL532”, “https://www.ieee
identification or cataloging scheme that IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest .org/descriptions/1234”
designates or identifies this metadata permitted
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

record. A namespace specific string. maximum:

1000 char)
3.2 Contribute Those entities (i.e., people or smallest Ordered

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

organizations) that have affected the state permitted

of this metadata instance during its life maximum:
cycle (e.g., creation, validation). 10 items
NOTE 18— This data element is — — —
concerned with contributions to the
metadata. Data element 2.3:Lifecycle.
Contribute is concerned with
contributions to the learning object.
3.2.1 Role Kind of contribution. 1 Unspecified creator Vocabulary
Exactly one instance of this data element validator (State) —
with value “creator” should exist.

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
3.2.2 Entity The identification of and information smallest Ordered vCard, as defined CharacterString “BEGIN:VCARD\nFN:Joe Friday\
about entities (i.e., people, permitted by IMC vCard (smallest nTEL:+1-919-555-7878\nTITLE:
organizations) contributing to this maximum: 3.0 (RFC 2425, permitted Area Administrator\, Assistant\n
metadata instance. The entities shall 10 items RFC 2426) maximum: EMAIL\;TYPE=INTERN\
be ordered as most relevant first. 1000 char) nET:jfriday@host
.com\nEND:VCARD\n”
3.2.3 Date The date of the contribution. 1 Unspecified — DateTime “2001-08-23”
3.3 Metadata The name and version of the smallest Unordered Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “LOMv1.0”
Schema authoritative specification used to create permitted IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
this metadata instance. maximum: permitted
If multiple values are provided, then 10 items maximum:
the metadata instance shall conform 30 char)
to multiple metadata schemas.
Table continues

26
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

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IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
3.4 Language Language of this metadata instance. This 1 Unspecified See 1.3:General. CharacterString “en”
is the default language for all LangString Language (smallest
values in this metadata instance. If a For this data permitted
value for this data element is not present element, “none” maximum:
in a metadata instance, then there is no shall not be an 100 char)
default language for LangString values. acceptable value.
NOTE 19— This data element NOTE 20— “none”
concerns the language of the is unacceptable,
metadata instance. Data element because the
1.3:General.Language concerns the metadata instance
language of the learning object. is in one or more
human languages.
“none” is acceptable
for 1.3:General.
Language, as the
learning object
itself could be
in no particular

27
human language.
For example, a
picture of the Mona
Lisa has “none”
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

for 1.3:General.
Language. If its
description (i.e.,

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

metadata instance)
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

is in Swedish,
then 3.4:Meta-
Metadata.Language
has value “sv.”
4 Technical This category describes the technical 1 Unspecified
requirements and characteristics — — —
of this learning object.
4.1 Format Technical datatype(s) of (all the Smallest Unordered MIME types CharacterString “video/mpeg”,
components of) this learning object. permitted based on IANA (smallest “application/x-toolbook”,
This data element shall be used maximum: registration (IETF permitted “text/html”
to identify the software needed 40 items RFC 2048:1996) maximum:
to access the learning object. or “non-digital” 500 char)

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Table continues
Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
4.2 Size The size of the digital learning 1 Unspecified ISO/IEC 646:1991, CharacterString “4200”
object in bytes (octets). The size is but only the (smallest
represented as a decimal value (radix digits “0”.. “9” permitted
10). Consequently, only the digits “0” maximum:
through “9” should be used. The unit is 30 char)
bytes, not Mbytes, GB, etc.
This data element shall refer to the
actual size of this learning object. If
the learning object is compressed,
then this data element shall refer
to the uncompressed size.
4.3 Location A string that is used to access this Smallest Ordered Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “http://host/id”
learning object. It could represent a permitted IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
location (e.g., Universal Resource maximum: permitted
Locator), or a method that resolves to 10 items maximum:
a location (e.g., Universal Resource 1000 char)
Identifier).
The first element of this list shall be the

