Advancement of Nanotechnology for Sustainable

Innovation in Agriculture

April 2024

Authors

Ms. Rishika R
School of Mechanical Engineering
VIT-Chennai, India.

Ms. Bhavatarini
School of electronics engineering
VIT-Chennai, India.
Contents
Abstract
Ms.Rishika R

Introduction
Ms.Rishika R

Literature review
Ms.Rishika R

Sustainable Intensification
Ms.Rishika R

Nanoparticles used in agriculture

Ms. Bhavatarini

Nanotechnology for better water management

Ms. Bhavatarini
Effectiveness of fertilizer and crop management
Ms.Rishika R

Disease Management in plants

Ms.Rishika R

Nanopesticides
Ms. Bhavatarini

Nanobiosensors
Ms. Bhavatarini

Adverse effects of Nanoparticles on plants

Ms.Rishika R

Health and Environmental concerns

Ms.Rishika R

Conclusion
Advancement of Nanotechnology for Sustainable
Innovation in Agriculture

Abstract
Agriculture sector and nanotechnology have been constantly growing hand in hand
and are the backbone of developing countries’ economy. As the world’s population
is being raised rapidly, the agriculture sector is under crises of food security. The
field of nanotechnology has been constantly exploring solutions to enhance the
food security and crop production as well as the quality. Nanotechnology is on a
mission to provide efficient ways to increase the production scale by controlling
insects and pests in agriculture without affecting the environment. This technology
also helps in better plant growth by enhancing plant efficiency to absorb nutrients.
Nanotechnology ensures an advancement to enhance nutrient use efficiency
through nano-formulated fertilizers. Pesticides and insecticides based on nano-
formulation are being used in agriculture sector to increase the durability,
solubility and mobility. Not just nanotechnology is helpful on field in agriculture
but also in fields like packing, processing the food, proper storage has been
improved through the usage of nanomaterials. While nanotechnology offers great
benefits in various fields, I also raise some concerns. In this paper, we will
summaries various applications of nanoparticles in agriculture sector and address
the related concerns.

Keywords
Nanotechnology, Nanoparticles, Agriculture, Sustainable agriculture, Nanosensors,
Fertilizers.

Introduction
As the population grows the need for better agriculture system grows.
Development of agriculture can reduce poverty and feed many peoples.
Growth in agriculture is extremely important for economic growth.
Today’s agriculture system affects people’s health and the water used
for agriculture produce unsustainable level of pollution and waste.
Therefore the agriculture field requires minimum resources to provide
high yield with less effect on environment. Many technologies have
been in practice to improve sustainable agriculture. Nanotechnology is
one of the emerging technology bringing out many benefits in
agriculture. Nanotechnology has a wide range of applications in various
fields such as medicine,electronics, energy, environmental science, and
materials science. Researchers are using the special characteristics of
nanoparticles to find new ways to make crops grow better, use nutrients
more effectively, and solve environmental problems. Due to the
widespread adoption of nanotechnology across various industries, it is
drawing significant funding from academic research, major food
corporations, and growing government financial support. Through a
comprehensive review of current studies and developments, this paper
aims to provide insights into the transformative role of nanotechnology
in shaping the future of agriculture.

Literature Review

Nanotechnology is an emerging stream in agriculture, that has extreme

potential to transform the boundaries of traditional agriculture into
modern agriculture. Nanotechnology is used to build advanced
machinery in various fields. Nanotechnology links classical and
quantum mechanics by providing a theory called mesoscopic system.
This mesoscopic system builds nano assemblies for agricultural products
and nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials play a vital role in food and agricultural systems, such as

smart agrochemical delivery systems, nano biosensors for precision
farming and food packaging, nanofibres for genetic engineering, nano
fertilizer, and nanopesticides. Nanotechnology has a high potential to
overcome the limitations of traditional agriculture systems, as the
advancement of nanotechnology is efficient and precise. They happen to
reduce the environmental and health risks faced in recent times due to
traditional agricultural practices that are not adaptive to the modern
environment, nanotechnology transforms modern agriculture which is
adaptive to today's environment. Nanosensors, Nanofertilizers,
Nanopesticides, and Nanomaterials used for machinery for farming will
be discussed in this chapter. This proves nanotechnology will bring a
revolution in Indian agriculture.

