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SYLLABUS
Web Based Application Development with PHP (22619)
Teaching Examination Scheme
Scheme

L|T|p| Credit Theory Practical

(L+T+P)
Paper ESE PA Total ESE PA Total
Hrs.
Max | Min | Max | Min Max Min Max Min | Max Min Max | Min

3] -]2 5 70 | 28 | 30* 00 100 40 25@ 10 25 10 50 20

Unit Unit Outcomes (UOs) Topics and Sub - topics

(in cognitive domain)

la. Write simple PHP program | 1.1 History and Advantages of PHP, Syntax of
to solve the given PHP.
Unit - 1 <Speau 12 Variables, Data types, Expressions and
Expressions and lb. Use relevant decision operators, constants.
control making control Soe to} 13 Decision making Control statements - if,
statements SOLVES GIVEN PraUiem: if-else, nested if, switch, break and
in PHP lc. Solve the given iterative continue statement.
problem . relevant loop 14 Loop control structures - while, do - while,
Statement. for and foreach.
2a. Manipulate the given type | 2.1 Creating and Manipulating Array, Types of
of arrays to get the desired Arrays - Indexed, Associative and
result. Multi-dimensional arrays.
2b. Apply implode, explode 2.2 Extracting data from arrays, implode,
Unit - I functions on the given array. explode, and array flip.
Arrays, 2c. Apply the given string 2.3 Traversing Arrays.
Functions and functions on the character] 24 Function and its types - User defined
Graphics array. function, Variable function and
2d. Scale the given image using Anoflymenic finction,
graphics concepts/functions. | 2.5 Operations on String and __ String
functions : str_word_count(),strlen(),str
rev(), strpos(), str_replace(), ucwords(),
strtoupper(), strtolower(), stremp().
2.6 Basic Graphics Concepts, Creating Images,
Images with text, Scaling Images, Creation
of PDF document.

(iv)
 3a. Write constructor and 3.1 Creating Classes and Objects
cesirantor functions ape) the 3.2. Constructor and Destructor
Unit - HI given problem in PHP.
.
Apply Object | 3b. Implement
. .
inheritance to
3.3. Inheritance, . Overloading and Overriding,
i Cloning Object.
Oriented extend the given base class. : oo
Concepts in PHP | 3. Use overloading / overriding 3.4 Introspection, Serialization

to solve the given problem.

Clone the given object.

4a. Use the relevant form | 4.1 Creating a webpage using GUI
controls to get user's input. Components, Browser Role-GET and
4b. Design web pages using
multiple Forms for the given
POST methods, Server Role
problem. 4.2. Form controls: text box, text area, radio
3 ae ge button, check box, list, buttons.
Apply the given validation
Unit- IV rules on form. 4.3 Working with multiple forms :
valiCreating and
stint torts 4d. Set/ .
modity/ aes .
cookies 2
- A web page aya:
having many forms.6
using cookies attributes. - A form having multiple submit buttons.
de. Manage the given session] 4.4 Web page validation.
using session variables. . . .
4.5 Cookies-Use of cookies, Attributes of
cookies, create cookies, modify cookies
value, and delete cookies.
4.6 Session- Use of session, Start session, get
session variables, destroy session.
4.7 Sending E-mail.

5a. Create database for the | 5.1 Introduction to MySQL - Create a database.
St problem using PHP 5.2. Connecting to a MySQL database : MySQL
BERPE database server from PHP.
Unit - V 5b. Anes data oT: a 5.3. Database Operations Insert data,
Database atabase Using Script. Retrieving the Query result.
Operations 2c Apply the specified update 5.4 Update and delete operations on table
operation in database record data
using PHP script. ,
5d. Delete the given record from
the database using PHP
script.

”
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.6.1 Creating Images .........
0000 e eee 2-19

2.6.2 Images with Text... c0: ce0s woy olor

Chapter-1 Expressions and Control 2.6.3 Scaling Images ........2.cecsseeeees 2-21

Statements in PHP 2.6.4 Creation of PDF Document. .... . wave wo DD
(1 - 1) to (1 - 24)
Unit - III
History and Advantages of PHP ............ 1-1
L.1.1 Syntaxof PAP 2.2. cece:
2 gigareune guage ag moll Chapter-3 Object Oriented Concepts in PHP
1.1.2. How to Write and Execute PHP Program ? | - 3 (3 - 1) to (3 - 12)
Variables, Data types, Expressions, Operators and
3.1 Creating Classes and Objects...............3-1
CORSTARES «5 sass ssin-s + wieiniensie % wintecmietin © winetnioxere 1-4
3:11 Defintig Classes 's.900% ecec oun: aces acid 1
hel Variablessccy. vases ceva cases wane cvs os 1-4
3.1.2 Instantiating Objects.............. ..3-1
1.2.2 Data Types ............ iar .. 1-4
S13) Properties! 5 cris sess yeas somes eas ose O1
2:3, ‘Constantginns cesesne scxnie axxcetmerereser
etrtave ote 1-5

24 Operators 4 csicns cwnis « oan coms ge ~G

3.14 Method sso cass ¢ caies vss news van ceed «1
3.1.5 Visibility. ........0.........0.022-..3-2
1.2.5 Expressions... 2.066.600
cece ee eee ue 1-9
3.2 Constructors and Destructor ...............3-2
1.2.6 Displaying Messages on Screen.........1-9
1.3 Decision Making Control Statements ....... 1-11 3.3 Inheritance, Overloading and Overriding, Cloning
Object. < cswas
se eae i RHcm DY w OneTES oO
14 Loop Control Structures..............0055 1-16 3.3.1 Data Encapsulation............ were 34
1.5 Programming Examples based on Control Structures 9.3.2) Tnheritam0e: ccc. crease swser werrmenre newd OD
ibd Hadi 6 URMIAG § RAGES d daaE 8 HRMS 1-18
3.33. Overloading. 0% wees coves soa ed -6

Unit - II 3.3.4 Overriding...........0..0.00. weeee 3-7

3.3.5 Cloning Object . oises cscs vsees

cees werd 28
Chapter-2 Arrays, Functions and Graphics 3.4 Introspection and Serialization ............ 3-10
(2 - 1) to (2 - 26)
LO vt ame Alf
2.1 Introduction to Arrays. ig 3 .2-1
2.1.1 Creating and Matipulating — a aneseine 2-1 Chapter-4 Creating and Validating Forms
212 Types of Arrays: sivisa evens cons eves vis 2-4 (4 - 1) to (4 - 32)
2.2 Extracting Data from Arrays, Implode, Explode and
4.1 Creating Web Page, GET and POST Methods,
FRp Puricti6ns cass sews ss easens
5 pees a 2-6
Server Role.
Traversing AMrays ss cases a sc cemus
ac casaes 2 4.1.1 Creating Web Page . emcee woeene« wees ween BL

Functions ....... Sie § adealed

# hdn@int 2 4.1.2 GET and POST Methods .............. 4-1
2.4.1 Defining Function. 4.1.3 Concept of Subglobal Array... .........4-2
24:2 Parameters), isis
eae cain BUA Server Role crcsice ecaareu
ciewm caver « ons von 23
2.4.3 Types of Functions ........ 4.1.4.1 Apache and PHP...........05+..+4-3
Strings ........... wees 4.1.4.2 Installation of Apache, PHP and MySQL
2.6 Basic Graphics Concepts ....... 600000000 2-18
42 Form Controls i os ieicias i caiewrs s vaienrp soe 4-6
(vi)
 421 Text BOX's «cows soar ¢ eens sewn wens a ee 6 itt end

4.2.2 Text Area... ccc cece cece eee ees 4-7

4.23 Radio Button 4-9 Chapter-5 Database Operations
: (5 - 1) to (5 - 18)
AQAA: Check BOK: iiiais scsis taisi.s seas ease i He 4-10
. S.1 Introduction to MySQL easisas
s 5 seas « ¢ coms
4.25 List. 0000. ccc cece eee eeeeeeees
4-12 : ‘
5.1.1 Handling MySQL Queries .
2 -
4efsS) BuBtOn nan 2 wnis ues ¢ wns eee ates 2 t13 5.2 Connecting to MySQL Database.
4.3 Working with Multiple Forms............. 4-19 . .
4.3.1 A Web Page Having Many Forms ...... 4-19 §.3 Insertion of Data, Retrieve Query Result...... 5-7

4.3.2 A Form Having Multiple Submit Buttons. 4 - 23 5.4 Update and Delete Operations on Table Data . 5 - 10
44 “WebPage Validation ..:. 5 «sien:
s cswoan sve 4-24 §.5 Programming Examples using PHP-MYSQL . 5 - 11

4.5 Cookies .......... vee .4-27 Laboratory Work (L - 1) to (L - 4)

4.5.1 Working of Cookies ................. 4-27

4.52 Using Cookies............000eceeees 4-28 Solved Sample Test Papers = (S - 1) to (S - 4)

4.6 Session Handling....................05. 4-29
4.7 Sending Email ........0.0..00 000000000 4-31

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Expressions and Control Statements
in PHP

[1] Hist ory and Advantages of PHP

History
PHP was developed in 1994 by Apache group.
PHP stands for PHP : Hypertext Preprocessor.
PHP is a server-side scripting language. It is mainly used for form handling and database access.
It is free to download and use.
Advantages

Various advantages of PHP are

L. It is very simple and easy to learn and use. It is widely used scripting language.
2 It is an interpreted language and there is no need for compilation.
3. It is open source scripting language. That means you can freely download and use php.
4 It is platform independent. That means , PHP code can run on various platforms such as Windows,
Linux, Mac OS.
The php code can be directly integrated with HTML.
It is designed to support dynamic web applications.
poe

This is reliable, efficient and flexible scripting language.

It provide support for — file system, managing user sessions, cookies, E-mail management, execute the
system commands, create directories and so on,

[ia)sy mtax of PHP

. PHP code can be embedded in the HTML document. The code must be enclosed within <?php and >
If the PHP script is stored in some another file and if it needs to be referred then include construct is used.
For instance:
Include(“myfile.htm1")

The variable names in PHP begin with the $ sign.

Following are some reserved keywords that are used in PHP.

and default false if or this

break do For include require true

case else foreach list return var

class elseif function new static virtual

a-t)
Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-2 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

continue extends gloabal not switch while

xor

e The comments in PHP can be #,//, /* ...*/

e The PHP statements are terminated by semicolon.

How to write and execute PHP documents ?

Open some suitable text editor like Notepad and type the following code. Save your code by the extension
-php.
It is expected that the PHP code must be stored in htdoes folder of Apache.
As I have installed xampp, I have got the directory c:\xampp\htdocs. I have created a folder named
php-examples inside the htdocs and stored all my PHP documents in that folder.
Hence when I want to get the output of the PHP code I always give the URL
http://localhost/php-examples/programmName.php
The http://localhost refers to the path e:\xampp\htdocs
Following is the first example of PHP script

PHP Document[FirstCode.php]
<html>
<head>
<title> PHP Demo </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php

$i=10;
echo "<h3>Welcome to first PHP Document </h3>";
echo "The value of variable is = $i";
27>
</body>
</html>

Output

@ PHP Demo - Mozilla Firefox lhe

Eile Edit View History Bookmarks Jools Help
| E) PHP Demo | +| z

Back Forward CCE Eee . S9- GoP

Welcome to first PHP Document

The value of variable

is = 10

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-3 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

How to Write and Execute PHP Program ?

The most popular way of installing PHP is using XAMPP.

XAMPP is a free distribution package that makes it easy to install Apache Web Server, MySQL, PHP, PEAR.
Here in XAMPP (X stands for any OS) or WAMPP (W stands for Windows OS).

Step 1: Go to the site https://www.apachefriends.org/index.html

Step 2: Click on Download XAMPP for Windows or Linux depending upon your operating system.

Step 3: When prompted for the download, click "Save" and wait for your download to finish.