28
preferable location.
NOTE 21— This is where the learning
object described by this metadata
instance is physically located.
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

4.4 Requirement The technical capabilities necessary for Smallest Unordered

using this learning object. permitted

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

If there are multiple requirements, maximum: — — —
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

then all are required, i.e., the 40 items

logical connector is AND.
4.4.1 OrComposite Grouping of multiple requirements. The Smallest Unordered
composite requirement is satisfied when permitted
— — —
one of the component requirements is maximum:
satisfied, i.e., the logical connector is OR. 40 items
4.4.1.1 Type The technology required to use 1 Unspecified operating system Vocabulary
this learning object, e.g., hardware, browser (State) —
software, network, etc.

Table continues

29
permitted
maximum:
30 char)
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

4.4.1.4 Maximum Highest possible version of the required 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “6.2”
Version technology to use this learning object. IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
permitted

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

maximum:
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

30 char)
4.5 Installation Description of how to install 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”, “Unzip the zip file and launch
Remarks this learning object. (smallest index.html in your web browser.”)
— permitted
maximum:
1000 char)
4.6 Other Information about other software and 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”,”sound card”),
Platform hardware requirements. (smallest (“en”,”runtime X”)
Requirements NOTE 24— This element is intended permitted
—
for descriptions of requirements that maximum:
cannot be expressed by data element 1000 char)
4.4:Technical.Requirement.
Table continues

30
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
5.1 Interactivity Predominant mode of learning supported 1 Unspecified active Vocabulary Active documents (with learner’s
Type by this learning object. expositive (State) action):
“Active” learning (e.g., learning by mixed simulation (manipulates, controls or
doing) is supported by content that enters data or parameters);
directly induces productive action by questionnaire (chooses or writes
the learner. An active learning object answers);
prompts the learner for semantically exercise (finds solution);
meaningful input or for some other problem statement (writes solution).
kind of productive action or decision, expositive documents (with
not necessarily performed within the learner’s action):
learning object’s framework. Active hypertext document (reads,
documents include simulations, navigates);
questionnaires, and exercises. video (views, rewinds, starts, stops);
“Expositive” learning (e.g., passive graphical material (views);
learning) occurs when the learner’s job audio material (listens, rewinds,
mainly consists of absorbing the content starts, stops).
exposed to him (generally through text, mixed document:
images or sound). An expositive learning hypermedia document with

31
object displays information but does not embedded simulation applet.
prompt the learner for any semantically
meaningful input. Expositive documents
include essays, video clips, all kinds
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

of graphical material, and hypertext

documents.
When a learning object blends the active

and expositive interactivity types, then
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

its interactivity type is mixed.

NOTE 27— Activating links to
navigate in hypertext documents is not
considered to be a productive action.
Table continues

32
the learner can influence the aspect or high interactivity level (e.g., a simulation
behavior of the learning object. very high environment endowed with many
NOTE 29— Inherently, this scale controls) or a low interactivity level
is meaningful within the context (e.g., a written set of instructions
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

of a community of practice. that solicit an activity). Learning

objects with 5.1:Educational.
InteractivityType = “expositive” are

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

defined as having a low interactivity

level (e.g., a piece of linear, narrative
text produced with a standard
word processor) or a medium to
high interactivity level (e.g., a
sophisticated hyperdocument, with
many internal links and views).

Table continues

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
5.4 Semantic The degree of conciseness of a learning 1 Unspecified very low Vocabulary Active documents: user interface of
Density object. The semantic density of a low (Enumerated) a simulation
learning object could be estimated in medium Low semantic density: a screen
terms of its size, span, or –in the case of high filled up with explanatory text, a
self-timed resources such as audio or very high picture of a combustion engine, and
video– duration. a single button labeled “Click here to
The semantic density of a learning object continue”
is independent of its difficulty. It is best High semantic density: screen
illustrated with examples of expositive with short text, same picture, and
material, although it can be used with three buttons labeled “Change
active resources as well. compression ratio”, “Change octane
NOTE 31— Inherently, this scale index”, “Change ignition point
is meaningful within the context advance”
of a community of practice. Expositive documents:
Medium difficulty text document
Medium semantic density: “The
class of Marsupial animals
comprises a number of relatively

33
primitive mammals. They are
endowed with a short placentation,
after which they give birth to a
larva. The larva thereafter takes
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

refuge in the mother’s marsupium,

where it settles to finish its complete
development.”

