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Calculation Methods - Short-Circuit ANSI/IEEE Page 1 of 42
ANSI/IEEE Calculation Methods

ETAP provides two Short-Circuit Calculation Methods based on ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards. You can select the calculation method from the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor. This section describes the
ANSI/IEEE Standard Method of Calculation.
Standard Compliance
ETAP short-circuit calculation per ANSI/IEEE Standards complies with the latest ANSI/IEEE and UL Standards, as listed below:
Standard Pub. Year Title

IEEE C37.04 1979 (1988) Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis and Supplements
IEEE C37.04f 1990
IEEE C37.04g 1986
IEEE C37.04h 1990
IEEE C37.04i 1991
IEEE C37.04 1999
IEEE C37.010 1979, 1988,1999 IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Basis and supplements
IEEE C37.010b 1985
IEEE C37.010e 1985
IEEE C37.010 1999
IEEE C37.13 1990 Standard for Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures
IEEE C37.013 1997 Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
IEEE C37.20.1 2002 Standard for Metal Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear
IEEE Std 399 1990 & 1997 Power System Analysis – the Brown Book
IEEE Std 141 1986 & 1993 Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants – the Red Book
IEEE Std 242 1986 & 2001 IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems – the Buff Book
UL 489_9 1996,2000,2002 Standard for Safety for Molded-Case Circuit Breakers, Molded-Case Switches, and Circuit-Breaker Enclosures
General Description of Calculation Methodology

In ANSI/IEEE short-circuit calculations, an equivalent voltage source at the fault location, which equals the prefault voltage at the location, replaces all external voltage sources and machine internal voltage
sources.
All machines are represented by their internal impedances. Line capacitances and static loads are neglected. Transformer taps can be set at either the nominal position or at the tapped position, and different
schemes are available to correct transformer impedance and system voltages if off-nominal tap setting exist. It is assumed that for 3-phase fault, the fault is bolted. Therefore, arc resistances are not
considered. You can specify fault impedance in the Short-Circuit Study Case for single-phase to ground fault. System impedances are assumed to be balanced 3-phase, and the method of symmetrical
components is used for unbalanced fault calculations.
Three different impedance networks are formed to calculate momentary, interrupting, and steady-state short-circuit currents, and corresponding duties for various protective devices. These networks are: ½
cycle network (subtransient network), 1.5-4 cycle network (transient network), and 30 cycle network (steady-state network).
mk:@MSITStore:C:\ETAP%202000\Etaps.chm::/IDH_ANSI_IEE_Short_Circuit_Analysis_and_Calculation_Methods.htm 6/05/2024
ANSI/IEEE Standards recommend the use of separate R and X networks to calculate X/R values. X/R ratios are obtained for each individual faulted bus and short-circuit current. This X/R ratio is then used to
determine the multiplying factor to account for the system DC offset.
Using the ½ cycle and 1.5-4 cycle networks, the symmetrical rms value of the momentary and interrupting short-circuit currents are solved first. These values are then multiplied by appropriate multiplying
factors to finally obtain the asymmetrical value of the momentary and interrupting short-circuit currents.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are helpful in understanding short-circuit calculations using ANSI/IEEE Standards.
½ Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate momentary short-circuit current and protective device duties at the ½ cycle after the fault. The following table shows the type of device and its associated duties using the
½ cycle network.
Type of Device Duty
High voltage circuit breaker Closing and latching capability
Low voltage circuit breaker Interrupting capability
Fuse Interrupting capability
Switchgear and MCC Bus bracing
Relay Instantaneous settings
½ Cycle Network Duty
The ½ cycle network is also referred to as the subtransient network, primarily because all rotating machines are represented by their subtransient reactance, as shown in the following table:
Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator X d”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding X d”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding 0.75 Xd’
Condenser X d”
Synchronous motor X d”
Induction Machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less X d”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm X d”
All other > 50 hp 1.2 Xd”
< 50 hp 1.67 Xd”
(Xd” = 1/LRC for induction motors)
1.5-4 Cycle Network

This network is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current and protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the fault. The following table shows the type of device and its associated duties using the
1.5-4 cycle network.
Type of Device Duty

High voltage circuit breaker Interrupting capability
Low voltage circuit breaker N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A
Relay N/A
The 1.5-4 cycle network is also referred to as the transient network. The type of rotating machine and its representation is shown in the following table:
Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator X d”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding X d”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding 0.75 Xd’
Condenser X d” *
Synchronous motor 1.5 Xd”
Induction machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less 1.5 Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm 1.5 Xd”
All other > 50 hp 3.0 Xd”
< 50 hp Infinity
(Xd” = 1/LRC for induction motors)

* Note that, in the 1.5-4 cycle network, the positive sequence reactance value for a condenser depends on the option selected for SCANSICondenserMFOpt in the Options (Preferences). For details see the
ETAP.Ini section.
30 Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate the steady-state short-circuit current and duties for some of the protective devices 30 cycles after the fault. The following table shows the type of device and its associated
duties using the 30 cycle network:
Type of Device Duty