Step 4: Install the program, and click on "Run." Accept default settings by clicking Next button. Finally you will
get installation completion message.

Step 5: On your drive, the XAMPP folder will be created. Click on xampp_start file, this will enable to start
Apache, MySQL and Tomcat start.

Step 6: The control panel for XAMPP will look like this,

XAMPP Control Panel v3.2.2

Modules ea
Service Module ID(s) Port(s) Actions _@
‘Apache Spode 80,443 | Stop | Admin || Config | Logs Ei Sher
ysl 12092 3306 | Stop | Admin || Config || Logs (. Explorer
Filezila Start Adenia Config | Logs © Services
Mercury Stat | |/AGhAy) [config | | Logs om
Tomcat 9948 8007, 8009, 8060 Stop | Admin Config Logs ow

Initializing Control Panel a

Windows Version: Home 32-bit
XAMPP Version: 5.5.30
Control Panel Version: 3.2.2 [ Compiled: Nov 12th 2015]
You ate not running with administrator rights! This will work for
most application stuff but whenever you do something with senices
there will be a security dialogue or things will break! So think
about running this application with administrator rights!
XAMPP Installation Directory: “c:\xampp\”
TAM [main] Checking for prerequisites
M [main] All prerequisites found
i Initializing Modules
Enabling autostart for module “Apache”
Enabling autostart for module “MySQL”
Enabling autostart for module “Tomcat” ¥

Step 7: Write a PHP script and save it in C:\XAMPP\htdocs\php-examples folder by giving the filename and
extension as .php
Step 8: Open the web browser and type http://localhost/php-examples/yourfilename.php
Step 9: The web application will be executed within your web browser.
For example
PHP Script[stringDemo1.php]
<?php

$s="I like PHP";

echo $s;
>
TECHNICAL PUBLICA TIONS" - An up thrust for knowledge
 Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-4 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

Output
Le Se

Zee aoe Booka 00s ale

http:/localhost/ph..les/stringDemolphp|
€ | > http://localhost/php-examples/stringDemol.php +89 Gop
Back Forward

I like PHP

Review Questions
1. What is PHP ? Give general syntax of PHP.
2. Give the advantages of PHP.

Lz] Variables, Data types, Expressions, Operators and Constants

Variables
e Variables are the entities that are used for storing the values.
¢ PHP isa dynamically typed language. That is PHP has no type declaration.
e The value can be assigned to the variable in following manner -
$variable_name=value
e If the value is not assigned to the variable then by default the value is NULL. The unsigned variables are
called unbound variable.
* If the unbound variable is used in the expression then its NULL value is converted to the value 0.
¢ Following are some rules that must be followed while using the variables -
1. | The variable must start with letter or underscore _, but it should not begin with a number.
It consists of alphanumeric characters or underscore.
3. There should not be space in the name of the variable.
4. While assigning the values to the variable the variable must start with the $. For example
$marks=100;

Data Types

There are four scalar types that are used in PHP and those are Integer, Boolean, Double and String. Let us
discuss each one by one.
Integer Type
e For displaying the integer value the Integer type is used.
¢ Itis similar to the long data type in C.
e = The size is 32 bit.
Double Type
e For displaying the real values the double data type is used.

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-5 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

¢ It includes the numbers with decimal point, exponentiation or both. The exponent can be represented by E
or e followed by integer literal.
e It is not compulsory to have digits before and after the decimal point. For instance .123 or 123. is allowed
in PHP.

String Type
e There is no character data type in PHP. If the character has to be represented then it is represented using
the string type itself; but in this case the string is considered to be of length 1.
e The string literals can be defined using either single or double quotes.
e In single quotes the escape sequence or the values of the literals can not be recognized by PHP but in
double quotes the escape sequences can be recognized. For example
‘The total marks are= $marks'

will be typed as it is but

“The total marks are= $marks"

will display the value of $marks variable.

Boolean Type
« There are only two types of values that can be defined by the Boolean type and those are TRUE and
FALSE.
e If Boolean values are used in context of integer type variable then TRUE will be interpreted as 1 and
FALSE will be interpreted as 0.
. If Boolean values are used in context of double type then the FALSE will be interpreted as 0.0,

Constants
* Constant is an identifier that contains some value.
* Once the constant value is assigned to this identifier it does not get changed.
e Constant is case sensitive by default.
e Generally the constant identifiers are specified in upper case.
e The valid constant name must start with letter or underscore. It may then followed by the digits.
e Using define function we can assign value to the constant. The first parameter in define function is the
name of the constant and the second parameter is the value which is to be assigned.

For example :

ConstDemo.php
<?php

// Valid constant names

define("MYVALUE","10");
echo MYVALUE; These statements will cause
// Tnvalid constant names error. If we remove these
define("1MYVALUE'","something’); statements then we will get 10
echo IMYVALUE; as an output.
>

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-6 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators and Operations

PHP supports the collection of arithmetic operators such as +,-,/,*,%,++ and — with their usual meaning.
While using the arithmetic operators if both the operands are integer then the result will be integer itself.
If either of the two operands is double then the result will be double.
PHP has large number of predefined functions. Some of these functions are enlisted in the following
table -

Function Purpose

floor The largest integer less than or equal to the parameter is returned
For example floor(4.9) will return 4,

ceil The smallest integer less than or equal to the parameter is returned
For example ceil(4.9) will return 5,

round Nearest integer is returned.

abs Returns the absolute value of the parameter.

min It returns the smaller element .

max It returns the larger element .

2. Relational Operators

e There are eight relational operators used in PHP.

e These are <.>,<=,>=,!=,== has their usual meaning. These are six traditional operators.
e The operator === is used in PHP. It returns true if both operands that are using === have same type and
have same value.
e The operator !== is opposite of ===.
e If one of the operand in the six operators is not same then the coercion will occur automatically.

3. Boolean Operators
¢ The Boolean operators are

Operator Meaning

and The binary AND operation is performed.

&&

or The binary OR operation is performed.

Il
xor The XOR operation will be performed.

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-7 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

4. Autoincrement or Autodecrement Operator

The unary ++ or -- operators are used as autoincrement or autodecrement operators. For example

Name Operator Value Returned

Post-increment $at+ $a
Pre-increment ++$a $a+l
Post-decrement $a— $a-1

5. Bitwise Operators

Following are bitwise operators used in PHP.

Operator Name Example Result

& And $x &$y _ Bits that are set in both $x and $y are set.
| Or $x | $y _ Bits that are set in either $x or $y are set.

eS Xor $x “$y Bits that are set in $x or $y but not both are set.

~ Not ~$x Bits that are set in $x are not set, and vice versa.

<< Shift left $x<<$y Shift the bits of $x Sy steps to the left. Another purpose of this operator can
also be “multiply by two”.

>> Shift right $x>>$y Shift the bits of $x Sy steps to the right. Another purpose of this operator
can also be “divide by two”.

A bit (Binary digit) is the basic unit of information stored in the computing system that exists in two possible
states, represented as ON or OFF. In a computer system, the ON state considered as 1 and OFF state
considered as 0.
The truth table for bitwise operations is as given below.

a b alb a&b ab
0 0 0 0 0

0 1 ir 0 at

1 0 1 0 ls

1 1 1 1 0

For example
Consider $a=40 and $b=80. Binary form of these values is given below.
$a = 00101000
$b= 01010000

Operation Result in Binary Result in Decimal

akb 00000000 0

alb 01111000 120

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-8 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

~a Value of 40 in binary is 00000000000000000000000000000000 -41

0000000000000000001 0100000000000. So, all 0’s are converted into 1’s in
bit wise NOT operation. Hence result is
V0000000000009000000000
0000 0000000000109. 10.001111111010111

a%b 01111000

a<<1 01010000
a>>l 00010100 20

Programming Example
<?php

$a = 40;
$b = 80;
$AND_opr = ($a & $b);
SOR_opr = ($a | $b);
$NOT_opr = (~$a);
$XOR_opr = ($a ~ $b);
echo "<br/>AND Operation: ".$AND_opr;
echo "<br/>OR Operation: ".$OR_opr;
echo "<br/>NOT Operation: ".$NOT_opr;
echo "<br/>XKOR Operation: ".$KOR_opr;
echo "<br/> Left shift operation: ".($a< <1);
echo "<br/> Right shift operation: ".($a>>1);
?>
Output

@ localhost:8089/php-examples) X +

€) > @ VD @ ocathost:8089/php

AND Operation: 0
OR Operation: 120
NOT Operation: -41
XOR Operation: 120
Left shift operation: 80
Right shift operation: 20

6. Assignment Operator
The assignment operator is used to assign the values to variables. Following is a list of assignment operators.

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-9 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

Operator Example and Meaning

This is an operator using which values is assigned to a variable

a=5

+ a+=5 meansa=a+5

= a-=5 meansa=a-5

Similarly *=, /= operators are used for performing arithmetic multiplication and division operation.

Expressions
e Expressions are most important building blocks in PHP.
« Expression can be defined as an entity that has some value.
¢ For example
$a=100;

is an expression
¢ The complex form of expression is a function. For example
?>php
function fun()

{
return 1;
}
$val=fun();

We can form an expression using the post-increment and pre-increment operators.

+ For example -
$at++ or ++$a

Displaying Messages on Screen

¢ In PHP the output can be displayed using two statements :

Display using Print

. The print function is used to create simple unformatted output. For example: The string can be displayed as
follows
print “I am proud of my <b>country</b>”

The numeric value can also be displayed using the print. For example -
print(100);

It will display the output as 100.

TECHNICAL PUBLICA TIONS” ~ An up thrust for knowledge

Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-10 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

+ PHP also makes use of the printf function used in C. For example
printf(The student %d has %f marks” $roll_no,$marks);

e Following is a simple PHP document which makes use of the statements for displaying the output.
PHP Document[OutputDemo.php]
<html>
<head>
<title> Output Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
print "<h2>Welcome to my Website </h2>";
print "<hr/>";
$roll_no=1;
$name="AAA";
print{("<b>The roll number: %d</b>",$roll_no); Output
print “<br/><b>"; ~ =
printf("The name: %s" $name); @ Output Demo - Mozilla Firefox | © fee)

print </b>"; Ele Edt Yew Hitory Bookmarks Tools Help

a> |G) output demo | — nit
</body> i php <i ~ || #H~ oP
ia 1g, | EE) bite Mocalhost/php-examples/OutputDemo
</html> .
Welcome to my Website

The roll number: 1

The name: AAA

Display using echo

e Theecho isa simple statement that can be used with or without parenthesis.
e For example —
echo “I am proud of my <b>country</b>”"

* The echo statement can display the text and variable value as follows —
$a=10;
echo “a = “. $a;

Difference between echo and print

echo in PHP print in PHP

The echo can output one or more strings. Print can only output one string.

echo is faster than print. print is slower than echo

It does not return any value Print always returns 1.