High semantic density: “Marsupials
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

are primitive mammals, with

short placentation followed by the
birth of larva, which thereafter
takes refuge in the marsupium
to finish its development.”

Table continues

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
easy video document
low semantic density: The full
recorded footage of a conversation
between two experts on the
differences between Asian and
African elephants; 30 min duration.
high semantic density: An expertly
edited abstract of the same
conversation; 5 min duration
difficult mathematical notation
medium semantic density: The text
representation of the theorem: For
any given set φ, it is always possible
to define another set ψ, which is a
superset of φ.
very high semantic density: The
symbolic representation (formula)
of the theorem (∀φ ∃ψ: ψ ⊃ φ)

34
5.5 Intended End Principal user(s) for which this learning Smallest teacher Vocabulary An authoring tool that produces
User Role object was designed, most dominant first. permitted author (State) pedagogical material is a typical
NOTE 32— A learner works with maximum: learner example of a learning object whose
a learning object in order to learn 10 items manager intended end user is an author
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

something. An author creates or

publishes a learning object. A manager
manages the delivery of this learning

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

object, e.g., a university or college. The

document for a manager is typically a
curriculum.
NOTE 33— In order to describe the
intended end user role through the
skills the user is intended to master,
or the tasks he or she is intended to
be able to accomplish, the category
9:Classification can be used.
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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
5.6 Context The principal environment within which Smallest Unordered school Vocabulary
the learning and use of this learning permitted higher education (State)
object is intended to take place. maximum: training
NOTE 34— Suggested good practice 10 items other
is to use one of the values of the value
space and to use an additional instance of
—
this data element for further refinement,
as in
(“LOMv1.0”,”higher education”)
and (“http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/
onderwijsinvlaanderen/Default.htm”,
“kandidatuursonderwijs”)
5.7 Typical Age Age of the typical intended user. Smallest Unordered LangString “7-9”,
Range This data element shall refer to permitted (smallest “0-5”,
developmental age, if that would be maximum: permitted “15”,
different from chronological age. 5 items maximum: “18-”,
NOTE 35— The age of the learner is 1000 char) (“en”,”suitable for children over 7”),
important for finding learning objects, (“en”,”adults only”)

35
especially for school age learners and
their teachers.
When applicable, the string should be
formatted as minimum age-maximum
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

age or minimum age-. (note that this —

is a compromise between adding three
component elements (minimum age,

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

maximum age, and description) and

having just a free text field.)
NOTE 36— Alternative schemes for
what this data element tries to cover
(such as various reading age or reading
level schemes, IQ’s or developmental
age measures) should be represented
through the 9:Classification category.
Table continues

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
5.8 Difficulty How hard it is to work with or through 1 Unspecified very easy Vocabulary
this learning object for the typical easy (Enumerated)
intended target audience. medium
NOTE 37— The “ typical target difficult —
audience” can be characterized by data very difficult
elements 5.6:Educational.Context and
5.7:Educational.TypicalAgeRange.
5.9 Typical Approximate or typical time it takes to 1 Unspecified Duration “PT1H30M”, “PT1M45S”
Learning work with or through this learning object
Time for the typical intended target audience.
NOTE 38— The “ typical target —
audience” can be characterized by data
elements 5.6:Educational.Context and
5.7:Educational.TypicalAgeRange.
5.10 Description Comments on how this learning smallest Unspecified LangString (“en”, “Teacher guidelines that
object is to be used. permitted (smallest come with a textbook.”)
maximum: — permitted