Modern agriculture requires precision practices by applying advanced

technologies to improve crop productivity with less environmental
impact.
For sustainable agriculture, it is essential to develop agriculture
practices that minimize environmental impact, conserve natural
resources, and reduce pollution. Increased use of agricultural chemicals
to maintain crop growth and health is been seen, whereas sensors have
created efficient ways to provide crop production more sustainably.
Nanosensors provide precise data analysis to yield better crop cultivation
in a short period. Thus it provides real-time data on the condition of soil,
crop health, and environmental factors, which allows the farmers to
make more precise decisions about fertilization, irrigation, and pest
control. This reduces resource wastage leading to sustainable
agriculture. Overuse of fertilizers and pesticides is gaining increasing
attention in the field. Therefore it is essential to bring surveillance
systems to take surveys on plant uptake of these contaminants. With the
latest developments in technologies like sensing materials with carbon-
based nanostructures, implementing safety protocols to prevent heavy
pesticide residue and over-intake of fertilizers in agricultural
environments has become more achievable. Through the data collected
through these sensing techniques, preventive measures can be taken to
reduce the risk to human health who consume these contaminated crops.
Farmers can thus make timely data-driven decisions to optimize crop
yield and health based on the sensor data within the centralized
agricultural control system. Nanosensors monitor environmental factors
such as temperature, humidity, and other conditions required for
prominent yielding in today’s fast-changing climatic conditions, this
provides valuable data for the farmers to follow proper measures to
produce good yield with less effort and ensures the health of crops.

Nanosensors have proven their potential in agriculture. They can

facilitate real-time monitoring of crop and field conditions, crop growth,
pest attacks, plant disease, and environmental stressors. Real-time
monitoring has prevented the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers,
which helps in the reduction of environmental pollution, product cost,
and health problems.
Applications of nanosensors convert conventional agriculture practices
into smart agriculture, which are more energy-efficient and
environmentally friendly approaches for sustainable agriculture
practices. Fraceto indicated that smart agriculture practices involved
 (a) nanoformulation-based fertilizers or pesticidal delivery systems that
increase the dispersion and wettability of nutrients,
(b) nano detectors for pesticide or fertilizer residues and
(c) remote-sensing-based monitor systems for disease occurrence and
crop growth.
Nanosensors in agriculture are used to detect the humidity of the soil,
pesticide residue, nutrient requirement, and crop pest identification. The
low limit of detection and high sensitivity of nanosensors make them
more useful for smart agriculture. Different metal nanomaterials have
been used in nanosensor development for pesticide detection including
gold nanoparticles (Au NP), carbon nanotubes (CNT), quantum dots
(QD) and various nanocomposites with polymers. The nanosensors
showed many advantages over conventional sensors in terms of high
sensitivity due to high surface-to-volume ratio, quick response within
seconds, more stable and reliable results, smaller amounts of detection
(up to nanogram or lesser), practicable in different matrixes, and support
fast electron transfer kinetic. TiO2 nanotubes were developed based on
nanosensors for the detection of atrazine in soil at levels of parts per
trillion (ppt). Detection of methyl parathion was based on the inhibitory
effect of acetylcholinesterase enzyme.

Similarly, the detection of acetamiprid in soil was also measured by the

development of a nano biosensor based on gold nanoparticles
functionalized with acetamiprid-binding aptamer. This nano biosensor
visibly detects acetamiprid in the concentration range of 75 nM and 7.5
μM. Further nano biosensor was developed to detect phosphorus-
containing amino acid type herbicide in soil using nanofilm-modified
pencil graphite electrode and analyzed glyphosate and glufosinate in the
detection limit of 0.35 and 0.19 ng/mL, respectively. The electrode was
used in pulse anodic stripping voltammetry to detect glyphosate and
glufosinate. The detection of crop pests is also an important aspect of
agriculture production. traditional detection methods are time-
consuming. The use of nanostructures for pest detection provides rapid
and accurate results. In bad weather in agriculture, there is usually a
huge decline in the crop due to sufficient fertilizers and nutrients..

Nanosensors play a vital role in precise agricultural practice, also in

manufacturing methods and devices required for modern agriculture. We
believe that the advanced nanosensor platform, which is highly sensitive
and versatile, will enable the monitoring of plant health and growing
conditions to support sustainable and safe crop production. With the help
of multifunctional nanosensors with multispectral image visualization
systems with a range of algorithms, automatic detection of plant stress
will be enhanced over a period. Nanosensors make precise diagnoses,
due to their increased surface area for aptamer immobilization
nanoparticles improve the diagnostics’ selectivity and ease of use. By
giving the aptamer more surface area to be immobilized on as well as by
endowing the sensor with its own photophysical and electrochemical
properties, nanoparticles improve the selectivity and practicality of
diagnostics. The development of field-applicable nanosensor techniques
still faces some challenges. To further develop nanosensors, additional
research must be done to confirm the biocompatibility of nanosensors in
terms of crop safety and environmental impact.