TECHNICAL PUBLICA TIONS” - An up thrust for knowledge

 Web Based Application Development with PHP Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

Review Questions
1. List and explain various data types in PHP.
2. Explain different types of operators used in PHP.
3 Explain the term expression with suitable example.

f.3] Decision Making Control Statements

Decision making control statements decide the order of execution of the statements based on certain
conditions. Various types of decision making control statements are -

1. The if Statement

Syntax
if(expression)

{
statement inside;

statement outside;

Example
<?php
$a = 80;
$b = 40;
if(S$a>$b)
echo “a is greater than b*;
?>

2. The if-else Statement

Syntax
if(expression)

{
Statements;
}
else

{
Statements;
}
Example
<?php

$a = 80;
$b = 40;
if(Sa>$b)
echo a is greater than b";
else
echo "b is greater than a";
>

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-12 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

3. The if-elseif... Statement

This type of statement combines multiple if. ..else statements

Syntax
if(condition1){
// Code to be executed if condition! is true
} elseif(condition2){
// Code to be executed if the condition! is false and condition2 is true
} else{
// Code to be executed if both condition1 and condition2 are false
}
Example
<?php
$num = 100;
if($num> 100)
echo "Number is greater than 100°;
elseif($num<100)
echo "Number is less than 100°;
else
echo "Number is equal to 100";
>

Ex. 1.3.1 : Write a PHP program to find the largest number among three numbers.
Sol. :
<html>
<head>
<title>Selection Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
print "<h2>Selection Statement </h2>";
$a=10;
$b=20;
$c=30;
if($a>$b)
if($a>$c)
print "<b> <I>a is the largest number </I></b>";
else
print "<b> <I> c is the largest number</I> </b>";
else
if($b>$c)
print “<b> <I>b is the largest number</I> </b>";

else
print "<b> <I>c is the largest number</I> </b>";
I>
</body>
</html>

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-13 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help

‘ > |) http://locathost/php-examples/SelectionDemo.phy yy ~ || #9 GoP

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Selection Statement
cis the largest number

4. The switch Statement

The switch case statement is used as an alternative to if...elseif...else statement.
Syntax
switch(n){
case label1:
// Code to be executed if n=label1
break;
case label2:
// Code to be executed if n=label2
break;

default:
/{ Code to be executed if n is different from all labels
}
Example
<?php

$today = getdate();
switch($today['weekday'])
{
case "Monday':print "Today is Monday";
break;

case "Tuesday’:print “Today is Tuesday ";

break;
case "Wednesday":print "Today is Wednesday ";
break;
case "Thursday":print "Today is Thursday";

break;
case "Friday":print "Today is Friday";
break;
case "Saturday":print "Today is Saturday";

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-14 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

break;
case "Sunday':print "Today is Sunday ";
break;
default: print "Invalid input";
}
?>
Output

File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help

[B) http://localhost/ph...les/SwitchDemo.php
¢€ ea
Ss
8 http://localhost/php-exemples/SwitchDemo.php
__Back

Today is Friday

5. break and continue

The break Statement
¢ The break statement is used to transfer the control to the end of the loop.
+ When break statement is applied then loop gets terminates and the control goes to the next line pointing
after loop body.
¢ The flowchart for break statement is,

Syntax
break
Enter loop

Condition
for loop

Exit loop

For example
$i =0;
for ($i = O;$i <= 7;$1+ +)
{
if ($i==3)
{
break;

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-15 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

echo $i;

echo "<br />";

}
Output
0
1
2
The continue Statement
« The continue statement is used to skip some statements inside the loop. The continue statement is used
with decision making statement such as if...else.
¢ The continue statement forces to execute the next iteration of the loop to execute.
«The flowchart for continue statement is,

Syntax
Continue
Enter loop

Condition

Exit loop

Remaining
statements

For example
$i =0;
for ($i = 0;$i <= 7;$i+ +)
{
if ($i==3)
A
continue;
}
echo $i;
echo "<br/>";
}
Output

0
1
2
4
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 1-16 Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

5
6
7
Difference between break and continue

Sr. No. break continue

Ie This statement terminates the execution of It terminates only the current iteration of the loop.
remaining iteration of the loop.

2. It causes early termination of the entire loop. It causes early execution of the next iteration.

Loop Control Structures

Loop control structures are used to execute the certain group of statements repetitively for certain number of
times.
1. The while Loop
Syntax
while(condition){
// Code to be executed

}
Example
<?php
$i=1;
print "The numbers are ...";
print "<br/>";
while($i<=10)
{
print $i;
print "<br/>";
$i++;
}
?> Output

Fea
Ela Edit Yiew “Hietory_Rookmes “Tools Hep
| Ei nttp://ocathost/p..ples/.oopDemol.php | +
igen
¢ lier
> E)_ mt hittpecathost’phy eam Be oP
‘The numbers
are ...
1
2
3
4
5
6
3

8
9
10

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS” ~ Anup thrust for knowledge

 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Introduction to Arrays
« Arrays is a collection of similar type of elements, but in PHP you can have the elements of mixed
type together in single array.
¢ Ineach PHP, each element has two parts key and value.
¢ The key represents the index at which the value of the element can be stored.
¢ The keys are positive integers that are in ascending order.
[24.4] Creating and Manipulating Arrays

For creating an array in PHP, we use array() construct.

Syntax
$array_name=array(value)
Example : Following PHP script shows how to create an array in PHP

ArrayCreateDemo.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$fruits = array("Mango", "Apple", "Banana","Grapes');
echo $fruits[0] . ",". $fruits[1] .",". $fruits[2] . ",". $fruits[3];
?>
</body>
</html>

Output

@ Mozilla Firefox = o

File Edit View History Bookmarks Jools Help

jocalhost:8089/php-examples) X +

€ @ GO @® localhost:8089/php -~ UR »

Mango.Apple.Banana.Grapes

(2-1)
Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-2 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Program Explanation :

In above program,
(1) We have created an array named fruits using array() construct
(2) In the echo statement we are displaying each element of the array with the help of array index such as
fruits[0],fruits[1],... and so on.

Adding and Deleting Elements

In PHP, arrays are dynamic. That means they can grow in size or can shrink.
We can add the element in the array using key/index that hasn’t used. For example -
$name[5]="CCC”;
As there is no current value for index 5, the array will grow. Similarly we can skip the index value and
add the element as follows —
$name[ ]="CCC”";
The advantage to this approach is that we don’t have to worry about skipping an index key.
We can skip some index and can insert the element in the array. For example —
$names=array(“AAA","BBB”,"CCC","DDD");
$names[8]="HHH";
If we iterate through the array elements then —
Amy ({0]=>AAA [1]=>BBB [2]=>CCC [3]=>DDD [8] = >HHH)
Thus there is now gap in our array. If we try to reference the array[4] then it will return NULL value
which represents that there is no value present at that index.
Using the unset function we can create gaps in the PHP array. For example -

PHP Document

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php

$Student = array("AAA","BBB',"CCC","DDD","EEE");
echo "<br/> Original Array<br/>";
print_r($Student);
echo "“<br/>Deleting element at index 2<br/>";
unset($Student[2]);
print_r($Student);
echo "<br/> Adjusting gap<br/>";
$Student= array_values( $Student);

print_r($Student);
?>
</body>

</html>

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-3 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Output

€) > @ | © ocalhost/php-examples oe vw >» =

Original Array
Array ( [0] => AAA [1] => BBB [2] => CCC [3] => DDD [4] => EEE )
Deleting element at index 2
Asray ( [0] => AAA [1] => BBB [3] => DDD [4] => EEE)
Adjusting gap
Array ( [0] => AAA [1] => BBB [2] => DDD [3] => EEE )

Script Explanation :
1. In above script we have used unset function to create a gap at index 2
2. Later on we have used array_values() to adjust this gap by subsequent element.
3. Using the print_r function the array can be displayed on the browser window.

Checking if value exists

+ The isset () function is used to check whether a variable is set or not.
¢ Ifa variable is already unset with unset() function, it will no longer be set.
+ The isset() function return false if testing variable contains a NULL value.

PHP Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php

$Student = array(1=>"AAA",2=>"BBB');
echo "<br/>Original Array <br/>";
print_r($Student);

if(isset($Student([0]))
echo "<br/>There is no value set at index 0<br/>";
if(isset($Student[1]))
echo "The value present at index 1 is: "$Student/1];
2>
</body>
</html>

7
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-4 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Types of Arrays

There are three types of arrays

1, Indexed array : Indexed array are the arrays with numeric index. The array values can be stored from
index 0. For example —
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Indexed Arrays </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$names = array("AAA", "BBB", "CCC");
// Printing array structure
print_r($names);
?>
</body>
</html>
Output

_ Oo x
[9 PHP Indexed Arrays x +

€ © localhost/php-« © = Q Search vy Br,» =

Array( [0] => AAA [1] => BBB [2] => CCC )

Here values gets stored at corresponding index as follows -

$mylist(0] = 10;
$mylist(1] = 20;
$mylist[2] = 30;
$mylist([3] = 40;
$mylist[4] = 50;
We can directly assign some value at specific index.

$mylist(5] = 100;
2. Associated array : Associated arrays are the arrays with named keys. It is a kind of array with name
and value pair. For example
<html>
<head>
<title >PHP Associative Array</title>

</head>
<body>

<?php
$city['AAA"] = "Pune";
$city["BBB"] = "Mumbai;
$city["CCC"] = "Chennai";

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-5 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

// Printing array structure

print_r($city);
?>
</body>
</html>
Output

ani oO x
[E) PHP Associative Array x +

€ © localhost/p CQ Search w\6 » =

Array ( [AAA] => Pune [BBB] => Mumbai [CCC] => Chennai )

3. Multidimensional Arrays
¢ PHP support for multidimensional arrays.
+ Wecan store the elements in two dimensional array as
$Student = array
(
array(10,"AAA"),
array(20,"BBB"),
array(30,"CCC"),
‘
+ The complete PHP program in which the multidimensional array is created and accessed is as
follows-
PHP Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php

$Student = array
(
array(10,"AAA"),
array(20,"BBB"),
array(30,"CCC"),
‘
echo "The elements in Two dimensional array...<br/>";
for ($row = 0; $row < 3; $row++) {
for ($col = 0; $col < 2; $col++) {
echo " ".$Student[$row] [$col];
}
echo "<br/>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
ig
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 Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-6 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Output

€)39 24 DOloa ow YD =

The elements in Two dimensional array...

10 AAA
20 BBB
30 CCC

Review Questions
1. What is array ? How to create and manipulate arrays ?
2. Explain various types of arrays in PHP.

[22] Extracting Data from Arrays, Implode, Explode and Flip Functions

(i) The extract function:

Using the extract() function the array keys becomes the variable name and the array values become the
variable values.
Syntax
int extract($input_array, Sextract_rule, $prefix)
Where
$input_array : is the name of the array whose values need to be extracted. This is a required parameter.
$extract_rule : This is an optional parameter. This parameter specifies how invalid variable names will
be treated.
$prefix : The prefix is automatically separated from the array key by an underscore character. This is an
optional parameter.
Example Program
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$arr = array("a" => "Pune","b" => "Mumbai",
extract($arr);
echo "\$a = $a; \$b = $b; \$c = $c";
>

</body>
</html>
7
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-7 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

(E) localhost:8089/php-examples) X

(€) > S/O © rocatostsos9/pho-2 + Ow » =

Sa = Pune: $b = Mumbai; $c = Chennai

(ii) The implode function :

The implode function converts array into the string. For example

implodeDemo.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php

$arr[0] = "Red";
$arr[1] = "Blue";
$arr[2] = "Green";
$arr[3] = "Yellow";
$text = implode(",",$arr);
echo $text;

?>
</body>
</html>

Output

©} locathost:8089/php-examples’ X

@ ODO @ bocalhost:8089/php-e a) | »
(©) >
Red.Blue.Green, Yellow

7
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-8 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

(iii) The explode Function

The explode() function is to split a string.
Syntax
explode(delimiter, string_name, limit)
Where
Delimiter : It sets the boundary string within the input string
String_name: The name of the string to be split
Limit : It indicates the maximum number of elements in the output array if set to positive value. If set to
negative value, all but the last element will be present in the output array.
Example Program
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$str="I Love my Country";
$arr=explode(" “,$str);
print_r($arr);
>
</body>
</html>

Output

[E) localhost:8089/php-examples) X +

€) > G@ O @ bocalhost:8089/php-c - OW» =

Array
( [0] => I [1]
= Love [2]
=> my [3] => Country)

(iv) The flip Function

The array_flip() function is used to exchange the keys with their associated values in array.
That means after applying the array_flip function we get keys from array and those keys become values
and values from array become keys.
Syntax
array_flip(name_of_array)

Example Program
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
7
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-9 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

<?php
$arr=array("Red"=> 10,"Green"= > 20,"Blue"= >30,"Black"= >40);
$result=array_flip($arr);
print_r($result);
2>

</body>
</html>
Output

File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help

[E) locathost:8089/php-examples x +

€) > @/O @®bocalhost:8089/php-e on wi» =

Array ( [10] => Red [20] => Green [30] => Blue [40] => Black)

Review Question
1. Explain extract, implode, explode and flip function in arrays.