36
10 items maximum:
1000 char)
5.11 Language The human language used by the typical smallest Unordered See 1.3:General. CharacterString “en”,
intended user of this learning object. permitted Language (smallest “en-GB”,
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

maximum: permitted “de”,

10 items maximum: “fr-CA”,
100 char) “it”

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

NOTE 39— As an example,

for a learning object in French,
intended for English-speaking
students, the value of 1.3:General.
Language will be French, and
the value of 5.11:Educational.
Language will be English.
Table continues

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
6 Rights This category describes the intellectual 1 Unspecified
property rights and conditions of use for
this learning object.
NOTE 40— The intent is to reuse
results of ongoing work in the — — —
Intellectual Property Rights and
e-commerce communities. This
category currently provides the absolute
minimum level of detail only.
6.1 Cost Whether use of this learning 1 Unspecified yes Vocabulary
—
object requires payment. no (State)
6.2 Copyright Whether copyright or other restrictions 1 Unspecified yes Vocabulary
and Other apply to the use of this learning object. no (State) —
Restrictions
6.3 Description Comments on the conditions of 1 Unspecified — LangString (“en”, “Use of this learning
use of this learning object. (smallest object is only permitted after
permitted a donation has been made to

37
maximum: Amnesty International.”)
1000 char)
7 Relation This category defines the relationship Smallest Unordered
between this learning object and other permitted
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

learning objects, if any. maximum:

To define multiple relationships, there 100 items
— — —
may be multiple instances of this

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

category. If there is more than one target

learning object, then each target shall
have a new relationship instance.
Table continues

38
isbasisfor: is basis
for
requires: requires
isrequiredby: is
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

required by
7.2 Resource The target learning object that 1 Unspecified
— — —
this relationship references.

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

7.2.1 Identifier A globally unique label that identifies Smallest Unspecified

the target learning object. permitted
— — —
maximum:
10 items
7.2.1.1 Catalog The name or designator of the 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “ISBN”, “ARIADNE”, “URI”
identification or cataloging scheme IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
for this entry. A namespace scheme. permitted
maximum:
1000 char)
Table continues

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
7.2.1.2 Entry The value of the identifier within the 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “2-7342-0318”, “LEAO875”,
identification or cataloging scheme that IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest “https://www.ieee.org/”
designates or identifies the target learning permitted
object. A namespace specific string. maximum:
1000 char)
7.2.2 Description Description of the target learning object. Smallest Unspecified LangString (“en”,”The QuickTime movie
permitted (smallest of the Mona Lisa on the website
maximum: — permitted of the Louvre museum.”)
10 items maximum:
1000 char)
8 Annotation This category provides comments on the Smallest Unordered
educational use of this learning object, permitted
and information on when and by whom maximum:
the comments were created. 30 items — — —
This category enables educators to
share their assessments of learning
objects, suggestions for use, etc.

39
8.1 Entity Entity (i.e., people, organization) 1 Unspecified vCard, as defined CharacterString “BEGIN:VCARD\nFN:Joe Friday\
that created this annotation. by IMC vCard (smallest nTEL:+1-919-555-7878\nTITLE:
3.0 (RFC 2425, permitted Area Administrator\, Assistant\n
RFC 2426). maximum: EMAIL\;TYPE=INTERN\
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

1000 char) nET:jfriday@host

.com\nEND:VCARD\n”
8.2 Date Date that this annotation was created. 1 Unspecified — DateTime “2001-08-23”

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

8.3 Description The content of this annotation. 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”, “I have used this video clip
(smallest with my students. They really
permitted enjoy being able to zoom in on
maximum: specific features of the painting.
—
1000 char) Make sure they have a broadband
connection or the experience
becomes too cumbersome to be
educationally interesting.”)
Table continues