High voltage circuit breaker N/A
Low voltage circuit breaker N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A
Relay Overcurrent settings
30 Cycle Network Duty
The type of rotating machine and its representation in the 30 cycle network is shown in the following table. Induction machines, synchronous motors, and condensers are not considered in the 30 cycle fault
calculation..
Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator X d’
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding X d’
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding X d’
Condenser Infinity
Synchronous motor Infinity
Induction machine Infinity
30 Cycle Network Impedance
ANSI Multiplying Factor (MF)

The ANSI multiplying factor is determined by the equivalent system X/R ratio at a particular fault location. The X/R ratio is calculated by the separate R and X networks.
Local and Remote Contributions

A local contribution to a short-circuit current is the portion of the short-circuit current fed predominately from generators through no more than one transformation, or with external reactance in a series, which
is less than 1.5 times the generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise the contribution is defined as remote.
No AC Decay (NACD) Ratio

The NACD ratio is defined as the remote contributions to the total contributions for the short-circuit current at a given location.
l Total short circuit current Itotal = Iremote + Ilocal

l NACD = 0 if all contributions are local.
l NACD = 1 if all contributions are remote.
Calculation Methods
Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current Calc. (Buses and HVCB)
The Momentary Short-Circuit Current at the ½ cycle represents the highest or maximum value of the short-circuit current before its AC and DC components decay toward the steady-state value. Although the
highest or maximum short-circuit current actually occurs slightly before the ½ cycle in reality, the ½ cycle network is used for this calculation.
The following procedure is used to calculate momentary short-circuit current:
1. Calculate the symmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current using the following formula:
where Zeq is the equivalent impedance at the faulted bus from the ½ cycle network.
2. Calculate the asymmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current using the following formula:
where MFm is the momentary multiplying factor, calculated from:
3. Calculate the peak value of momentary short-circuit current using the following formula:
where MFp is the peak multiplying factor, calculated from:
This value is the calculated Asymmetrical kA Crest printed in the Momentary Duty column of the Momentary Duty page in the output report.
In both equations for MFm and MFp calculation, X/R is the ratio of X to R at the fault location obtained from separate X and R networks at ½ cycle. The value of the fault current calculated by this method can
be used for the following purposes:
l Check closing and latching capabilities of high voltage circuit breakers

l Check bus bracing capabilities
l Adjust relay instantaneous settings
l Check interrupting capabilities of fuses and low voltage circuit breakers
High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Calculation

The interrupting fault currents for high voltage circuit breakers correspond to the 1.5-4 cycle short-circuit currents, i.e., the 1.5-4 cycle network is used for this calculation.
Contact Parting Time

The magnitude of the DC component of the short-circuit current is dependent on the contact parting time of the individual circuit breaker. On the Rating page of High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor, you can
specify the contact parting time for a circuit breaker. If the C37.010-1999 option is selected on the Standard page of the Short-Circuit Study Case, then the contact parting time entered in the High Voltage
Circuit Breaker Editor will be used in the calculation.
If the C37.010-1979 and Older option is selected, then the default contact parting time given in the following table will be used. The default contact parting time is dependent on the rated cycle of the circuit
breaker. In this case, the contact parting time entered in the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor will be ignored in the calculation.
Circuit Breaker Contact Parting

Rating in Cycles Time in Cycles
8 4
5 3
3 2
2 1.5
S Factor
The S Factor reflects the ability of a symmetrically rated high voltage circuit breaker to interrupt a fault current with a DC component. It is defined as the ratio of asymmetrical interrupting rms rating over
symmetrical interrupting rms rating of a circuit breaker.
If the C37.010-1999 option is selected on the Standard page of Short-Circuit Study Case, the S Factor for a symmetrically rated circuit breaker is calculated using the contact parting time entered in the High
Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor and the standard time constant for the DC component provided in IEEE Standards. According to IEEE Standard C37.10-1999, the time constant is equal to 45 ms for an AC
high voltage circuit breaker rated on a symmetrical current basis. According to IEEE Standard C37.013-1997, the time constant is equal to 133 ms for an AC high voltage generator circuit breaker rated on a
symmetrical current basis. The calculated S Factor is also displayed on the Rating page of the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor.
If the C37.010-1979 and Older option is selected, the default S factor given in the following table will be used. The default S Factor is dependent on the rated cycle of the circuit breaker. In this case, the S
Factor displayed in the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor will not be used in the calculation.
Circuit Breaker
Contact Parting Time S Factor
4 1.0
3 1.1
2 1.2
1.5 1.3
S Factor for AC High Voltage Circuit Breaker
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
Calculation Procedure
The following procedure is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current for high voltage circuit breakers:
1. Calculate the symmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current using the following formula:
where Zeq is the equivalent impedance at the faulted bus from the 1.5-4 cycle network
2. Calculate the short-circuit current contributions to the fault location from the surrounding buses.
3. If the contribution is from a Remote bus, the symmetrical value is corrected by the factor of MFr, calculated from:
where t is the circuit breaker contact parting time in cycles.
The following table shows the Multiplying Factors for Remote Contributions (MFr) for default contact parting time.
8 Cycle CB 5 Cycle CB 3 Cycle CB 2 Cycle CB