23] Traversing Arrays

1, The current and next Function
* The array element reference start at the first element and array maintains an internal pointer using
which the next element can be easily accessible.
* This helps to access the array elements in sequential manner.
* The pointer current is used to point to the current element in the array. Using the next function the
next subsequent element can be accessed. Following PHP code illustrates this idea -
PHP Document[ArrayFunDemo4.php]
<?php
$mylist = array("Hello", "PHP","You","Are","Wonderful!!!");
$myval=current($mylist);
print("The current value of the array is <b>$myval</b>");
print "<br/>";
$myval=next($mylist);
print("The next value of the array is <b>$myval</b>");
print "<br/>";
$myval=next($mylist);
print("The next value of the array is <b>$myval</b>");
print "<br/>";
$myval=next($mylist);
print("The next value of the array is <b>$myval</b>");
i
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-10 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

print "<br/>";
$myval=next($mylist);
print("The next value of the array is <b>$myval</b>");
?>
Output

=u. tere]
[Els tocnee nena»
File Edit View History Bookmarks Toots Help

wee | roeng (ED ocatost phe + |[M- oP

‘The current value of the array is Hello
The next value of the acray is PHP
The next value of the array is You
The next value of the array is Are
‘The next value of the array is Wonderful!!!

2. The each and foreach Function

* Using each function we can iterate through the array elements.
PHP Document[ArrayFunDemo5.php]
<?php

$mylist = array("Hello", "PHP","You',"Are","Wonderfulll!");

while($myval=each($mylist))
{
$val=$myvall["value");
print("The current value of the array is <b>$val</b>");
print "<br/>";
}
?>
Output

File Edit Yiew Bookmarks Jools Help

Enepy wand
ital este ED tite Nocathost/ php-examples/ArrayFunDemc5. php

The current value of the array is Hello

The current value of the array is PHP
‘The current value of the array is You
The current value of the array is Are
The current value of the array is Wonderful!!!

+ The foreach function is used to iterate through all the elements of the loop. The syntax of foreach
statement is as follows -

7
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-11 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

foreach($array as $value)
{
statements to be executed
}
e The above code can be modified and written as follows -
PHP Document[ArrayFunDemo6.php]
<?php
$mylist = array("Hello", "PHP","You',"Are","Wonderfull!!!");

foreach($mylist as $value)
{
print("The current value of the array is <b>$value</b>");
print "<br/>";
}
?>
The output will be the same as above.

Review Question
1. How to traverse an array in PHP ?

Functions
Defining Function
* The syntax of the function definition is as follows -
function name_of_function(parameter list)
{
statements to be executed in function

wad
¢ The function gets executed only after the call to that function. The call to the function can be from
anywhere in the PHP code.For example -
PHP Document[FunDemo1.php]
<?php
function myfun()
{
print "<i>This statement is in myfun()</i>";
5
print “<b>The Function Demo Program</b>";
print "<br/>";
myfun();
?>
Output

File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help

| E) nttpecathost/p...mptes/FunDemol
php| + =
ie utes ttp://localhost/php-examples/FunDemol php ~ | |2§- cop

The Function Demo Program

This statement is in myfun()

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-12 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

+ The return statement is used for returning some value from the function body. Following PHP scripts
shows this idea.

PHP Document[FunDemo2.php]
<?php
function Addition()

$b=20;
$c=$at+$b;
return $c;
}
print "<b>The Function Demo Program with return statement</b>";
print "<br/>";
print "10+20= ".Addition();
?>
Output

File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help

| Ea ittpzocamost/p..nples/FunDemo2 php| + | -
peer tp:/Nocalhost/ php-examples/FunDemo2

The Function Demo Program with return statement

10+20= 30

Parameters
+ The parameters that we pass to the function during the call is called the actual parameter. These
parameters are generally the expressions.
+ The parameters that we pass to the function while defining it is called the formal parameters. These
are generally the variables. It is not necessary that the number of actual parameters should match
with the number of formal parameters.
+ If there are few actual parameter and more formal parameters then the value of formal parameter is
will be some unbounded one.
+ If there are many actual parameters and few formal parameters then the excess of actual parameters
will be ignored.
+ The default parameter passing technique in PHP is pass by value. The parameter passing by value
means the values of actual parameters will be copied in the formal parameters. But the values of
formal parameters will not be copied to the actual parameters.
« Following PHP script illustrates the functions with parameters

3
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-13 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

PHP Document[FunDemo3.php]
<?php
function Addition($a,$b)

$c=$a+t$b;
retum $c;
b
print "<b>The Function Demo Program with parameter passing and return statement </b>";
print "<br/>";
$x= 10;
$y=20;
print "10+20= ".Addition($x,$y);
2?>

¢ > _|( Gi) netp./ocathose/ph

Back Forward
The Function Demo Program with parameter passing and return statement
10+20= 30

There are two ways to pass parameters by reference.

1. Add & at the beginning of the name of the formal parameter. For example -
<?php
function add_some_extra($string)
{
$string= ‘This string is replaced’;
}
$str = ‘This is a string ';
Sstr1=&$str; //adding & at the beginning of the name of formal parameter.
print "Before function call: $str<br/>";
add_some_extra($str1);
print "After function call: $str<br/>";
>

2. Add & to actual parameter in the function call. For example —

<?php
function add_some_extra(&$string) //adding & to actual parameter in function call
{
$string= 'This string is replaced’;
i

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-14 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

$str = ‘This is a string’;

print "Before function call: $str<br/>";
add_some_extra($str);
print “After function call: $str<br/>";
?>

The output of the above code is one and the same it will be as follows -
Output

- Oo x
http://local..nceDemo.php X | =

& localhost/ph ¢ Q Search vy & » =

Before function call: This is a string

After function call: This string is replaced

Types of Functions

1. User defined Functions

User defined functions are the functions created by the user for some specific purpose.
The syntax and example of user defined function is already discussed in section 2.4.1.

2. Variable Functions
¢ Variable function is a concept in which the variable name is appended with parenthesis.
e In PHP, we can create a variable to which the function is assigned and then that variable is called just
like a function.
* Note that the variable function should always be preceded by $ sign.
To understand the concept of variable function let us see one example
Suppose we have three functions namely red(), blue() and green(). These functions can be called with the
help of variable function as follows —

VariableFunDemo.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
function red()

{
echo “Roses are Red";
}
function blue()

£
echo "Sky is Blue";

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Web Based Application Development with PHP Arrays, Functions and Graphics

function green()

{ You can change it to

echo "Trees are Green"; “blue” or “green”
}
$fun_var="red’;
$fun_var(); Calling variable function.
> $ sign is must
</body>
</html>

3. Anonymous Function

The anonymous function is a function which is similar to regular function but the difference between
regular function and anonymous function is that the anonymous function have no name.

Syntax
function($argument1,$argument2){
//anonymous function definition
hk
There are two important rules that need to be followed while writing the anonymous function

(1) There should not be any function name.

(2) There must be a semicolon after the function definition

Programming Example

AnonymousFunDemo.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php

$addition=function(S$arg1,$arg2)
{
return "Addition = ".($arg1+$arg2);
ik
echo $addition(10,20);
I>

</body>
</html>

7
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 Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-16 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

(2) locathost:8089/php-examples’ X
(€) > GF | O ® vocaost:3089/php-e “Owl » =
Addition
= 30

Review Questions
1. What is function ? How to pass parameters to the function ?
2. Explain variable and function with suitable example in php.
[25] Strings
¢ String is a collection of characters.
¢ InPHP the string is denoted within a double quote.
¢ Concatenation is the only one operator used in string.It is denoted by dot.
¢ Strings are treated as the array of characters. The first position of the character is indexed as 0.
¢ The sample PHP script that stores the string in a variable is as given below -

PHP Script[stringDemo1.php]
<?php
$s="I like PHP";
echo $s;
?>

Output

I like PHP

Note that the variable s is assigned with the string. The string is given in a double quote. Then using the
echo whatever string is stored in the variable s is displayed on the console.

7
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-17 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Various functions used for string handling are -

Ex. 2.5.1: Write a PHP program to do string manipulations.

Sol. : For this program we will apply various built in string manipulating functions to the string. The PHP code is
as follows :
<?php
$Str1="PHP is Fun";
$length = strlen($Str1);
echo "<b> Length:</b>The length of string: $Str1 is = $length";
echo "<br/> <b>Position: </b>The position of word Fun in the $Str1 is “.strpos($Str1,'Fun’);
$Str1="Hello";

7
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-18 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

$Str2="hello";
if(stremp($Str1,$Str2))
echo "<br/> <b>Comparison: </b> The two strings $Str1 and $Str2 are not equal";
else
echo "<br/> <b>Comparision: </b> The two strings $Str1 and $Str2 are equal’;
$Str1="HELLO";
echo "<br/> <b>Changing Case: </b> The string $Str1 becomes ".strtolower($Str1);
echo "<br/> <b>Reversing String: </b> The string $Str1 is reversed as ".strrev($Str1);
$Str1="Hello';
$Str2="Friend";
echo "<br/><b>Concatenating strings: </b> The string $Str1 and $Str2 are concatenated ".$Str1.$Str2;
echo "<br/><b>Replacing all instances of string: </b> The string tictactoe is now ";
echo str_replace("t","p",‘tictactoe");
$Str1="PHP is fun";

$newstring=substr_replace($Str1,"FUN",7,9);
echo "<br><b>Replacing substring: </b> $Str1 becomes $newstring";
?>
Output

= o x
http://local...ringDemo.php X — =F

€ = & localhost/php-examplh ¢ veo » =

Length:The length of string: PHP is Fun is = 10

Position: The position of word Fun in the PHP ts Fun is 7
Comparison: The two strings Hello and hello are not equal
Changing Case: The string HELLO becomes hello
Reversing String: The string HELLO is reversed as OLLEH
Concatenating strings: The string Hello and Friend are concatenated HelloFriend
Replacing all instances of string: The string tictactoe is now picpacpoe
Replacing substring: PHP is fun becomes PHP is FUN

Review Question
1. What is string ? Explain various operations that can be performed on strings

Basic Graphics Concepts

¢ Image is a rectangle of pixels with various colors.
« Any color is composed of three values - Red, Green and Blue ranging from 0 to 255. Here 0 means no-
color and 255 means full intensity color. For example — Yellow color is formed with equal values of
Red and Green. Here the value of Blue color is 0.
« The image is represented in various file formats such as jpeg, png, giff etc.
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-19 Arrays, Functions and Graphics
With 256 possible values for each red, blue and green color there are 16,777,216 possible colors for
every pixel.