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
9 Classification This category describes where this Smallest Unordered
learning object falls within a particular permitted
classification system. maximum:
— — —
To define multiple classifications, 40 items
there may be multiple
instances of this category.
9.1 Purpose The purpose of classifying 1 Unspecified discipline Vocabulary
this learning object. idea (State)
prerequisite
educational
objective
accessibility —
restrictions
educational level
skill level
security level
competency

40
9.2 Taxon Path A taxonomic path in a specific Smallest Unordered
classification system. Each succeeding permitted
level is a refinement in the definition of maximum:
the preceding level. 15 items — — —
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

Different paths, in the same or different

classifications, which describe the
same characteristic, are allowed.

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

9.2.1 Source The name of the classification system. 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ LangString (“en”,”ACM”), (“en”,”MESH”),
NOTE 41— An indexation, IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest (“en”,”ARIADNE”)
cataloging or query tool could permitted
provide the top-level entries of a maximum:
well-established classification, 1000 char)
such as the Library of Congress
Classification (LOC), Universal
Decimal Classification (UDC), Dewey
Decimal Classification (DDC), etc.
Table continues

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)

Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example

9.2.2 Taxon A particular term within a taxonomy. Smallest Ordered {[“12”,(“en”,”Physics”)],
A taxon is a node that has a defined permitted [“23”,(“en”,”Acoustics”)],
label or term. A taxon may also have an maximum: [“34”,(“en”,”Instruments”)],
alphanumeric designation or identifier 15 items [“45”,(“en”,”Stethoscope”)]}
for standardized reference. The label A 2nd taxon path for the same
and/or the entry may be used to designate learning object could be:
— —
a particular taxon. {[“56”,(“en”,”Medicine”)],
An ordered list of taxons creates a [“67”,(“en”,”Diagnostics”)],
taxonomic path, i.e., “taxonomic [“34”,(“en”,”Instruments”)],
stairway”: this is a path from a [“45”,(“en”,”Stethoscope”)]}
more general to more specific
entry in a classification.
9.2.2 Taxon A particular term within a taxonomy. Smallest Ordered — — {[“12”,(“en”,”Physics”)],
A taxon is a node that has a defined permitted [“23”,(“en”,”Acoustics”)],
label or term. A taxon may also have an maximum: [“34”,(“en”,”Instruments”)],
alphanumeric designation or identifier 15 items [“45”,(“en”,”Stethoscope”)]}
for standardized reference. The label A 2nd taxon path for the same
and/or the entry may be used to designate learning object could be:

41
a particular taxon. {[“56”,(“en”,”Medicine”)],
An ordered list of taxons creates a [“67”,(“en”,”Diagnostics”)],
taxonomic path, i.e., “taxonomic [“34”,(“en”,”Instruments”)],
stairway”: this is a path from a [“45”,(“en”,”Stethoscope”)]}
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

more general to more specific

entry in a classification.

9.2.2.1 Id The identifier of the taxon, such as a 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “320”,
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

number or letter combination provided IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest “4.3.2”,

by the source of the taxonomy. permitted “BF180”
maximum:
100 char)
9.2.2.2 Entry The textual label of the taxon 1 Unspecified — LangString (“en”, “Medical Sciences”)
(smallest
permitted
maximum:
500 char)

Table continues

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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema (continued)

Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example

9.3 Description Description of the learning object 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”,”A medical instrument for
relative to the stated 9.1:Classification. (smallest listening called a stethoscope.”)
Purpose of this specific classification, — permitted
such as discipline, idea, skill level, maximum:
educational objective, etc 2000 char)
9.4 Keyword Keywords and phrases descriptive of Smallest Ordered LangString (“en”, “diagnostic instrument”)
the learning object relative to the stated permitted (smallest
9.1:Classification.Purpose of this specific maximum: — permitted
classification, such as accessibility, 40 items maximum:
security level, etc., most relevant first. 1000 char)