X/R Ratio
(4 cy CPT) (3 cy CPT) (2 cy CPT) (1.5 cy CPT)
100 1.487 1.540 1.599 1.63
90 1.464 1.522 1.585 1.619
80 1.438 1.499 1.569 1.606
70 1.405 1.472 1.548 1.59
60 1.366 1.438 1.522 1.569
50 1.316 1.393 1.487 1.54

45 1.286 1.366 1.464 1.522
40 1.253 1.334 1.438 1.499
35 1.215 1.297 1.405 1.472
30 1.172 1.253 1.366 1.438
25 1.126 1.201 1.316 1.393

20 1.078 1.142 1.253 1.334
18 1.059 1.116 1.223 1.305
16 1.042 1.091 1.190 1.271
14 1.027 1.066 1.154 1.233
12 1.015 1.042 1.116 1.190

10 1.007 1.023 1.078 1.142
9 1.004 1.015 1.059 1.116
8 1.002 1.009 1.042 1.091
7 1.001 1.005 1.027 1.066
6 1.000 1.002 1.015 1.042

5 1.000 1.00. 1.007 1.023
4 1.000 1.000 1.002 1.009
3 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.002
2 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
If the contribution is from a Local generator, the symmetrical value is corrected by the factor of MFl, which is obtained from: ANSI/IEEE C37.010, Application Guide for AC High Voltage. Since the
standard only provides curves for several typical contact parting time values, if a curve exists for the contact parting time of a circuit breaker, the factor MFl will be obtained from the curve. Otherwise, the
two curves with closest contact parting time values, one on each side, will be used to interpolate MFl. In the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor, you can only enter a contact parting time that is within the
range limited by the curves available in the standard. This ensures that MFl will only be calculated by means of interpolation on available curves, not extrapolation.
8 Cycle CB 5 Cycle CB 3 Cycle CB 2 Cycle CB

X/R Ratio
(4 cy CPT) (3 cy CPT) (2 cy CPT) (1.5 cy CPT)
100 1.252 1.351 1.443 1.512
90 1.239 1.340 1.441 1.511
80 1.222 1.324 1.435 1.508
70 1.201 1.304 1.422 1.504
60 1.175 1.276 1.403 1.496
50 1.141 1.241 1.376 1.482

45 1.121 1.220 1.358 1.473
40 1.098 1.196 1.337 1.461
35 1.072 1.169 1.313 1.446
30 1.044 1.136 1.283 1.427
25 1.013 1.099 1.247 1.403
20 1.000 1.057 1.201 1.371

18 1.000 1.039 1.180 1.356
16 1.000 1.021 1.155 1.339
14 1.000 1.003 1.129 1.320
12 1.000 1.000 1.099 1.299

10 1.000 1.000 1.067 1.276
9 1.000 1.000 1.051 1.263
8 1.000 1.000 1.035 1.250
7 1.000 1.000 1.019 1.236
6 1.000 1.000 1.005 1.221

5 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.205
4 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.188
3 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.170
2 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.152
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.132
4. Calculate the total remote contributions and total local contribution, and thus the NACD ratio.
5. Determine the actual multiplying factor (AMFi) from the NACD ratio and calculate the adjusted rms value of interrupting short-circuit current using the following formula.
Iint,rms,adj = AMF Iint,rms,symm

i
where
AMFi = MFl + NACD (MFr – MFl)
6. For symmetrically rated breakers, the adjusted rms value of interrupting short-circuit current is calculated using the following formula:
where the correction factor S reflects an inherent capability of AC high voltage circuit breakers, which are rated on a symmetrical current basis.
The value of this current is applied to check high voltage circuit breaker interrupting capabilities.
For AC high voltage circuit breakers rated on a total current basis, the interrupting current rating entered in the circuit breaker editor is the asymmetrical value. The short-circuit current used to compare
against the circuit breaker rating can be calculated by the same formula given above with the S value equal to 1.0.
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Calculation

Due to the instantaneous action of low voltage circuit breakers at maximum short-circuit values, the ½ cycle network is used for calculating the interrupting short-circuit current.
The following procedure is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current for low voltage circuit breakers:
1. Calculate the symmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current from the following formula:
where Zeq is the equivalent impedance at the faulted bus from the ½ cycle network
2. Calculate the adjusted asymmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current duty using the following formula:
where MF is the multiplying factor, considering the system X/R ratio and the low voltage circuit breaker testing power factors.
The following equation is used to calculate the multiplication factor for an unfused power, a molded, or an insulated circuit breaker when the Based on Peak Current option is selected in the Short-Circuit
Study Case:
The following equation is used to calculate the multiplication factor for a fused power, a molded, or an insulated circuit breaker when the Based on Asymmetrical Current option is selected in the Short-
Circuit Study Case:
where (X/R)test is calculated based on the test power factor entered from the Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor. The manufacturer maximum testing power factors given in the following table are used
as the default values:
Max Design (Tested)