Creating Images

Creating Basic image

The image can be created using following steps
Step 1: We can create an image in PHP using imagecreate() function.
Syntax
Simage =imagecreate(width, height)

Step 2 : The next step is to send a Content-Type header to the browser with the appropriate content type
for the kind of image being created. Once that is done, we call the appropriate output function. The
ImageJPEG( ) , ImagePNG( ), and ImageWBMP{ ) functions create JPEG, PNG, and WBMP files from the
image, respectively. This can be done using following code
imagejpeg($image);
header('Content-Type: image/jpeg’);
Let us now see a simple program that creates the basic rectangular image
Programming Example
<?php
$image = imagecreate(300,200);
imagejpeg($image);
header('Content-Type: image/jpeg’);
>
Output

%@ ImageCreateDemo.php
(JPEG Image, 300 x 200 pixels)
- Mozill.. = — Qo
File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help

(=) ImageCreateDemo.php (PEG) X |

€ @ OD @® localhost -~ UN »

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 2-20 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

The content-type values are -

Format Content-Type

GIF image/gif

JPEG image/jpeg

PNG image/png

WBMP image/vnd.wap.wbmp

Creating an image with some background color

For having an image with some background color we normally use imagecolorallocate() function. The
syntax for this function is
Syntax
Imagecolorallocate(image,color)

Where
image is the image object
color is given in Red,Green,Blue form. One can specify the color in hexadecimal form as well.
Programming Example
<?php
$image = imagecreate(300,200);
Sred = imagecolorallocate(Simage,255,0,0);
imagejpeg($image);
header('Content-Type: image/jpeg’);
2>
Output

\@ ImageCreateDemo,php (JPEG Image, 300x 200 pixels) - Mozill.. = — Oo

File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help

ImageCreateDemo.php JPEG) +

€ C OVO @® localhost:8089 p ~UR »

ig
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 Object Oriented Concepts in PHP

Ba] Creating Classes and Objects

Defining Classes
The syntax for defining classes is class name followed by { }. The properties and methods of class are
defined within the braces. For example
class Student
{
public $rollNo;
public $firstName;
public $lastName;
public $age;
}
Each property in the class is declared using one of the keywords public, protected, or private followed by
the property or variable name.
Instantiating Objects
For making use of the class we must instantiate it. That means create objects for the class with the help of
new operator.
For example — Two objects for the Student class are created in variables $s1 and $s2 as follows -—
$s1=new Student();
$s2=new Student();

Properties
Properties are the data values of the class that can be defined using -> operator. For example
$s1=new Student();
$s2=new Student();
$s1->rollNo= 101;
$s2->rollNo=102;

Method
The methods defined in the class specify the functionality of the object. They define the tasks
each instance of a class can perform. For example —
PHP Document
<?php
class Student
{
/* Member variables */
var $rollNo;
var $name;
/* Member functions */
function setRollNo($r){

@G-1)
Web Based Application Development with PHP 3-2 Object Oriented Concepts in PHP

$this->rollNo = $1;
}
function getRollNo(){
echo $this->rollNo ."<br/>";
}
function setName($nm){
$this->name = $nm;
}
function getName(){
echo $this->name ." <br/>";
}
Output
$Stud1 = new Student();
$Stud2 = new Student(); & localhost X
/* Assigning values to properties*/
$Stud1->setName("AAA"); ; - wea =
$Stud2-> setName("BBB"); € © ® boca “(>| =
$Stud1->setRollNo(101);
$Stud2-> setRollNo(102); AAA
BBB
/* Reading values from properties*/ 101
$Stud1->getName(); 102
$Stud2->getName();
$Stud1->getRollNo();
$Stud2->getRollNo();
?>

Visibility
¢ Visibility is used to determine the accessibility of a class member.
¢ There are three modes of visibility and those are - 1. Public, 2. Protected and 3. Private.
¢ The public keyword means that the property or method is accessible to any code that has a reference
to the object. The public properties and method are represented using + in UML class diagram.
¢ The private keyword sets a method or variable to only be accessible from within the class. This means
that we cannot access or modify the property from outside of the class. The private properties and
method are represented using - in UML class diagram.
« The protected members are used during the inheritance. They are denoted using # in class diagram.
Review Questions
1. What is class ? Explain it with syntax and example.
2 Write a php program to illustrate creation of class and object in PHP.
3. Explain properties and methods of OOP in PHP.
4. What is visibility in PHP ?

2] Constructors and Destructor

Constructor
¢ Constructors is a specialized function used to initialize the properties of the class.
¢ In PHP, the constructor is defined using the function named __construct().
+ Each parameter of a class can be assigned using this-> syntax.
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 3-3 Object Oriented Concepts in PHP

* Inside of a class one must always use the $this syntax to reference all properties and methods
associated with this particular instance of a class.
For example —
class Student
{

function __construct($rollNo,$firstName, $lastName, $age)

{
$this->rollNo=rollNo;
$this->firstName = $firstName;
$this->lastName = $lastName;
$this->age = $age;
}
}
The new constructor can be used as follows -
$s1=new Student(101,"AAA","BBB",17);
$s2= new Student(102,"XYZ","POR”,25);
Destructor
* Destructor is a specialized function which is used to deallocate the memory allocated to it.
e Itis denoted as __destruct().
¢ PHP Destructor method is called just before PHP is about to release any object from its memory. It is
normally called before closing the file.
¢ Programming Example
destructDemo.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
class Student {
public $name;

function __construct($name) {
$this->name = $name;
t
function __destruct() {
echo "<h4>The Student record with name '{$this->name}' is removed from the database.</h4>";
}
}

$s = new Student("Ashwini');
?>

</body>
</html>

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Output

File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help

[) locathost:8089/php-examples) X |
€) > @ O @ localhost:8089/php-e - UPR >» =

The Student record with name 'Ashwini' is removed from the database.

Program Explanation :
In above program,
(1) We have created a class named Student with attribute name.
(2) The constructor is defined using __construct function. When object s is created using following
statement.
$s = new Student("Ashwini");
the constructor function is called by passing name=Ashwini.
(3) At the end of PHP program, before closing it, the destructor function is called. The destructor
function is defined as __ destruct.
Review Question
1. What is constructor and destructor ? How will you use it in PHP ?

B3] Inheritance, Overloading and Overriding, Cloning Object

Data Encapsulation
Data encapsulation is a property in Object oriented programming that refers to restricting access to
object's internal components.
¢ By using data encapsulation, one can hide the object’s implementation details.
Generally the data properties of the class are made private. Using the public methods of the class
these private data members can then be accessed. The getter and setter methods are used for that
purpose.
Example Code
PHP Document
<?php
class Student
{
/* Member variables */
private $rollNo;
private $name;
/* Member functions */
public function setRollNo($r){
$this->rollNo = $1;
}
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public function getRollNo(){

echo $this->rollNo ."<br/>";
}
public function setName($nm){
$this->name = $nm;
}
function getName(){
echo $this->name ." <br/>";
}
}
$Stud1 = new Student();
$Stud2 = new Student();
/* Assigning values to properties*/
$Stud1->setName("AAA");
$Stud2->setName("BBB");
$Stud1->setRollNo(101);
$Stud2->setRollNo(102);

/* Reading values from properties*/

$Stud1->getName();
$Stud2->getName();
$Stud1->getRollNo();
$Stud2->getRollNo();
?>
Inheritance
Inheritance is an important property in object oriented design. This is a property in which one class
makes use of some properties of another class.
The class from which another class inherits the properties is called super class or parent class and the
class which uses the properties of parent class is called subclass or child class.
PHP makes use of the keyword extends for using inheritance. For instance —
class
A extends B{...}
Example Code
PHP Document
<?php
//parent class
class Mobile {
private $color;

public function setColor($color) {

$this->color = $color;

public function getColor() {

return $this->color;

//child class
class Samsung extends Mobile {
private $model;
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 3-6 Object Oriented Concepts in PHP

public function setModel($model) {

$this->model = $model; Output
}
&) localhos: X
public function getModel() {
retum $this->model; €)7 @1O boa “-I> =
}
} Color = Black and Model = Samsung-Galaxy

//object of the child class

$phone = new Samsung();

//set property
$phone->setColor("Black");
$phone->setModel("Samsung-Galaxy");
//get property
$color = $phone->getColor();
$model = $phone->getModel();

printf("Color = %s and Model = %s", $color, $model);

?>
Script Explanation :
In above PHP document -
1) There are two classes created namely — Mobile and Samsung. The Mobile class is a parent class and
Samsung class is a child class.
2) The inheritance is achieved using the extends keyword.
3) The object named Phone is created for the child class Samsung.
4) Using the object of child class we can inherit the color property of the parent class.
5) The getter and setter methods are used to set and get the data values of the corresponding classes.
Overloading
Function overloading is a mechanism in which there is a same function and the functions perform
different tasks.
¢ Like other object oriented programming languages we cannot use naive approach.
« In PHP we can perform the method overloading with the help of magic function __call().
+ The _call() function takes function name and argument.
OverloadDemo.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
class shape {
public function __call($funname, $arguments)
{
if($funname= ="area’')
{
if(count($arguments)==1) {
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 3-7 Object Oriented Concepts in PHP

$result=3.14*$arguments[0]*$arguments|(0];
echo "<br/>The area of circle is: "$result;
return;
}
if(count($arguments)==2) {
$result=$arguments|0]*$arguments| 1];
echo "<br/>The area of rectangle is: "$result;
return;
}
else
echo "Unknown Method";

}
$obj = new shape();
$obj->area(10);
$obj->area(10,20);
?>

</body>
</html>
Output

[) localhost:8089/php-examples x |+-

€) > @ |O © ocathost:8089/php-« —~“UW » =

The area of circle is: 314

The area of rectangle is: 200

Script Explanation : In above PHP program,

(1) We have defined the __call function with the function name area.
(2) There can be single argument to the area function or there can be two arguments. Depending upon the
number of arguments, the function with same name (i.e.area) will either compute area of circle or
area of rectangle.
Overriding
When we inherit a class into another class and provide the definition for one of the function of parent
class inside the child class, then this function is overridden and this process is known as function
overriding. Note that the name and signature of the function remains the same in the child class as that of
parent class, but the function definition is changed.
Following programming example shows the overriding mechanism.
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 3 -8 Object Oriented Concepts in PHP
Programming Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
class A {
function fun()
{
echo “Inside Parent Class";
}
}
class B extends A{
function fun()

{
echo "<br/>Inside Child Class";
}
}
$obj1 = new A();
$obj2 = new B();
$obj1->fun();
$obj2->fun();
?>
</body>
</html>

(E) locathost:8089/php-examples) X|

€) > GS DO @ localhost:3089/php-e ~-“OUR)» =

Inside Parent Class
Inside Child Class

Cloning Object
. Definition : Object cloning means creating copy of object.
» We can clone an object in two ways - first one by assignment statement and second one by using
__clone operator . This __clone is a magic method.
* If we perform $s2=$s1 then it is called shallow copy.
¢ If we perform $s2= clone $s1 then it is called deep copy.
* In shallow copy both the objects point to same reference while in deep copy separate copy of
references is created for each object.
* The concept of shallow copy and deep copy is represented by following figure.

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$s1 $s2 $s1 $s2

name:"Ashwini" name“"Ashwini" name"Ashwini"

rollno:101 rolino:101 rolino:101

This is shallow copy This is deep copy

Following is an object cloning program that uses clone operator for copying the object.
Programming Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
class Student {
private $name;
private $rollno;

function __construct($name,$rollno) {
$this->name = $name;
$this->rollno = $rollno;

function __clone(){
echo "<h3> Copying object.....</h3>";
}
function display()
{
echo "<h4>Name: $this->name</h4>";
echo "<h4>RollNo: $this->rollno</h4>";

$s1 = new Student("Ashwini',101);

$s2 = new Student("Sharda",102);
$s1->display();
$s2 = clone $s1;
$s2->display();
?>

</body>
</html>
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 3-10 Object Oriented Concepts in PHP

Output

Eile Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help

© locathost:8089/php-examples) X |

€)> @ OD @ becalhost:8089/php-e -~ Ow »

Name: Ashwini

RollINo: 101

Copying object.....

Name: Ashwini

RollNo: 101

Review Questions
1. What is inheritance ? How to achieve it in PHP ?
2. Explain method overloading and method overriding in PHP.
3. What is object cloning? How to clone the object in PHP ?