42
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

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Table 2—LangString
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
1 LangString A datatype that represents one or more Smallest Unordered
character strings. A LangString value is permitted
allowed to include multiple semantically maximum: — — —
equivalent character strings, such as 10 items
translations or alternative descriptions.
1.1 Language Human language of the character string. 1 Unspecified See 1.3:General.Language CharacterString “en”,
NOTE—Indexation or cataloging tools If no Language is specified, then LangString. (smallest “en-GB”,
can provide a useful default, for instance, String should be interpreted as a string in 3.4:Meta- permitted “de”,
the language of the user interface. Metadata.Language. maximum: “fr-CA”,
If no language is specified, and a value for 3.4:Meta- 100 char) “it”
Metadata is not present in the metadata instance, then
the language for the LangString value is undefined.
1.2 String Actual character string. 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 excluding CharacterString “A
the NUL-character (UCS character U00000000) picture of
the Mona
Lisa”

43
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

Authorized licensed use limited to: Carleton University. Downloaded on May 30,2021 at 13:19:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Table 3—DateTime
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
1 DateTime A point in time with 1 Unspecified YYYY[-MM[-DD[Thh[:mm[:ss[.s[TZD]]]]]]] where: CharacterString “1999-01-11” (January
accuracy at least as YYYY = four-digit year (> = 0001) (smallest 11th, 1999)
small as one second. MM = two-digit month (01 through 12 where 01 = January, permitted “1997-07-
etc.) maximum: 16T19:20:30+01:00”
DD = two-digit day of month (01 through 31, depending on 200 char) (July 16th, 1997, 30 s
value of month and year) past 7.20 p.m. with
hh = two digits of hour (00 through 23) (am/pm NOT allowed) a time offset of 1 h
mm = two digits of minute (00 through 59) with respect to UTC)
ss = two digits of second (00 through 59)
s = one or more digits representing a decimal fraction of a
second
TZD = time zone designator (“Z” for UTC or +hh:mm or
-hh:mm)
At least the four digit year must be present. If additional parts
of the DateTime are included, the character literals “-”, “T”,
“:”, and “.” are part of the character lexical representation for
the datetime.
If the time portion is present, but the time zone designator is
not present, the time zone is interpreted as being UTC.

44
NOTE 1—This value space is based on ISO8601:2000.a
NOTE 2—The date portion only represents dates in the
Common Era (CE). The date portion follows the Gregorian
calendar for dates after October 15, 1582, and the Julian
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

calendar for dates prior to October 05, 1582, independent of

locale. Dates Before Common Era (BCE) and other cases
should be represented using the “Description” data item.

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

NOTE 3—The square bracket meta characters (“[“, “]”)

indicate optional elements that appear zero or one time
in the character lexical representation of the DateTime.
These meta characters do not appear in the result; only the
associated values described appear, e.g., “DD” is replaced
by the corresponding 2 digit value for day of month.
2 Description Description of 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”,”circa
the date. (smallest 1300 BCE”),
— permitted
maximum:
1000 char)
a
See also http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime-970915.html.

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Table 4—Duration
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
1 Duration An interval 1 Unspecified P[yY][mM][dD][T[hH][nM][s[.s]S]] where: CharacterString “PT1H30M”
in time with y = number of years (smallest (1 h and
accuracy at (integer, > 0, not restricted) permitted 30 min)
least as small m = number of months maximum:
as one second. (integer, > 0, not restricted, e.g., > 12 is acceptable) 200 char)
d = number of days
(integer, > 0, not restricted, e.g., > 31 is acceptable)
h = number of hours
(integer, > 0, not restricted, e.g., > 23 is acceptable)
n = number of minutes
(integer, > 0, not restricted, e.g., > 59 is acceptable)
s = number of seconds or fraction of seconds
(integer, > 0, not restricted, e.g., > 59 is acceptable)
The character literal designators “P”, “Y”, “M”, “D”, “T”, “H”, “M”, “S” must
appear if the corresponding nonzero value is present.
If the value of years, months, days, hours, minutes or seconds is zero, the value
and corresponding designation (e.g., “M”) may be omitted, but at least one
designator and value must always be present. The designator “P” is always
present. The designator “T” shall be omitted if all of the time (hours/minutes/