Circuit Breaker Type % PF (X/R) test
Power Breaker (Unfused) 15 6.59
Power Breaker (Fused) 20 4.90
Molded Case (Rated Over 20,000 A) 20 4.90
Molded Case (Rated 10,001-20,000 A) 30 3.18
Molded Case (Rated 10,000 A) 50 1.73
Maximum Test PF for Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
The calculated duty value Iint,rms,adj can be applied to low voltage breaker interrupting capabilities.
If the calculated multiplication factor is less than 1, it is set to 1 so that the symmetrical fault current is compared against the symmetrical rating of the device. If the symmetrical fault current is less than the
symmetrical rating of the device, the checking on asymmetrical current will certainly pass.
Fuse Interrupting Short-Circuit Current Calculation

The procedures for calculating the fuse interrupting short-circuit current is the same as those for the Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty calculation.
Note: The current limiting effect of certain devices like current limiting fuses or circuit breakers are not considered for short-circuit calculations or for device duty evaluations.
Comparison of Device Rating and Short-Circuit Duty

ETAP compares the rating of protective devices and bus bars with the fault duties of the bus. The comparison results are listed in the Summary page of the output report. The device rating and fault duty used
in the comparison are shown below.
Device Type Device Capability Calculated Short-Circuit Duty

Momentary Duty
HV Bus Bracing Asymm. KA rms Asymm. KA rms
Asymm. KA Crest Asymm. KA Crest
LV Bus Bracing Symm. KA rms Symm. KA rms
Asymm. KA rms Asymm. KA rms
HVCB C&L Capability kA rms Asymm. KA rms

C&L Capability kA Crest Asymm. KA Crest
Interrupting Duty
HVCB Interrupting kA*** Adjusted kA
LVCB Rated Interrupting kA Adjusted kA
***The interrupting capability of a high voltage circuit breaker is calculated based on the nominal kV of the connected bus and the prefault voltage (Vf ) if the flag is set in the Short-Circuit Study Case, as
shown below:
Interrupting kA = (Rated Int. kA) * (Rated Max. kV) / (Bus Nominal kV)
or
Interrupting kA = (Rated Int. kA) * (Rated Max. kV) / (Bus Nominal kV * Vf )
The calculated interrupting kA (as shown above) is then limited to the maximum interrupting kA of the circuit breaker.
Generator Circuit Breakers

Determination of Generator Circuit Breakers
In order for ETAP to evaluate a circuit breaker as a generator CB according to IEEE C37.013 1997, it must be associated with the corresponding generator, by making the selection from the rating page of the
high voltage circuit breaker. Also, the generator CB must be directly connected to the generator or must be located along the connecting path between the generator and the unit step-up transformer (as shown
in Figures A & B below).
Generator Circuit Breakers are rated only on a symmetrical current basis. In calculating the S factor, the standard time constant for the DC component specified in IEEE Std. C37.013 1997 is 133 ms for a
Generator Circuit Breaker.
If a circuit breaker is connected in a configuration similar to that shown in Figure C below (Gen CB1), even if the circuit breaker is flagged as a Generator Circuit Breaker in the editor, the program evaluates
the circuit breaker device duty as regular HVCBs. This method yields conservative results in most cases, but they are not as accurate as the current per IEEE Std. C37.013 1997. Note that, for an HVCB
assigned as a generator CB even if it is handled as a regular HVCB, the time constant will change to 133ms and it is the value used in the calculation.
Short-Circuit Current Calculation for Generator Circuit Breakers

For a Generator Circuit Breaker, ETAP calculates short-circuit current according to the guidelines specified in IEEE Std. C37.013 1997. The short-circuit duty calculated includes symmetrical,
asymmetrical, and peak kA for momentary and interrupting duty, as well as the DC kA and degree of asymmetry for interrupting duty.
For each circuit breaker, it determines short-circuit current when the system side is faulted (generator-source) and when the generator side is faulted (system-source). For each fault location it calculates short-
circuit current for three generator pre-fault loading conditions: full load at lagging power factor, full load at leading power factor and no load. The lagging power factor is the generator rated power factor and
the leading power factor can be set from the ETAP ini file. A default value of 95% is used for the leading power factor. The calculation of short-circuit current for different loading conditions is necessary to
reveal the worst possible fault current values. For example, for the generator-source fault, the worst asymmetrical duty occurs under lagging load power factor condition, while the worst degree of asymmetry
occurs under leading power factor condition.
For a fault on the system side of the circuit breaker (generator-source), the short-circuit current through the circuit breaker is only from the generator. ETAP applies generator full dynamic model in the short-
circuit calculation, including transient and sub-transient impedance and time constant. This complete model captures the detailed behavior of a generator under short-circuit, including both ac and dc current
decay. Tests have shown that ETAP calculation at no load is within 1% of the value calculated by hand in Annex C37.013-1997. ETAP is more accurate and more conservative than the hand calculations in
the example based on the standard because ETAP does not ignore the impedances removed from the equations given in the standard to simplify the hand calculations.
For a fault on the generator side (system-source), the system contribution is the only current flowing through the circuit breaker. The program uses the system side symmetrical fault current and the X/R
calculated based only on the system side to determine the asymmetrical current. The symmetrical closing and latching duty is calculated based on the symmetrical and dc fault current at 1/2 cycle.
The plot below displays an asymmetrical generator source short-circuit current and the pattern is identical to the results shown in Figure A3 from C37.013-1997:
Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph Subsystem Device Duty Short-Circuit Calculation