Introspection and Serialization

Introspection is the ability of a program to examine an object's characteristics such as object name, class
name, parent class name , method names and so on.
In PHP there some useful functions available for performing introspection. These are —
(1) class_exists() : Checks if the a class has been defined.
(2) get_class() : returns the class name of an object
(3) get_parent_class() : returns the class name of an object's parent class
(4) is_subclass_of() : checks whether an object has a given parent class.
Let us understand the concept of introspection with the help of an example

IntrospectionDemo.php
<?php
class Parent1
{
public function myfun(){
echo "<br/>******* In Parent class ********";
echo "<br/>This function is inside: ".get_class($this);
}
}
class child extends Parent1
{
public function myfun() {
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 3-11 Object Oriented Concepts in PHP

echo “<br/>******* In Child class ********";

echo "<br/>This function is inside: ".get_class($this);
echo "<br/>The parent of this class is: ".get_parent_class($this);

if(class_exists("Parent1")){
$o0bj_parent1=new Parent1();
echo "<br/> <br/>The class name is: ".get_class($obj_parent1);
$obj_parent1->myfun();
}
if(class_exists("child")){
$obj_child=new child();
echo “<br/> <br/>The class name is: ".get_class($obj_child);

$obj_child->myfun();

2>
Output

| 62) localhost:8089/php-examples) X +

| €) > @ OD @® ocathost:8089/php-examp —- UW» =

The class name is: Parent1

eeREEERE In Parent class ERE

This function is inside: Parent]

The class name is: child

EeeeaEE In Child class weeSeER
EE

This function is inside: child

The parent of this class is: Parent]

Serialization()

* Serializing an object means converting it to a byte stream representation that can be stored ina file.
* This is useful for persistent data. For example, PHP sessions automatically save and restore objects.
* Serialization in PHP requires two functions namely - the serialize() and unserialize( ).
¢ Using serialize() method, resulting string is a binary representation of the object and therefore may
contain unprintable characters.
* Using unserialize() method, the string can be reconstituted back into an object.

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¢ The Serializable interface is used while performing serialization in PHP. It can be represented as
follows —
interface Serializable {
public function serialize();
public function unserialize($serialized);
}
« Programming Example :
<?php
$array|"a"]= "Archana";
$array|"b"] = "Rupali’;
$array['c"] = "Aishwarya";
$array["d"] = "Madhura";
print "<br/> <h3>Serializing the array...</h3>";
$str = serialize($array);
print $str . "\n";
print "<br/> <h3>UnSerializing the array...</h3>";
$arr = unserialize($str);
var_dump($arr);
2>
Output

/€3} localhost/php-examples/seria)

€) > @| © localhost/php-examples/serializeDemo.php Oe » =

Total number
f elements in String length of
o

sense 3s:1:"d";s:7:"Madhura";}
String element
UnSerializing the array...

array(4) { ['a"}-> string(7) "Archana" {"b"]-> string(6) "Rupali® ['c"]-> string(9)

"Aishwarya" ["d"]=> string(7) "Madhura" }

Application of Serialization
Various user request of the objects can be stored in serialized form and then at the next request the object
is deserialized to reestablish previous session. Thus using serialization and unserialization the states of
the requests-responses can be maintained.

Review Questions
1. Explain the concept of introspection with suitable PHP program.
2. What is serialization ? Explain it with suitable example.

Qo00
%
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 Creating and Validating Forms

Creating Web Page, GET and POST Methods, Server Role

Creating Web Page

The web page is created using following steps

Step 1: User creates a web page using form. Various form elements are placed on the form. The user can
make a request via web browser with the help of this web page.

Step 2 : The web server fulfills the request and sends back the response to the user in the same web browser.

Step 3 : Finally output is displayed in the browser.

GET and POST Methods

« There are two methods namely — GET and POST for passing the query strings from browser to server.
« Method GET is used to send the query which is less secure. Method POST is used to send more
secured data.

Difference between GET and POST Methods

Sr. No. GET Request POST Request

1. Parameters remain in browser history because they are Parameters are not saved in browser history.
part of the URL.

2. GET is less secure compared to POST because data sentis | POST isa little safer than GET because the
part of the URL. So it is saved in browser history and parameters are not stored in browser history or
server logs in plaintext. in web server logs.

3. This request can be cached. This requests are never cached.

4. This request can be bookmarked. This request can not be bookmarked.

5. GET method should not be used when sending passwords POST method used when sending passwords or
or other sensitive information. other sensitive information.

6. Only limited amount of information is sent using GET Large amount of information is sent using
request. POST request.

7 It is more efficient. Itis less efficient.

(4-1)
Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-2 Creating and Validating Forms

Working of GET and POST

¢ If we have a Input form on which there are some text boxes placed. The user fills up the information
within the text boxes and clicks the submit button. The information within the text boxes will then be
transmitted to the server via query string. This scenario can be represented by following figure -

Name: ABC

<form method="GET" action="MyPage.php"> <form method="POST" action="MyPage.php">

| GET MyPage.php?Name=ABC&Nationality=India http/1.1 POST MyPage.php HTTP/1.1

aN Date: Sat, 1 Sept, 2018, 23:58:58 GMT
Query String Host:www.myWebsite.com
HTTP
Header

Name=ABC&Nationality=India
ss
Query String

Fig. 4.1.1 Information processing by GET and POST methods

Using Query string the information is transmitted to the server.

Concept of Subglobal Array

* PHP is used for form handling. For that purpose the simple form can be designed in XHTML and the
values of the fields defined on the form can be transmitted to the PHP script using GET and POST
methods.
* For forms that are submitted via "GET" method, we can obtain the form via the $_GET array variable.

* For forms that are submitted via "POST" method, we can obtain the form via the $_POST array
variable.
* The $_GET and $_POST arrays are the most important superglobal variables in PHP since they allow
the programmer to access data sent by the client in a query string.
«It works as follows -

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 Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-3 Creating and Validating Forms

<form action="ProcessPg.php" method="GET">

HTML User: L< <input type="text"

=“text* name="usr"
="usr' / />

Document | Password <input type="text" name="pwd" />

(Client) | <input type="submit">
J </form>

Browser User :|Anuradha| Password: |password123 Submit Query

ot GET ProcessingPg.php?usr= Anuradha&pwd =password123

PHP //within file ProcessPg.php

Script echo $_GET[“usr”]; <— Outputs Anuradha
(Server) echo $_GET[“pwd"]; <— Outputs password123

[4.1.4] Server Role

The responsibilities of web server can be illustrated by enlisting following functionalities :
(1) The primary responsibility of web server is to respond to the requests made by the Web clients.
(2) It is responsible to HTTP connections.
(3) Web server manages permissions and access for certain resources.
(4) It is responsible for encrypting and compressing data.
(5) Web server manages multiple domains and URLs
(6) Itis handles database connections, cookies, states and uploading of files.
Apache and PHP
« PHP isa server-side language that can be directly installed as an Apache module. Refer Fig. 4.1.2.
Multi -threaded setup
Apache process

Tt Thread 1 Thread 2 Thread 3

Separate thread
within a process
handles request

Request1 Request2 Request 3

Separate eel
handles request

Apache Apache Apache

process process process

Multiprocess setup

Fig. 4.1.2 Multi-threaded vs multi-process

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-4 Creating and Validating Forms

* The PHP module mod_php5 is sometimes referred as Server Application Programming

Interface(SAPI). This layer handles the interaction between the PHP environment and web server
environment.
e Apache works in two modes -
o Multi-process or preforked
o Multi-threaded or worker
» In Multi-process mode -
© Basically the default installation of Apache is in multi-process mode in which each request is
handled using separate process.
oA fork is an activity in which operating system creates a copy of already running process.
o Forking is efficient in UNIX system but is slow in Windows OS.
o The main advantage of multi-process mode is that is process is separated from other process, hence
one process can’t affect other process.
¢ In multi-threaded mode -
o Each process runs multiple threads.
o A thread is basically a lightweight process intended to perform some task and it runs within an
operating system process. Refer Fig. 4.1.2.
o A thread uses less memory than a process and shares the memory of the belonging process.
o As consequence, the multi-threaded mode typically works better with large load.
Installation of Apache, PHP and MySQL

For installing Apache, PHP and MySQL an all in package like XAMPP/WAMPP is preferred.

Ex. 4.1.1 : Explain how can you create a web based application using XAMPP. Give all the steps required in
detail.
Sol. : XAMPP isa free distribution package that makes it easy to install Apache Web Server, MySQL,
PHP, PEAR. Here in XAMPP(The X stands for any OS) or WAMPP(the W stands for Windows OS).

Step 1: Go to the site https://www.apachefriends.org/index.html

Step 2: Click on Download XAMPP for Windows or Linux depending upon your operating system.

Step 3: When prompted for the download, click "Save" and wait for your download to finish.

Step 4: Install the program, and click on "Run." Accept default settings by clicking Next button. Finally you
will get installation completion message.

Step 5: On your drive, the XAMPP folder will be created. Click on xampp_start file, this will enable to start
Apache, MySQL and Tomcat start.

Step 6: The control panel for XAMPP will look like this

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-5 Creating and Validating Forms

XAMPP Control Panel v3.2.2

Modules
Service Module PID{s) Port(s) Actions
Apacne 1 20,443 [Stop||Admn | [ Config
|| Logs
MySQL 12082 3306 | stop | Admin Config || Logs
FeZita Start | emi | conta|| boos
Mercury Start Kamin) | config || Logs
Tomcat 9948 8007, 8009, 8080 | Stop | Admin || Config | Logs |
114547 AM [main] Initializing Control Panel a |
11.45.47 AM [main] Windows Version: Home 32-bit
114547.AM [main] | XAMPP Version: 5.5.30
1145.47 AM [main] Control Panel Version: 3.2.2 [ Compiled: Nov 12th 2015 ]
47 AM [main] You are not running with administrator rights! This will work for
11.45.47 AM [main] most application stuff but whenever you do something with services
41.4547AM [main] there will be a security dialogue or things will break! So think
1145.47 AM [main] about running this application with administrator rights!
1145.47 AM [main] XAMPP installation Directory: “c:\xampp\"
114547 AM [main] Checking for prerequisites
1146-00 AM [main] All prerequisites found
1146.00 AM [main] Initializing Modules
1146.01 AM [main] Enabling autostart for module "Apache"
1146.01 AM [main] Enabling autostart for module "MySQL"
[11-46-01 AM [main] Enabling autostart for module “Tomcat” ¥

Step 7: Write a PHP script and save it in C:\XAMPP\htdocs\php-examples folder by giving the filename
and extension as .php
Step 8 : Open the web browser and type http://localhost/php-examples/yourfilename.php
Step 9: The web application will be executed within your web browser.
For example
PHP Script[stringDemo1.php]
<?php
$s="I like PHP";
echo $s;
>

http://localhost/ph...les/stringDemol
php
¢ >
|) hittp://locathost/php-examples/stringDemol
php + | 8B - GoD}
Back — Forward

I like PHP

Review Questions
1. Explain the method of passing information via query strings.
2. What is $_GET and $_POST superglobal arrays ? Explain its working.
3. Write a short note on - Apache and PHP.
4. Explain PHP internals in brief.
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-6 Creating and Validating Forms

Form Controls
The HTML form is defined using the <form> element.
Typical component of forms are text, text area, checkboxes, radio buttons and push buttons.
HTML allows us to place these form components on the web page and send the desired information
to the destination server.
All these form contents appear in the <form> tag.
The form has an attribute action which gets executed when user clicks a button on the form.
Various attributes of form are —
Attribute Description
action It specifies the url where the form should be submitted.

method It specifies the HTTP methods such as GET, POST

name This attribute denotes the name of the form.

target It specifies the target of the address in the action attribute.

Let us learn various form components with the help of simple HTML documents.