45
seconds) are zero. Negative durations are not supported.
NOTE 1— This value space is based on ISO8601:2000.a
NOTE 2— The value is designated in the Gregorian calendar.
NOTE 3— The ordering of durations may be indeterminate (e.g., 1 month may
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

be 28, 29, 30 or 31 d).

NOTE 4— For durations that apply only while the learning object is in use, but
not when its use is suspended, it is recommended that only hours and smaller

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

units of duration be used. Examples: PT43H, PT5M35S. For durations that

express a time span, regardless of whether the learning object is actually used
continuously during that time, days and larger units of duration are allowed to be
used. Examples: P1Y6M, P20D.
NOTE 5— The square bracket meta characters (“[“, “]”) indicate
optional elements that appear zero or one time in the character lexical
representation of the Duration. These meta characters do not appear
in the result; only the associated values described appear, e.g., “dD”
is replaced by the corresponding value for the number of days in the
duration and is followed by the character literal designator “D.”
Table continues

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Table 4—Duration (continued)
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
2 Description Description of 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”, “Fall
the duration. (smallest Semester
— permitted 1999”)
maximum:
1000 char)
a
See also: http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#duration.

46
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

Authorized licensed use limited to: Carleton University. Downloaded on May 30,2021 at 13:19:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Table 5—Vocabulary
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value Datatype Example
space
1 Source “LOMv1.0”, or an indication of the source of the 1 Unspecified CharacterString “LOMv1.0”
value, for instance through a URI (see 4.4). — (smallest permitted “http://www.vocabularies.org/OSList”
maximum: 1000 char)
2 Value The actual value. 1 Unspecified CharacterString “MacOS”
If the source is “LOMv1.0”, then the value shall come from (smallest permitted
the list defined in the LOMv1.0 Base Schema for the data maximum: 1000 char)
element. —
In ISO 11404:1996 terminology, when there is implied
ordering in the value list, then the values are “enumerated”;
when there is no implied ordering, then they are “state.”

47
IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020

IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata

Annex A
(informative)

Mapping to unqualified Dublin Core

The Dublin Core defines 15 data elements. These data elements map directly to data elements defined in this
standard, as illustrated in Table A.1.

Table A.1—Mapping to unqualified Dublin Core Metadata Element Set

DC.Identifier 1.1.2:General.Identifier.Entry
DC.Title 1.2:General.Title
DC.Language 1.3:General.Language
DC.Description 1.4:General.Description
DC.Subject 1.5:General.Keyword or 9:Classification with 9.1:Classification.
Purpose equals “Discipline” or “Idea”.
DC.Coverage 1.6:General.Coverage
DC.Type 5.2:Educational.LearningResourceType
DC.Date 2.3.3:LifeCycle.Contribute.Date when 2.3.1:LifeCycle.
Contribute.Role has a value of “Publisher”.
DC.Creator 2.3.2:LifeCycle.Contribute.Entity when 2.3.1:LifeCycle.
Contribute.Role has a value of “Author”.
DC.OtherContributor 2.3.2:LifeCycle.Contribute.Entity with the type of contribution
specified in 2.3.1:LifeCycle.Contribute.Role.
DC.Publisher 2.3.2:LifeCycle.Contribute.Entity when 2.3.1:LifeCycle.
Contribute.Role has a value of “Publisher”.
DC.Format 4.1:Technical.Format
DC.Rights 6.3:Rights.Description
DC.Relation 7.2.2:Relation.Resource.Description
DC.Source 7.2:Relation.Resource when the value of 7.1:Relation.Kind is “IsBasedOn.”