ETAP can perform device duty short-circuit calculations for 3-phase and 1-phase subsystems. These subsystems are defined as those connected to the output of a Panel, 1-Phase uninterruptible power supply
(UPS) or 1-phase elements connected below a phase adapter. ETAP performs these calculations if the options are selected on the Info page of the Short-Circuit Study Case. The program faults every single
bus in the subsystem and it displays the fault current at every bus in the subsystem.
3-Phase Panel Subsystems Short-circuit Current

3-phase subsystems can be connected below panels. These elements are just an extension of the regular 3-phase system and ETAP will perform the device duty for these elements in similar fashion as if these
elements were connected directly to the 3-phase system (i.e. without the 3-phase panel). However, the only differences are that the short-circuit contributions from the motors in the subsystem are not
considered. This simplification/method is acceptable since in real life applications the size of the motors connected below 3-Phase panels are small and generally negligible in contributions to a fault.
The image below shows a 3-Phase panel subsystem with short-circuit results.
3-Ph Panel A and 3-Ph Panel B are similar buses. The image above shows both buses being faulted along with Panel1, Pnl A and Pnl B. Every location below (and including) Panel1 are faulted when the “Run
Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph System Device Duty” button is pressed on the short-circuit toolbar. The program also determines which device’ short-circuit ratings (momentary, interrupting, close and latch, etc) are
exceeded and it generates warnings in the alert view window or on the one-line diagram by changing the color of the overstressed device. This mechanism is similar to the regular 3-phase system alert system.
1-Phase Subsystems Short-circuit current

These systems are classified as those with the following phase types: A, B, C, AB, BC, CA, LL, L1, and L2 (center-tap 3-wire systems). The calculation method used by the program to determine the short-
circuit current depends on the type of connection and phase being faulted. The program considers the upstream contributions (from the 3-phase system) towards the faulted elements in the 1-phase subsystem
by considering the impedance networks of the 3-phase system (i.e. positive, negative and zero sequence). The contributions from 1-phase motor loads connected in the 1-phase subsystem are not considered
by the program. The following image shows examples of 1-phase subsystem faults:
Low voltage Circuit Breaker Device Duty below Panel/1-P UPS/1Ph Subsystem
This calculation is similar to the one for LVCBs connected in a regular three-phase system. The ½ cycle network short-circuit currents are used to evaluate the breaker interrupting and momentary capability.
Low Voltage Fuse Device Duty below Panel/1-P UPS/1Ph Subsystem

This calculation is similar to the one for fuses connected in a regular three-phase system. The ½ cycle network short-circuit currents are used to evaluate the fuse interrupting capability.
Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker Device Duty in 3-Ph or 1-Ph Subsystem

The program uses the ½ cycle short-circuit current to determine the momentary and interrupting duty of medium voltage circuit breakers connected below Panels/UPS/1Ph subsystems. The use of the ½ cycle
currents for evaluating the interrupting capability should yield more conservative results for this device. This simplification is applicable for both 3-phase and 1-phase medium voltage breakers. If more
accuracy is needed, then the regular 3-phase short-circuit calculation can be used for 3-phase medium voltage breakers instead.
Device Duty Evaluation on Protective Devices for Panel Internal Circuits

In the Panel/1 Ph UPS/1Ph Subsystem Device Duty Short-Circuit Calculation, device duty evaluation also includes protective devices for panel internal circuits. However, in order for ETAP to carry out the
device duty evaluation for an internal circuit, protective device parameters for the circuit must be selected from the ETAP Library. This can be done from the Protective Device subpage of the Schedule page
of the Panel Editor.
Device Duty Evaluation for Protective Devices Connected to 3-Wire Center-Tap Systems
For Center-Tap 3-wire systems from center-tap transformer secondary, ETAP will use the highest short-circuit current to evaluate 2-pole connected protective devices (PDs). That is where a 2-pole PD is
connected, (either as a panel main CB or a PD along the feeder), ETAP will take the higher of the 1-pole or 2-pole short-circuit current to evaluate the device duty. In center-tap transformers, the following
short-circuit conditions may occur:
1. The LL (2-pole) short-circuit current can be higher than that of the L1/L2 (1-pole). This normally occurs for shell type (non-interlaced) 1-phase center-tap transformers.
2. The LL (2-pole) short-circuit current can be much lower than that of the L1/L2 (1-pole). This is expected for core type (interlaced) 1-phase center-tap transformers.
The 1-phase device evaluation considers both 1-pole and 2-pole fault conditions and automatically uses the highest one to evaluate main and feeder protective devices. The image below shows and example of
this process where the main and feeder protective devices are evaluated based on the higher current between LL and L1. In previous versions of ETAP, the main and feeder breakers would be evaluated based
only on the LL fault currents.
Center-Tap Transformer Impedance Model for 1-Phase Short-Circuit