Sustainable Intensification
Sustainable intensification can be achieved by increasing crop yield
while reducing resource inputs, and minimizing environmental impacts.
In agriculture nanotechnology can be applied in various ways to promote
sustainable intensification, for instance precision agriculture through
nanosensors, nanopesticides and fertilizers, improvement of soil strength
through nanomaterial, nanobiotechnology for crop improvement.
Through nanotechnology the productivity in agricultural systems are
improved while reducing environmental impact, including through
integrated pest management, conservation agriculture, and agroforestry.

Nanoparticles Used In Agriculture

Polymeric nanoparticles are used in the delivery of agrochemicals in a

’slow & controlled’ manner. Some advantages of these particles are their
superior biocompatibility examples: Polyethylene glycol, poly(epsilo-
caprolactane), poly(lactide-co-glycolides)etc. Silver nanoparticles are
used for their antimicrobial property against a wide range of
phytopathogens. Nano alumino silicates ,these nanoparticles are more
active & relatively more environmentally safe pesticides, with targeted
delivery into plant cell .Titanium-dioxide nanoparticles, these
nanoparticles are biodegradable and are used as a disinfecting agent for
water. Carbon nanomaterial carbon nanoparticles such as graphene,
graphene oxide, carbon dots etc. are used for improved seed
germination. Some other nanoparticles are Zinc Oxide, Copper Oxide
nanoparticles & magnetic nanoparticles etc.

Nanotechnology for Water Management

Water purification, desalination, monitoring, and sensing of water are
some of the key nanotechnology applications in water management.
Water purification can be advanced using nanomaterials, such as
nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Nanomaterials have a strong binding
affinity for certain contaminants, allowing them to remove them from
the water quickly and efficiently. Additionally, nanomaterials are much
smaller than traditional materials, allowing them to be used in small
spaces, such as pipes and filters, which can also reduce costs. The use of
nanotechnology in desalination processes plays a significant role in
converting seawater or brackish water into freshwater. Nanomaterials
can also be used to remove pollutants from seawater, such as heavy
metals and toxins, which improves the quality of the water produced.
Nanosensors detect changes in water parameters, which can then be used
to manage the water supply. They are small, inexpensive, and energy-
efficient, making them an ideal solution for remote water network
monitoring. Additionally, they are able to detect a wide range of
contaminants, allowing for early detection of potential water issues.
Nanotechnology can contribute to water conservation efforts by
improving water efficiency in various applications. Nanotechnology can
also be used to develop new materials that capture and retain water, such
as hydrogels and nanofibers. These materials can be applied to reduce
water loss in agriculture, landscaping, and other industries, as well as to
reduce the impact of floods and droughts.

Effectiveness of fertilizer and crop management

There has been production reduction in the agriculture field, as the
population is increasing the conventional fertilizers and performance
phosphate products do not reach the target of production level due to
their instability in the environment. Fertilizers has a major role in
developing agriculture and to attain food security and increase crop
production, the new technology nanofertilizers shown promising results
for plant growth and high yields. The tradition fertilizing uses over
usage of fertilizers, only little amount reaches its intended site due to
drift evaporation, run-off. The high usage damages the soil nutrition and
makes the soil weak for further farming and contaminates water source,
ground water, nearby source. Nanofertilizer has very tiny particles that
directly allow them to penetrate deep into the soil and provide targeted,
efficient delivery of essential nutrients to plants, leading to improved
plant growth and yield. The use of nanofertilizers may prevent the soil
from getting polluted as they deliver nutrients in requirement-based to
the crops. During the whole growth of plant it is accessible to majority
of nutrients without wastage by leaching. Naturally occurring zeolites
have been applied as a pool for controlled release of nutrients in plants
(R & Wani, 2019). To facilitate the release of nutrients at a slow and
stable rate, the particles of fertilizer are coated by nanomembranes
( Kothari et al., 2019). Nanomaterials can reclaim soil by reducing the
use of chemical fertilizers that damage soil, water sources and plants.