NOTE 1—The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative is also developing data element qualifiers to further refine the semantics of
the Dublin Core data elements.10 A further refinement of the mapping in Table A.1 can be based on these qualifiers.

NOTE 2—The LOM working group is committed to working with the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) to develop
interoperable metadata, as outlined in the Memorandum of Understanding between the IEEE LTSC LOM WG and the
DCMI.11

10
http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmes-qualifiers/
11
https://standards.ieee.org/announcements/metaarch.html

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RAISING THE
WORLD’S
STANDARDS
Connect with us on:
Twitter: twitter.com/ieeesa
Facebook: facebook.com/ieeesa
LinkedIn: linkedin.com/groups/1791118
Beyond Standards blog: beyondstandards.ieee.org
YouTube: youtube.com/ieeesa

standards.ieee.org
Phone: +1 732 981 0060

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Ieee Standard For Learning Object Metadata

Uploaded by

Ieee Standard For Learning Object Metadata

Uploaded by

IEEE Standard for Learning

IEEE Computer Society

IEEE Std 1484.12.1™-2020

IEEE Standard for Learning

Learning Technology Standards Committee

Approved 24 September 2020

IEEE SA Standards Board

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright © 2020 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-7059-9 STD24410

IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying.

Notice and Disclaimer of Liability Concerning the Use of IEEE Standards

Comments on standards should be submitted using the Contact Us form.

Laws and regulations

Updating of IEEE Standards documents

Andy Johnson, Chair

Mitchell Bonnett James Goodell Jonathan Poltrack

Wayne Hodgins, Chair

Carlos C. Amano Jack Hyde Tom Probert

Pradeep Balachandran Daozhuang Lin R.K. Rannow

Gary Hoffman, Chair

Ted Burse Howard Li Dorothy Stanley

Annex A (informative) Mapping to Unqualified Dublin Core������������������������������������������������������������������������ 46

1.3 Word usage

ISO 639:1988, Code for the representation of names of languages.3

ISO 8601:2000, Data elements and interchange formats—Information interchange—Representation of dates

ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000, Information technology—Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS)—

ISO/IEC 11404:1996, Information technology—Programming languages, their environments and system

IETF RFC 2425: 1998, MIME Content-Type for Directory Information.5

IETF RFC 2426: 1998, vCard MIME Directory Profile.6

OED, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Ed. 1989, 1989.

category (LTSC—Learning Technology Standards Committee- Learning Object Metadata): A group of

4. Overview of the metadata structure

4.2 Data elements

— Name: the name by which the data element is referenced

turn an aggregate, as it contains components 7.2.1.1:Relation.Resource.Identifier.Catalog and 7.2.1.2:Relation.

4.3 List values

4.5 Smallest permitted maximum values

4.6 Character sets

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

ISO 639:1988 also

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

The language code

period (a period label, date, or date its 1.6:General.Coverage can be

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

a controlled vocabulary (for example,

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

Lastly if the learning object is a

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

= Linear or Hierarchical and

the state of this learning object during maximum:

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

NOTE 13— This data element is

the learning object

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about entities (i.e., people, permitted by IMC vCard (smallest nTEL:+1-919-555-7878\nTITLE:​

record. A namespace specific string. maximum:

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

organizations) that have affected the state permitted

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

4.4 Requirement The technical capabilities necessary for Smallest Unordered

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then all are required, i.e., the 40 items

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

of graphical material, and hypertext

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

its interactivity type is mixed.

of a community of practice. that solicit an activity). Learning

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

defined as having a low interactivity

refuge in the mother’s marsupium,

Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

are primitive mammals, with

something. An author creates or

Annex A (informative) Mapping to Unqualified Dublin Core�� 46

about entities (i.e., people, permitted by IMC vCard (smallest nTEL:+1-919-555-7878\nTITLE:

1000 char) nET:jfriday@host