This section describes the center-tap transformer impedance model used for the calculation of the LL, L1 and L2 short-circuit currents in 3-wire systems.
The full-winding impedance of the transformer is defined in the impedance page of the 1-phase center-tap transformer.
As an example, the impedance for a 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer is shown below:
ETAP determines if the transformer is of “core” (interlaced) or “shell” (non-interlaced) type as defined in the “Info” page (see below):
The default type for 1-phase center type transformers is of shell type.
Once the transformer type (or construction) is determined; its impedance (p.u.) is determined according to the following formulas:
For core type [1], [3] & [4] (interlaced secondary winding construction)
For shell type [1] & [2] (non-interlaced secondary winding construction):
Note that per [1] & [2], the reactance multiplier for the secondary windings reactance should be 3.3 for (outer winding) Z1 and 3.1 for (inner winding) (Z2); however, ETAP uses 3.2 (average) for both
secondary windings as shown in the equations above. The diagram below shows the equivalent transformer impedances in per-unit for each winding (where Z0 is used to describe the primary winding).
For the 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer shown in the example, the LL (240 Volts) and L1/L2 (120 Volts) fault currents using (1) and (2) for core type construction would be (with full winding R =
1.2% and X = j1.4%):
As can be observed, the L1/L2 fault currents in a core type transformer can be significantly higher because of the smaller L1/L2 impedance values in an interlaced transformer.
For another system with the same rating 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer; the LL (240 Volts) and L1/L2 (120 Volts) fault currents assuming it is of shell type construction using equations (3),(4) &
(5) would be (with full winding R = 1.2% and X = j1.4%):
As can be observed, the L1/L2 fault currents are slightly smaller than the LL current for shell type 1-phase center tap transformers.
The calculation results of ETAP 16.0 and prior versions were similar to those of shell type transformers but with slightly higher L1/L2 fault current values as shown below. The method used in ETAP 16.0
was superseded with the equations provided in this section. The image below shows ETAP 16.0 results for a similar 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer with R = 1.2% and X = j1.4%.
References for center-tap distribution transformer impedance models:
[1] Electric Power Generation. Transmission, and Distribution, 3rd ed. Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby
[2] W. H. Kersting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007
[3] IEEE Std. 242-1986, IEEE recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems table 14, pp 64.
[4] Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, Turan Gonen, 1st ed. Copyright© 1986 - pp. 115~122
Short-Circuit Calculations using Constant Current Sources

This section is dedicated to the short-circuit calculations using constant-current injection for inverters (including PV array inverters), type 3 wind turbines with full or partial converters and type 4 wind
turbines with a full converter. It provides explanations on the modeling and also examples which illustrate the differences in short-circuit current behavior when different options are applied.
SC Model Page – Current Limiting Functionality

The inverter has a short-circuit (SC) model page. The SC Model page was designed to provide a semi-graphical representation of the current-limiting effect and the modes of operation of the inverter. When
an inverter operates in its current limiting mode, it is considered to inject a constant current into the network limited by the maximum value specified by the current-limiting curve. Hence it can be considered
to be a constant-current source in terms of current magnitude but not in terms of its active and reactive components. The proportion and limit of the active and reactive component of the inverter current is
determined by settings defined in SC model page and FRT page.
One important item to consider is that the determination of the current magnitude and final power factor of the inverter current output is an iterative process which may have multiple solutions. The resulting
output current depends on the impedance between the wind turbine terminal and the fault location. For faults near the inverter terminals, it can be expected that the output current will be very close to Isc,max.
For remote faults, where the terminal voltage is not zero, but still below Vop,min, there is control on the active and reactive power components of the output current. The iterative process is complex and it is
beyond the scope of this discussion. The following example illustrates the concepts described up to this point using a simple inverter model for a type 4 wind turbine system.
The sample system contains three 2-MW type 4 wind turbines with full inverters. Their inverter settings and ratings are provided in the images below. WTG1 inverter is operating in the User-Defined PF,
WTG2 inverter operates in Real Power Priority and WTG3 inverter operates in Reactive Power Priority. All three units have equal SC current-limiting ratings, and their only difference is their SC PF settings.
The first simulation consists of a three-phase fault at a remote location in the grid. The wind turbine inverters are operating at near 100% of their generation category (using Normal generation category). The
positive sequence inverter terminal voltage, obtained using an iterative short-circuit process, is approximately 35.21%. With this voltage, it is expected that all three wind turbines operate in their current-
limiting region. Also, according to their current limiting curve, for a 35.21% terminal voltage the wind turbines should output approximately 130% of FLA (or 2.95 kA) short-circuit current. The simulation
results are shown below.
The second simulation is similar with the exception that this time all wind turbines are operating at only 20% of their generation capacity under their winter generation category. Under this generation
condition, the active power is limited and thus some of the units cannot provide the same amount of short-circuit current output (based on design this is WTG2 and WTG3). The second short-circuit iterative
solution results in a WTG terminal voltage of approximately 37%. Note that not all three wind turbines output the same current magnitude.
The output current of WTG1 inverter appears to be only limited by its current magnitude since its output value is identical to that of the previous step (~2.93 kA). This is true since by design for User-Defined
PF mode the output current is only limited by the current-limiting curve. On the other hand, WTG1 and WTG2 inverters have reduced short-circuit current output. This is caused by the fact that only 20% of
their rated active power is available for generation.
The effect of the PF control modes can also be judged by the active and reactive power injection for each wind turbine. The active and reactive power (P, Q) output reveals different power factors at the output
of each wind turbine inverter.
For WTG1 inverter: the calculated PF is approximately 33%

