Lab6

AIM : Learning of Installation and Upgradation of the Linux Operating System

TITLE : Work Instruction Sheet / Unix & Linux Programming

S/W USED : Ubuntu 22.04.4

H/W USED : STandard PC, Bootable USB Device

Installation of Linux OS :

Linux is an open-source and free operating system to install which allows anyone with programming
knowledge to modify and create their own operating system as per their requirements. Over many
years, it has become more user- friendly and supports a lot of features such as reliability when used
with servers, no need for antivirus and a Linux server can run nonstop with the boot for many years.

It has many distributions such as Ubuntu, Fedora , Redhat, and Debian but all run on top of the
linux server itself. Installation of every distribution is similar;

Steps to install Linux through USB Drive:

1. Choose a Linux Distribution: There are many distributions of Linux available, such as
Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, CentOS, etc. Choose the one that suits your needs best.
2. Download the ISO Image: Go to the omcial website of the Linux distribution you've chosen
and download the ISO image file. Make sure to download the appropriate version for your
system architecture (32-bit or 64-bit).
3. Prepare the USB Drive: You'll need a USB flash drive with sumcient capacity (usually 4GB or
more). Backup any important data from the USB drive as it will be formatted during this
process.
4. Create a Bootable USB Drive:
On Windows: You can use tools like Rufus, UNetbootin, or balenaEtcher. Simply select
the downloaded ISO file, choose the USB drive, and start the process.
On macOS: You can use Disk Utility or a third-party tool like Etcher. On Linux:
You can use dd command or tools like Etcher or GNOME Disks.
On Linux: You can use dd command or tools like Etcher or GNOME Disks.

5. Boot from the USB Drive: Insert the bootable USB drive into the computer you want to
install Linux on. Restart the computer and enter the BIOS or UEFI settings. Change the boot
order so that the USB drive is prioritized. Save the changes and exit. The computer should now
boot from the USB drive.
6. Install Linux:
Once booted from the USB drive, you'll usually be presented with a graphical installer.
Follow the on-screen instructions to select language, keyboard layout, time zone, partitioning
options, and user account details.
You may be given options to install alongside existing operating systems or to erase the disk
and install Linux. Choose according to your preference.
After making your selections, proceed with the installation. This may take some time
depending on your system and the distribution you've chosen.
7. Complete Installation and Reboot: After the installation process is complete, you'll be
prompted to reboot the computer. Remove the USB drive and reboot. The computer should
now boot into the installed Linux distribution.
8. Post-Installation Setup: Once logged in, you may need to perform additional setup steps such
as installing updates, configuring drivers, setting up additional software, etc.

Upgradation of Linux OS :

Upgrading Linux involves updating the system to a newer version. This can often be done without
reinstalling the entire system.
 Package Manager Upgrade:
Use the package manager specific to your Linux distribution to upgrade the entire system
Update the package lists: sudo apt update (for apt) Upgrade installed
packages: sudo apt upgrade (for apt)

Distribution Upgrade:
Many Linux distributions provide tools for upgrading to a newer release. Ubuntu has the do-
release-upgrade command, which can be used to upgrade to the next LTS (Long Term Support)
or regular release.
Manual Installation:
Download the ISO image of the newer version of the Linux distribution.
Create a bootable USB drive or DVD from the ISO.
Boot from the installation media and follow the on-screen instructions to perform a fresh
installation, which effectively upgrades the system.

Installation Tasks:

Download : Download the ISO image of our preferred Linux Distribution from its website.
Create : Create a bootable USB stick or DVD with the downloaded ISO
images
Boot from USB : To Boot from USB, just Restart your computer and boot from the USB
drive. You might need to press a key (often F12, F10, or F2) during startup to change the
boot order.

Choose Language : When the Ubuntu welcome window appears, select your preferred
language.
After that Click on “Install Ubuntu”. From two different preferred options “Try Ubuntu” and
“Install Ubuntu”
Keyboard Layout : Choose your preferred layout and click on “Continue” & go for the next
step.

Update Other Software : Choose whether you want to download updates while installing
Ubuntu and whether you want to install third-party software for graphics and Wi-Fi hardware,
Flash, MP3, and other media. Then click on “Continue”.
Installation Type : Prompt appear for Installation Type. If you want to install Ubuntu
alongside your existing operating system, choose “Install Ubuntu alongside them”. If you want to
erase your entire disk and install Ubuntu, choose “Erase disk and install Ubuntu”.

Choose Location : Your location will be detected automatically. Check if it’s correct and click on
“Continue”.
Enter Login Information : Enter your name, your computer’s name, pick a username, enter a
password, and choose whether you want to log in automatically or require a password.
Installation : The installation process will now start.

Restart Your PCs : Once the installation is complete, you’ll be prompted to restart your
computer. Make sure to remove the USB drive, then click on “Restart Now”.
Upgradation Tasks :

Update Package List : This refreshes the list of available package and their versions from the
repositories. Open a terminals and run the following command.

Upgrade Packages : This step upgrades all installed packages to their latest versions available in
the repositories. Run the following command :
Process took too long. Hence unable to show more about upgradation.
Distribution Upgrade : This step performs a distribution upgrade, which handles changes in
dependencies between versions of packages and can remove obsolete packages. It’s more thorough
than apt upgrade as it handles changes between major versions of the distribution. Run the
following command: