Ps 1 PP
Ps 1 PP
Ps 1 PP
LI = ψ̄(x)iγ µ Dµ ψ(x)
where ψ̄ ≡ ψ † γ 0 , γ’s are the Dirac gamma matrices, the covariant derivative is Dµ =
∂µ + ieAµ Q, e is the charge of the proton, and Q is the Hermitian charge operator that
does not depend on space and time. Let us consider the local U(1) gauge transformation
(a) Apply the eigenvalue equation of Q for an electron field, find ψ ′ (x) and ψ̄ ′ , then
find ∆L for L′ = L + ∆L under the U(1) gauge transformation, where L is the
original Lagrangian.
(c) Find A′µ under the U(1) gauge transformation such that the Lagrangian density is
invariant.
(b) Find the matrix G3 , then calculate the eigenvalues λi and normalized eigenvectors
|λi i of G3 .
(c) Find a unitary matrix that transforms G3 to J3 for j = 1 with J3 being diagonal
1 0 0
J3 = h̄ 0 0 0
.
0 0 −1
N.B. This unitary matrix transforms the Cartesian space representation of the angular
momentum operator Gi to its spherical basis representation Ji for j = 1. This problem
is helpful in understanding the spin of photon.
PROBLEM 3: The Conjugate Representation of SU(2)
For a doublet (ψ) of two particles with isospin−1/2, the SU(2) transformation is
often expressed as
!
ψ1 ~
′
ψ = Uψ, ψ = α) = ei~α·t
, U(~
ψ2
where ~t = ~σ /2, α’s are the real group parameters, and σ’s are the Pauli matrices.
(a) For every 2×2 unitary matrix U with unit determinant, find a real matrix S which
connects U to its complex conjugate matrix U ∗ through the similarity transforma-
tion S −1 US = U ∗ . Hint: It is easier to consider an infinitesimal transformation
U(~ǫ) = ei~ǫ·~t, where ~ǫ is a constant infinitesimal vector.
ψ ′∗ = U ∗ ψ ∗ .
Show that
(Sψ ′∗ ) = U(Sψ ∗ ).
This means that Sψ ∗ has the same transformation properties as ψ. Thus we can
define
(d) Find the isospin doublet N̄ in the conjugate representation with p̄ and n̄ and
construct the isospin states for a composite system of a nucleon-antinucleon pair
(N N̄ ), with I = IN + IN̄ , and
!
p
N= .
n