The difference in PF is caused by the active power priority and the different reactive component current limits being enforced by their SC PF modes. The modes with active and reactive power priority result
in a higher overall power factor.
The third simulation consists of a more remote fault. The fault is so far into the grid that the wind turbine inverters only experience approximately a 5% voltage drop at their terminals. The wind turbine
inverters are still operating under their winter generation category where only 20% of the rated MW is available. As can be seen in the results below, the iterative SC solution shows the wind turbines only
generate about 20% of their FLA (453 out of 2226 Amps).
The fourth simulation may seem a bit impractical, but under some circumstances the fault location may cause the inverter terminal voltage magnitude to be above Vop,max. Under this condition, the wind
turbine inverters shut-off. This condition is detected by the iterative short-circuit engine by first placing the fault without the wind turbine inverters in the system. Next, the fault is repeated with the inverters
in place, and if the inverter current contribution (based on the given generation condition), causes the terminal voltage to rise above Vop,max, the inverters shut-off to prevent the over-voltage condition. The
output current of the wind turbine inverters becomes zero in this case.
The fifth simulation shows the effect of a fault at the inverter terminal bus. Under this condition, the terminal current is always limited by Isc,max even when reduced generation conditions are considered since
the terminal voltage is zero. The results for this simulation are provided below where it can be seen that all three inverter units output maximum current of 3.396 kA.
The sixth simulation illustrates the effect of the FRT on the reactive power injected by the inverter during the fault. The same system used for simulation number two can be used, but this time the inverter
connected to WTG3 is configured with a very low-leading reactive power injection setting as shown in the image below. (Note that WTG1 and WTG2 inverter FRT settings are the same and are shown in the
image above).
The results for the simulation (see image below) show that the WTG3 inverter has a considerable reduction in short-circuit current contribution towards the faulted bus. This reduction is caused by the low
reactive current injection setting, which is only about 40% of its rated value. This drop in reactive power injection causes the terminal voltage of the WTG inverters to drop to approximately 24%. The current
output from WTG1 and 2 increases, because their inverters sense a lower voltage than that obtained in the second simulation.
WTG3 inverter 1.842 kA of output current is composed of 20% active power generation plus approximately 40% of its rated reactive power output. This output power is not enough to cause the inverter
current output to hit the magnitude current-limiting value specified under the SC model page (which at 24% voltage would be approximately 3.094 kA).
SC Model for Inverters (including PV), WTG Type 3 and Type 4

The same principles for constant current injection with active and reactive current controls provided for the inverter are used for regular inverters, PV inverters, WTG type 4 and WTG type 3 (with no
crowbar). This section provides some additional considerations for these elements.
The elements which share this behavior are shown in the image below:
Single-phase inverters and UPS units do not share this behavior and still maintain their existing voltage behind impedance model for short-circuit calculations.
SC Model for Constant-Current Sources during Unbalanced Faults

The constant current injection is a function of the positive sequence current and voltage. The constant-current injection and control schemes indicated under the SC model and FRT tabs of the elements that
support constant-current operation apply control on the positive sequence current. The control feedback voltage is the positive sequence voltage at the terminals of the element. The diagram below shows a
rendering of the constant-current control applied to the positive sequence impedance network only.
The behavior of negative and zero sequence currents are also affected by the type of technology being modeled in the short-circuit simulation. For example, full-converter (or inverters) of wind-turbine units
are modeled as positive sequence injection only. There is no negative or zero sequence current flows. Unlike WTG type 4 inverters, WTG Type 3 with partial or full-size converters may experience negative
or zero sequence current flows. The diagram above shows a positive current injection with negative current flow and no zero sequence current (WTG Type 3).
The positive sequence voltage magnitude and angle change depending on the type of fault. LG, LL and LLG faults will induce different positive sequence voltage magnitudes at the terminal of the constant-
current injection elements. The following diagram represents a LL (line-to-line) sequence impedance diagram involving a constant-current injection element:
These different voltages may require the use different positive sequence voltage criteria for determining the current-injection. There are some advanced settings available through the ETAP Options
(Preferences) editor for the configuration of the magnitude of positive sequence voltage used to determine the current injection angle for each source. The entries are highlighted in the image below.
The LLG positive sequence voltage is generally the highest one and thus the current-injection control angle is determined using a higher voltage threshold (0.5 p.u.). The main effect of these entries is that if
the positive sequence voltage at the terminal is less than the threshold then the constant-current injection is referred to voltage using a fixed angle (typically 0 degree). Angle shifts are also possible depending
on the settings specified in the SC Standards page “WTG/Inverter Control Adjustment Angle” group of settings. The terminal voltage positive sequence voltage angle used to determine the current injection
can be shifted from zero using either a global angle or an individually-specified angle at each element.
This is the voltage limit, in pu (based on source rated kV), for determining terminal bus positive sequence voltage angle reference for the constant-current sources. For each fault location, ETAP first
calculates the system voltage without current sources. If the terminal voltage is higher than or equal to the threshold, the current injection from the source is with respect to the bus voltage angle under the
fault; otherwise, the current injection is with respect to the bus prefault voltage angle.
Auto-Trip (Enable Check Box)