Text Box

Text is typically required to place one line text. For example if you want to enter some name then it is
always preferred to have Text field on the form.
The text field can be set using
<input type="text" size="30" name ="username” value=" ">

The input type is text and the value of this text field is “ ” That means the blank text field is
displayed initially and we can enter the text of our choice into it. There is size parameter which
allows us to enter some size of the text field.
Some other parameters or attributes can be
o maxlength that allows us to enter the text of some maximum length.
© name indicates name of the text field.
o align denotes the alignment of the text in the text field. The alignment can be left, right, bottom
and top.
Programming Example

Step 1: Create a form in some HTML file as follows -

Input.html
<form action="hello.php” method="get”" >
Name: <input type="text” name="user"/>
<input type="submit” value="Submit"/>
</form>

Step 2 : Now the hello.php program can be as follows -

Hello.php
<?php
$name=$_GET["user'];
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-7 Creating and Validating Forms

echo "Hello, $name";

?>

Step 3 : Open the web browser and type the name of the HTML file created in step 1

[E) tocathost:8089/php-examples) X

(€)> FO © tocahosts009;, + O tr) »

Name: Ships] [Si

Click Submit button, and you can invoke the php file. It will display following message

® localhost:8089/php-examples)

(€) > @ OD @ bocalhostsos9, + U wr » |=

Hello, Shilpa

In above code, we can use $_POST instead of $_GET array.And when we use $_POST array in the PHP
script, the form method on HTML form must post. That means the form code in HTML form must be
<form action="hello.php” method="post" >

Text Area
Text field is a form component which allows us to enter single line text, what if we want to have multiple
line text ,then you must use textarea component.

Syntax
<textarea name=name_of_component rows="some_number” cols="some_number”></textarea>
Various parameters that can be set for the text area can be
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-8 Creating and Validating Forms

rows denotes total number of rows in the text area.

cols specifies total number of columns in the text area.
name denotes the name of the text area which can be utilized for handling that component for some
specific purpose.
Following example illustrate how to create an application that uses the textarea component in PHP.

Step 1:

Input.html
<form action="Info.php" method="get">
Enter your Feedback<br/>
<textarea name="feedback' rows="5" cols="50"></textarea>
<br/>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"/>
</form>

Step 2:

Info.php
<?php
$data=$_GET["feedback'];
echo "Your feedback is: <br/>".$data;
2?>

Output

) locathost:8089/php-examples x |+

€) > @ VO @® localhost:s08 -UNSs » =

a
Enter your Feedback
No doubt, it is a quality product

| Submit | v

Click Submit button, and PHP script will be invoked

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-9 Creating and Validating Forms

) localhost:8089/php-examples x |

€)> GO @ becalhost:308 -~UR »

Your feedback is:

No doubt, it is a quality product

dio Button
This form component is also use to indicate the selection from several choices.
Using input type=“radio” we can place radio button on the web page.
Syntax
<input type="radio" name="name" value="Value_in_number'>

This component allows us to make only one selection at a time.

We can create a group of some radio button component.
Programming Example

Step 1:
Input.html
<for rm action="Info.php" method="get">
Please Select your favorite fruit:<br/>
<input type="radio" name="fruit" value="Mango">Mango<br/>
<input type="radio" name=“fruit" value="Banana">Banana<br/>
<input type="radio" name= "fruit" value="Grapes">Grapes <br/>
<br/>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"/>
</form>

Step 2:
Info.php
<?php
$choice=$ GETT["fruit");
if(($choice!=null))
{
echo("My favorite fruit is: ".S$choice);

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-10 Creating and Validating Forms

©) locathost:8089/php-examples) X

(©) FO Otectnestsoss OF »
Please Select your favorite
fruit:

Click Submit button and the php page will be displayed as follows —

f localhost:8089/php-examples/

(© > GO @ localhost:8089 we Y ral >=

My favorite fruit is: Grapes

Check Box
¢ It is the simplest component which is used particularly when we want to make some selection from
several options.
¢ For having the checkbox we have to specify the input type as checkbox.
* Syntax
<input type="checkbox" name="name_of_option" value="value_in_number" checked="checked">Mango<br/>
+ If we want to get the checkbox displayed as checked then set checked="checked"
« Programming Example

chkDemo.php
<form action="#" method="post">
<h3> Enter your Favorite Programming Language:</h3>

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-11 Creating and Validating Forms

<input type="checkbox" name="check list[]" value="C/C + +">

<label>C/C+ + </label> <br/>
<input type="checkbox" name="check list[]" value="Java">
<label>Java</label> <br/>
<input type="checkbox" name="check _list[]" value="PHP">
<label>PHP</label>
<br/> <br/>

<input type="submit" name="“submit" value="Submit"/>

<br/>
</form>
<?php
if(isset($_POST['submit']))//to ran PHP script on submit
{
echo "<h4> You have selected... </h4>";
if(lempty($_POST|'check _list'])
{
// Loop to store and display values of individual checked checkbox.
foreach($_POST|'check
list'] as $selected)
{
echo $selected."</br>";
}
}
}
?>

€)> @ {OU © localhost:808 —~OW » =

Enter your Favorite Programming Language:

O crc++
M Java
M PHP

| Submit

You have selected...

Java
PHP

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-12 Creating and Validating Forms

List
PHP allows us to have List on the web page so that the desired selection can be made.
The parameter select is for the List component and option parameter is for setting the values to the
options of the list.

Syntax
<select name="... ">
<option value=" ">label</option>
<option value: “">Jabel</option>

<option value= >label</option>

</select>

Following example shows how to make use of list in PHP

ListDemo.php
<form action="#" method="post">
<h3> Select your Favorite Programming Language:</h3>

<h4>(Press ctrl+click for multiple selection)</h4>

<select name="Language[]" multiple >//initializing name with array
<option value="C/C+ +">C/C++</option>
<option value="C#">C#</option>
<option value="Java">Java</option>
<option value="PHP">PHP</option>
<option value="Python">Python</option>
</select>
<br/> <br/>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit"/>
<br/>
</form>
<?php
if(isset($_POST['submit']))//to run PHP script on submit
{
echo "<h4> You have selected... </h4>";

foreach($_POST|'Language’] as $selected)
{
echo $selected."</br>";

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-13 Creating and Validating Forms

Output

(2) locathost:8089/php-examples x | +

€)> @ VO @ ocaihost:s08 —~OW »

Select your Favorite Programming Language:

(Press ctrl+click for multiple selection)

C/C++ A
ct
Java
PHP: v

Submit |

You have selected...

CiC++
Java
Python

Button
We can create the button using <input type ="submit'>
Various parameters of submit button are
1) name denotes the name of the submit button.
2) value is for writing some text on the text on the button.

ButtonDemo.php
<form action="#" method="post">
<h3> Login Form</h3>
User Name:<input type="text" name="username"/>
<br/> <br/>
Password: <input type="password" name="password'/>
<br/> <br/>
<input type="submit" name= "submit" value="Submit'/>
<br/>
</form>
<?php
if(isset($_POST['submit']))//to run PHP script on submit
{
echo "<h3> Welcome user: ".$_ POST['username']."</h3>";

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-14 Creating and Validating Forms

@ localhost:8089/php-examples x | +
€) > @ |O © bocalhostsos: -UNW!» =

Login Form

User Nameffanh —_}

Password {seessees ]
| Submit |

Welcome user: Parth

Examples Based on Form Controls

Ex. 4.2.1: Create HTML form with one textbox to get user’s name. Also write PHP code to show length of entered
name when, the HTML form is submitted.
Sol.: Step 1 : The HTML form can be created as follows
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head> <title> HTML-PHP DEMO</title>
</head>
<body>
<form method="post" action="http://localhost/getdata.php">
Name: <input type="text" name="myname" size="20"/>
<br/>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>

</body>
</html>
Step 2: The PHP script to display the length of submitted name is as written below
<?php

print "The name is: ";

print $ POST["myname'];
$len= strlen($_POST['myname'});
print "<br/> The length of name is: ";
print $len;
2>

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-15 Creating and Validating Forms

Output

= Oo x
HTML-PHP DEMO x +

€ > © file ¢ >» =

Name: |chitra

— o x
localhost/php-exs <=

€ @® localh: @

The name is: Chitra

The length of name is: 6

Ex. 4.2.2: Create HTML form to enter one number. Write PHP code to display the message about number is odd or
even.

Sol.:
Step 1: The HTML form for accepting number is created as below -
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html >
<head> <title> HTML-PHP DEMO</title>
</head>
<body>
<form method="post" action="http://localhost/getdata.php">
Enter Number: <input type="text" name="mynum" size="5"/>
<br/>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Step 2 : The PHP script deciding whether the number is even or odd is as given below -
<?php
print "The number is: ";
print $_POST['mynum'];
$a= $_POST["mynum"];
if($a%2==1)
print "<br/> The number is odd *;
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-16 Creating and Validating Forms

else
print "<br/> The number is even ";
?>
Output

- o x
HTML-PHP DEMO x +

€ > © fie @ Search >» =

Enter Number: |10

submit

— Oo x
[ localhost/php-exs Xe

€ localho ¢ » =

The number is: 10

The number is even

Ex. 4.2.3 : Create a form containing information Sr.no, title of the book, publishers, quantity, price read the data
from the form and display it using PHP script.
Sol.: Step 1 : Create an HTML page for inputting the data. Following is the code for HTML script .
HTML Document{input.html]
<Idoctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
<html>
<head>
<title> Book Order Form </title>
</head>
<body>
<h3> Enter the Book Data </h3>
<form method="post" action="http://localhost/php-examples/formdemo.php">
<table>
<tr>
<td> Sr.No. </td>
<td><input type="text" name="SLNo"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Book name</td>
<td><input type="text" name="BName"> </td>

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-17 Creating and Validating Forms

</tr>
<tr>
<td>Publisher</td>
<td><input type="text" name="PUBName'> </td>
</tr>
<u>
<td> Price</td>
<td><input type="text" name="Price"> </td>
</tr>

<td> Quantity</td>
<td><input type="text" name="Oty"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>

<td><input type="submit" value="Submit"> </td>

<td><input type="submit" value="Clear"> </td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Step 2 : Create a PHP script which will read out the data entered by the user using HTML form. The
code is as follows -
PHP Document[formdemo.php]
<html>
<head>
<title> Book Information</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php

$BName=$_POST["BName'];
$PUBName=$_POST|"PUBName'];
$Price=$_POST|'Price'];
$Qty=$_POSTI'Aty'|;
>
<center>
<h3> Book Data </h3>
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>Book name</th>
<th>Publisher</th>
<th>Price</th>
<th>Quantity</th>
</tr>
<u>
<td> <?php print ("$BName"); ?> </td>
<td> <?php print ("$PUBName"); ?> </td>
<td> <?php printf("%3.2f',$Price); 7></td>

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-18 Creating and Validating Forms

<td> <?php printf("%d",$Oty); 27> </td>

</tr>
</table>
</center>
</body>
</html>
Step 3 : Open some suitable web browser and enter the address for the HTML file which you have
created in step 1.

File Est View History Bookmarks Tools Help

| Deak order Form Le) >
¢ >» GB) hitevNocathost phi -e
Back Forward

Enter the Book Data

StNo. 10
Book name Sofware Engineering
Publisher Technical Publications
Price 250
Quantity 10
Submit)
{ Clear)

Now click on the Submit button and the PHP file will be invoked. The output will then be as follows -
MaMa.eee)
File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help
[Elscckintomition = :

Ex. 4.2.4: Write a PHP program to accept a positive integer ‘N’ through a HTML form and to display the sum of
all the numbers from 1 to N.
Sol. :
<html>
<head>
<title> PHP Demo </title>
</head>
<body>
<form method="post">
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-19 Creating and Validating Forms

<input type="text" name="num"/>

<input type="submit" value="Submit'/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
<?php
//getting values from HTML form
$n = intval($_POST|'num'));
$sum=0;
for($i=1;$i< =$n;$i+ +)
$sum=$sum
+ $i;
echo "The sum of all numbers from 1 to ".$n." is ".$sum;

Output

PHP Demo x +

€ ® localh ¢ »

10 Submit

The sum of all numbers from 1 to 10 is 55

Review Question
1. Explain date and time control in HTMLS with necessary illustrations.