Disease Management in Plants

Nanotechnology is the new defense against the plant disease.
Nanotechnology is progressing day by day. Plant viral diseases cause
huge economic losses and threat to sustainable agriculture.
Nanoparticles can be used as nanopesticides, drug delivery agent or
carriers for existing pesticides in pest management systems. Even
though, utilization of it in plant disease management and genetic
transformations is still in its infancy (Elmer & White,
2018).Nanotechnology is helpful in the treatment of various diseases
caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. An analysis
technique named as reflective interferometry is produced, by use of
nanotechnology that offers a label-free, rapid and biomolecules optical
detection in compound mixtures. This new technique provides quality
assurance of food via detecting Escherichia coli in a food sample by
light scattering detection in the mitochondrial cell. The working
principle of this sensor is a protein of a distinguished and known
bacterium placed on a chip of silicon can attach with any other E. coli
that exists in a food sample. This attachment will lead to a nanosized
light scattering which could be detected via digital image analysis
(Horner, 2006). Nanoparticles can prove an efficient tool to control
virus-caused diseases in plants.

Nanopesticides
Nanotechnology is providing efficient alternatives to increase the crop
production by:

Managing the insect/pests in agriculture in an

Eco friendly manner.It promotes plant efficiency to absorb nutrients.
Nanotechnology in conjugation with genome editing tools like
CRISPER/cas9 has been used as delivery tool for
template DNA and protiens Nano formulation based pesticides &
insecticides are being used in agriculture to increase solubility, mobility
& durability

Nanobiosensors

These devices converts biological responses to electrical response via

microprocessor. It offers real- time signal monitoring and are involved in
direct or indirect detection of pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic
resistance , pesticides, toxins & heavy metal contaminants.
Principles of operation of biosensors:
While the biological layer is responsible for the specific interaction with
the analyte, the transducer converts the information from this interaction
into a measurable effect. For example, mechanical transducers convert
the analyte–bioreceptor interaction to a change in bending or resonant
frequency, optical transducers usually convert this phenomenon to a
change in light frequency or intensity, and electrochemical transducers
to a change in current, potential, and so on. Finally, the reading system
measures the amount of these changes. The reading system measures the
physical phenomenon caused by the interaction. Changes in bending,
changes in resonant frequency, changes in electrochemical parameters
such as current and potential, and changes in optical properties are
among the physical phenomena that are measured by a proper reading
system. A biochip also includes an array of single biosensors that can
operate separately and are commonly used to detect multiple analytes
simultaneously.

Adverse effects of Nanoparticles on plants

Anything that provides some benefits comes with some limitations.
Most of the in-organic nanoparticles are also biocompatible in nature but
up to a limited concentration as the higher dose may cause cellular
toxicity (Gamucci, Bertero, Gagliardi, & Bardi, 2014). Incorporating
nanoparticles in the field of agriculture poses a challenge due to their
potential toxicity, which may harm plants during seed germination and
root development, hindering their growth. Proper disposal of
nanoparticles is important to prevent water pollution and ecosystem
contamination that can occur if they are not incinerated correctly. Based
on the research, metal based nanoparticles with a diameter of less than
50nm could enter leaves through the stomatal pathway. By increasing
the particle size, the absorption ability of leaves to nanoparticles
decreased. Many of studies have identified the foliar uptake of
nanoparticles. For instance, Zhu et al. applied fluorescein isothiocyanate
(FITC) labeled ZnO nanoparticles (30 nm) to wheat leaves. By confocal
microscopy, they found that ZnO nanoparticles mainly passed through
the epidermis of wheat leaves by the stomata pathway, and then
accumulated in chloroplasts (Zhu, et al., 2020). They also investigated
the effect of stomatal opening and closing on the absorption of ZnO
NPs. It was proven that with the decrease in stomatal diameter, the
concentration of zinc in chloroplast and cytoplasm of wheat leaf cells
decreased by 33.2% and 8.3%, respectively, with the decrease in
stomatal diameter. Avelian et al. used gold nanoparticles with a different
diameter (3, 10, 50 nm) modified with coatings to act on wheat leaves.
They found that the coated gold nanoparticles of all sizes could be
absorbed by wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. cumberland) leaves (Avellan,
et al., 2019). Plant leaves can also uptake nanoparticles made up of
silica, polymer and other natural materials as well. The size of
nanoparticles used is a major concern as particles with very small
diameter are easily uptaken by the plants. By using TEM, researchers
confirmed that SiO2 with size of 54 nm could enter the leaves of model
plant Arabidopsis thaliana through the stomatal pathway (Shetehy, et
al., 2021). Researchers found that polystyrene nanoplastic with size of
93.6 nm could cross the barrier on lettuce leaf and enter the phloem in
plants via TEM (Lian, et al., 2021). Recently, researchers found that
chitosan-based silicon nanoparticles with the average size of 166 nm
were absorbed by rice (Zhenghan 10) leaves and were distributed in the
leaf cells (Jia-Yi Y., et al., 2022).