This check box enables the Auto Trip feature; which is used to model the behavior of constant current sources during a fault (short-circuit or arc fault) in the power system. The feature can be used to model
the automatic shut off based on the internal protection which may be available for constant current sources such as inverters, PV inverters, WTG type 4 and WTG type 3 (with no crowbar).
When enabled, this feature helps the arc-flash program (which is the only module that considers this option) to determine which constant current sources may automatically shut off during an arc fault.
Trip Time
This field is used to specify how long it would take the internal protection of the constant current source to operate when a fault occurs in the power system. By default this field is set to 0.166 sec and has a
range of 0.004 sec to 99999 sec.
V shut-off
This field specifies the machine terminal voltage threshold (in percent) used to determine if the inverter should shut off. In other words, if the terminal voltage is below the specified value, then the inverter
may shut-off.
Logic for Auto Trip Determination
ANSI Min Short Circuit (30 Cycle):

The constant current source does not contribute to the fault if the following conditions are met:
a. The terminal voltage is less than “V shut-off”

b. The “Trip Time” is less than 0.5 sec (30 cycles @ 60 Hz)
ANSI Half, Four and IEC Arc-Flash:

The constant current source is not treated as a source when:

b. The “Trip Time” is less than 0.5 sec (30 cycles @ 60 Hz)
ANSI Arc Flash Decay:

The constant current source is not treated as a source and is not considered when calculating the steady-state currents if the following conditions are met:

b. The “Trip Time” is less than the “Steady State Ibf at” time specified in the arc-flash study case.
Short-Circuit Analysis
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Calculation Methods - Short-Circuit ANSI/IEEE Page 1 of 42

ANSI/IEEE Calculation Methods

Standard Pub. Year Title

General Description of Calculation Methodology

Type of Machine Xsc

(Xd” = 1/LRC for induction motors)

1.5-4 Cycle Network

Type of Device Duty

Type of Machine Xsc

(Xd” = 1/LRC for induction motors)

Type of Device Duty

Type of Machine Xsc

ANSI Multiplying Factor (MF)

Local and Remote Contributions

No AC Decay (NACD) Ratio

l Total short circuit current Itotal = Iremote + Ilocal

The following procedure is used to calculate momentary short-circuit current:

where MFm is the momentary multiplying factor, calculated from:

where MFp is the peak multiplying factor, calculated from:

l Check closing and latching capabilities of high voltage circuit breakers

High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Calculation

Contact Parting Time

Circuit Breaker Contact Parting

where t is the circuit breaker contact parting time in cycles.

8 Cycle CB 5 Cycle CB 3 Cycle CB 2 Cycle CB

60 1.366 1.438 1.522 1.569

50 1.316 1.393 1.487 1.54

25 1.126 1.201 1.316 1.393

12 1.015 1.042 1.116 1.190

6 1.000 1.002 1.015 1.042

8 Cycle CB 5 Cycle CB 3 Cycle CB 2 Cycle CB

50 1.141 1.241 1.376 1.482

25 1.013 1.099 1.247 1.403

20 1.000 1.057 1.201 1.371

12 1.000 1.000 1.099 1.299

6 1.000 1.000 1.005 1.221

Iint,rms,adj = AMF Iint,rms,symm

Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Calculation

Max Design (Tested)

Fuse Interrupting Short-Circuit Current Calculation

Comparison of Device Rating and Short-Circuit Duty

Device Type Device Capability Calculated Short-Circuit Duty

HVCB C&L Capability kA rms Asymm. KA rms

LVCB Rated Interrupting kA Adjusted kA

Generator Circuit Breakers

Short-Circuit Current Calculation for Generator Circuit Breakers

Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph Subsystem Device Duty Short-Circuit Calculation

3-Phase Panel Subsystems Short-circuit Current

1-Phase Subsystems Short-circuit current

Low Voltage Fuse Device Duty below Panel/1-P UPS/1Ph Subsystem

Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker Device Duty in 3-Ph or 1-Ph Subsystem

Device Duty Evaluation on Protective Devices for Panel Internal Circuits

Center-Tap Transformer Impedance Model for 1-Phase Short-Circuit

References for center-tap distribution transformer impedance models:

Short-Circuit Calculations using Constant Current Sources

SC Model Page – Current Limiting Functionality

For WTG1 inverter: the calculated PF is approximately 33%

SC Model for Inverters (including PV), WTG Type 3 and Type 4

SC Model for Constant-Current Sources during Unbalanced Faults

Auto-Trip (Enable Check Box)