Health and Environmental concerns

Nanoparticles may accumulate in the environment and in living
organisms, leading to long term exposure and potential harm. Excess use
or very small nanoparticles that get released in environment during
heavy usuage or production tends to stay in the environment for long
leading to contamination of water and soil. This nanomaterials when
comes in contact with living organisms such as humans and animals it
may cause damage to cells and organs. Nanoparticles as they are very
small in size they may enter human body through inhalation, ingestion,
and skin contact, which causes health issues.
It's really important to carefully check and reduce any possible health
and environmental dangers that might come from nanoparticles and to
consistently monitor and evaluate their effects as the field progresses.
For monitoring the contaminants and detect them we can install
biosensors to the field. Biosensors can be used to detect contaminants in
the environment which cause damage to the plants and environment.
Biosensors are useful to check nutrients level in plants and the pH of the
soil, which provides way for better crop production and management.
They can detect nutrients level in detail such as vitamins, minerals,
amino acids, protein and water level enabling better monitoring of
uptake by plants. Biosensors are used to detect viruses, bacterias in
food, enabling rapid response to potential outbreaks.

Conclusion
Nanotechnology has emerged as a revolutionary force with the potential
to transform the agricultural landscape. By harnessing the unique
properties of nanoparticles, researchers are developing innovative
solutions that address some of the most pressing challenges facing
modern agriculture. Nanopesticides offer a more targeted and
environmentally friendly approach to pest control, while also enhancing
nutrient uptake and crop health. Biosensors provide real-time monitoring
of crucial parameters, enabling farmers to make informed decisions for
optimal resource management.

This nanotechnological revolution promises significant benefits. Firstly,

it can contribute to increased food production. With a growing global
population, the demand for food is constantly rising. Nanopesticides,
with their targeted delivery and improved efficacy, can help protect
crops from pests and diseases, leading to higher yields. Secondly,
nanotechnology promotes sustainable agricultural practices. Traditional
pesticides often have detrimental effects on the environment,
contaminating soil and water sources. Nanopesticides, with their
controlled release and biodegradability, offer a more eco-friendly
alternative. Additionally, nanobased fertilizers improve nutrient
utilization by plants, reducing waste and minimizing environmental
pollution. Thirdly, nanobiosensors empower farmers with real-time data
on soil health, water quality, and pathogen presence. This empowers
them to make data-driven decisions on irrigation, fertilization, and pest
control, leading to more efficient resource utilization and reduced
environmental impact.

However, despite the promising outlook, there are challenges that need
to be addressed before nanotechnology can be fully integrated into
mainstream agriculture. One major concern is the potential risk of
nanoparticles to human health and the environment. The long-term
effects of nanoparticle exposure on human health are still under
investigation. Additionally, the potential impact of nanoparticles on soil
ecosystems and beneficial organisms remains unclear. Therefore,
rigorous research and safety assessments are crucial before widespread
adoption.

Another challenge lies in the cost-effectiveness of nanotechnology.

Developing and producing nanomaterials can be expensive, making
them less accessible to small-scale farmers. To ensure widespread
adoption, research efforts must focus on developing scalable and cost-
effective nanotechnological solutions.

Finally, regulatory frameworks need to be developed to govern the use

of nanotechnology in agriculture. These frameworks should establish
clear guidelines for the development, testing, and commercialization of
nanopesticides and other nanomaterials. Regulations must ensure the
safety of agricultural products and protect the environment while
encouraging responsible innovation.

In conclusion, nanotechnology presents a transformative opportunity for

sustainable and efficient agriculture. The potential benefits for increased
food production, reduced environmental impact, and improved resource
management are undeniable. However, addressing safety concerns,
ensuring cost-effectiveness, and establishing robust regulations are
crucial steps for responsible and sustainable implementation. Through
collaborative efforts between researchers, policymakers, and agricultural
stakeholders, nanotechnology can hold the key to securing a food-secure
and environmentally responsible future for agriculture.Nanotechnology
has the potential to revolutionize our lives. This is because it presents
almost unlimited potential to make remarkable changes in virtually all
fields ranging from medicine, computer technology, construction,
environmental remediation, food industry, to new energy sources.Thus,
it is concluded that, nanotechnology or systems / device manufacture at
the molecular level, is a multidisciplinary scientific field undergoing
explosive development.

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