Working with Multiple Forms

A Web Page Having Many Forms

In some web applications, we can have multiple forms in a single PHP document. Following program
shows how to handle the requests from multiple forms.
ManyFormDemo.php
<form method="post">
<h3> Personal Information Form</h3>
User Name: <input type="text" name="username"/>
<br/> <br/>
Address: <input type="text" name="address'/>
<br/> <br/>
<input type="submit" name="submit_personal_info" value="Submit"/>
<br/>
</form>
<form method="post">
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Web Based Application Development with PHP 4-20 Creating and Validating Forms
<h3> Feedback Form</h3>
<textarea name= "feedback" rows="5" cols="50"> </textarea>
<br/>
<input type="submit" name="submit_feedback" value="Submit Feedback'/>
</form>

<?php
if(!empty($_POST['submit_personal_info’]))

echo "<h3> Welcome user: ".$_POST|'usemame']."</h3>";

i
if(lempty($_POST['submit_feedback’]))

echo "<h3> We value your feedback: </h3>";

echo "Your feedback is<br/>".$_POST|"feedback"};

Output
(on Submitting Personal_info form)

[&) localhost:8089/php-examples) X +

€)> GS VD @® locathost:a¢ -~UN >» =

Personal Information Form

Step 1: Enter
User Namefanand | «| _‘finformattic
formation in

Adaress{fune | Rextbox fields

[Sane +—_. tephis Submit
2: Then Click
button
Feedback Form

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 Database Operations

[5.1] Introduction to MySQL

MYSQL is a open source database product and can be downloaded from the web site
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql.
MYSQL is a kind of database in which the records are stored in an entity called tables.
In the tables the data is arranged in the rows and columns.
We can query a database to retrieve particular information. Query is a request or a question for the
database. There is a common practice of making use of structured query language(SQL).
Advantages of PHP-MySQL
PHP is a server side scripting language and it has an ability to create dynamic pages with customized
features. Using PHP-MySQL user friendly and interactive web sites can be created.
Both PHP and MySQL are open-source technologies that work hand-in-hand to create rich internet
applications. The purchased code provides you the encrypted source code to prevent replication or
modification, whereas open-source programs encourage users to utilize, scrutinize and customize the
code.
Due to availability of these technologies as free of cost, the cost effective web solutions can be created.
PHP-MySQL are stable technologies and have cross platform compatibility. Hence the web
application developed using these technologies become portable.
Since HTML can be embedded within the PHP, there is no need to write separate code for web-
scripting.
Open-source coding has been checked and doubled checked by thousands or even millions of people
around the world. Hence one can built the reliable web application using these technologies.
The most popular web sites being developed using PHP and MySQL technologies
are -
1. Facebook 2. WordPress
3. Wikipedia 4. Yahoo

Handling MySQL Queries

After installing MySQL or XAMPP, we can use MySql prompt for submitting the SQL queries. With the
help of SQL queries we can create database, insert data to database, update or delete data from the
database.

We can get the command prompt for MySQL by executing mysql.exe file present in MySQL folder. As I
have installed XAMPP, I could locate MySQL folder as

6-1)
Web Based Application Development with PHP 5-2 Database Operations

t > ThisPC >» Local Disk (C:) > xampp » mysql > bin vod Searchbin

Name ° Date modified Type Size]

(5) aria_chk 15-Oct-15 2:13 PM Application

(1) aria_dump_log 15-Oct-15 2:13 PM Application
[© aria_ftdump 15-Oct-15 2:12 PM Application
[| aria_pack 15-Oct-15 2:13 PM Application
(| aria_read_log 15-Oct-15 2:13 PM Application
[| echo 15-Oct-15 2:15 PM Application
OE) innochecksum 15-Oct-15 2:15 PM Application
&) my 30-Nov-15 1:32 PM Configuration sett...
(| my_print_defaults 15-Oct-15 2:15 PM Application
[E| myisam_ftdump 15-Oct-15 2:13 PM Application
[© myisamchk 15-Oct-15 2:13 PM Application
[=] myisamlog 15-Oct-15 2:13 PM Application
(=) myisampack 15-Oct-15 2:13 PM Application
[=] mysql 15-Oct-15 2:14 PM Application
(©) mysql_client_test 15-Oct-15 2:08 PM Application
(=) mysql_client_test_embedded 15-Oct-15 2:18 PM Application

Just double click the mysql.exe file and you will get the command prompt mysql>
Following are the illustrations that help us to perform various operations on database using MySQL
queries.

1. Creating database
mysql> CREATE DATABASE mydb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.15 sec)

2. Displaying all the databases

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

|mysql |
| students |
| test |
qe
4 rows in set (0.06 sec)

3. Selecting particular database

mysql> USE MYDB;
Database changed

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Web Based Application Development with PHP Database Operations

or
w
4. Creating table
We must create a table inside a database hence it is a common practice to use create table command after
USE database command. While creating a table we must specify the table fields.
mysql> CREATE TABLE my_table(id INT(4),.name VARCHAR(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)

5. Displaying a table
After creating the table using SHOW command we can see all the existing tables in the current database.
mysql> SHOW TABLES;

| Tables_in_mydb |
pannncenecenenennenennnne +
| my_table |
+-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

6. Displaying the table fields

For knowing the various fields of the table we may use following command
mysql> DESCRIBE my table;
spaceemees -paaaremaeran of easa iae deem dieasacaeae Posessuscad:
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
eposccmcas pfeoseceascecnecs cca fpmccra ceca acaan +
Jia | int(4) |YES | | NULL | |
| mame | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
a a a — a speccemnee
2 rows in set (0.07 sec)

7. Inserting values into the table

We can insert only one complete record at a time. It is as shown below -
mysql> INSERT INTO my_table
-> VALUES(1,'SHILPA’);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

8. Displaying the contents of the table

mysql> SELECT * FROM my table;
sp eceeesttoorwsers +
| id |name |
pases eoieccnesics +
| 1 | SHILPA |
patie +
1 row in set (0.06 sec)

We can also write SELECT statement for selecting particular row by specifying some condition such as -
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table where id=1;
or
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table where name='SHILPA’;
Thus we can insert the rows into the table by repeatedly giving the INSERT command.

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 5-4 Database Operations

If we want to get the records in sorted manner then we use ORDER BY clause

mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table;

spaneeean facennnnnnennnne +
| id | name
+-
1 | SHILPA
| 2 |SUPRIYA |
3 | YOGESH |
| 4 | MONIKA |
pa pan +
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM my
_ table ORDER BY name;

| id |name |
ne +
| 4 | MONIKA |
| 1|SHILPA |
| 2 | SUPRIYA |
| 3 | YOGESH |
+ ah anna nnnnnne +
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

9. Updating the record

For updating the record in the database following command can be used -
mysql> UPDATE my table
-> SET name='PRIYANKA'
-> WHERE id=4;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT * FROM my table;
+-
| id | name |

| 1|SHILPA |
| 2|SUPRIYA |
| 3| YOGESH |
| 4| PRIYANKA |
shana haan +
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

10. Deleting record

For deleting particular record from a database
mysql> DELETE FROM my_table
-> WHERE id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

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 Web Based Application Development with PHP 5-5 Database Operations
Then use SELECT statement for displaying the contents of the table we use following command
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table;

| 1|SHILPA |
| 2 | SUPRIYA |
| 4 | PRIYANKA |
-+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

11. For deleting the table

The table can be deleted using the command
mysql>drop table my_table;

Review Questions
1. Explain the benefits of PHP and MySQL.

[5.2] Connecting to MySQL Database

* MYSQL isa kind of database in which the records are stored in an entity called tables.
¢ In the tables the data is arranged in the rows and columns. We can query a database to retrieve
particular information. Query is a request or a question for the database. There is a common practice
of making use of structured query language (SQL).
+ The PHP function mysql_connect connects to the MYSQL server. There are three parameters that can
be passed to this function. For example —
mysql_connect("localhost", "root", "mypassword") or die(mysql_error());

MYSQL is running
Low
Local host on which the Password

¢ The database can be selected by using the command mysqlI_select_db.

For example
mysql_select_db('test")
will select the database named test.

1. Creation of Database
+ We can create a database using the function mysql_query. The mysql_error() function is used to
obtain the error messages if any command gets failed.
* mysql_query function in php is used to pass a sql query to mysql database.

Syntax
mysql_query ( string query |, resource link _identifier])
This function returns the query handle for SELECT queries, TRUE/FALSE for other queries, or FALSE on
failure.

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Web Based Application Development with PHP 5-6 Database Operations

Example
mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE mydb",$conn)

* The mysql_connect() function Open a connection to a MySQL Server.

Syntax
mysql_connect ( string server , string username , string password)
Returns a MySQL link identifier on success, or FALSE on failure.

Example
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost ","root',"mypassword");
* The mysql_close() function is used to close the database connection.

Syntax
mysql_close (Connection)

PHP Example For Creating Database

<?php

// Make a MySQL Connection

$conn=mysql_connect("localhost ","root","mypassword");
if(!$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection'.mysql_error());
}
//Create a database
if(mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE mydb' $conn))
{
print “Database created";
}
else
{
print “Error creating database :". mysql_error();

}
mysql_close($conn); //closing the database
?>

2. Selecting Database
The database can be selected using the function mysql_select_db().

Syntax
mysql_select_db ( string database_name [, resource link identifier])

Where
mysql_select_db() attempts to select existing database on the server associated with the specified link
identifier. It returns TRUE on success, or FALSE on failure.

For example -
<?php
// Make a MySOL Connection

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$conn=mysql_connect("localhost :3306/mydb ","root","mypassword");

if(i$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection'.mysql_error());
}
//Select a database
mysql_select_db("mydb", Sconn);
mysql_close($conn); //closing the database
>

3. Creation of Table
Before creating the table a database must be created and within which the table can be created. Note that
before creating a table the desired database must be selected.
<?php
// Make a MySQL Connection
um oo
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost ,"root","mypassword");
if(!$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection’.mysql_error());
}
//Create a database
if(mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE mydb',$conn))
{
print “Database created";

}
else
{
print “Error creating database :". mysql_error();
}
mysql_select_db(“mydb",$conn); //before creating table select the database
$query="CREATE TABLE my_table
(
id INT(4),
name VARCHAR(20)

a
mysql_query($query,$conn);//Execution of Query

mysql_close($conn); //closing the database

2>

3] Insertion of Data, Retrieve Query Result

1. Insertion of Data
For inserting a data into the table we use the INSERT query. For example
$query=" INSERT INTO my_table (idname) VALUES(1,'SHILPA’)";
mysql_query($query,$conn);//Execution of Query

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Here is a PHP script in which insert query is used to insert two records in the table
<?php
// Make a MySQL Connection
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost","root","mypassword");
if('$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection’.mysql_error());

}
mysql_select_db(“mydb",$conn); //select the database
$query=" INSERT INTO my_table (idmame) VALUES(1,'SHILPA’)";
mysql_query($query,$conn);//Execution of Query
$query=" INSERT INTO my_table (idmame) VALUES(2,'MONIKA)”;
mysql_query($query,$conn);//Execution of Query

mysql_close($conn); //closing the database

2>

Sometimes values that can be inserted in the table can be obtained from some another script and these
values might be present in the variables. Insertion of such data can be done using $_POST variables. It is
as shown below -
<?php

// Make a MySQL Connection

$conn=mysql_connect("localhost","root","mypassword');
if(!$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection'.mysq]l_error());
}
mysql_select_db(“mydb" ,$conn); //select the database
$query=" INSERT INTO my_table (id,;name)
VALUES(‘$_POST[MylID]’,'$_POST[MyName]’)";
mysql_query($query,$conn);//Execution of Query

mysql_close($conn); //closing the database

2>

2. Retrieving the Query Result

For displaying the records present in the database table, we use SELECT query. For example
//Execution of Query for displaying the data
$result=mysql_query( "SELECT * FROM my_table”);

The above execution returns a result handle. Then The mysq]_fetch_array() is used to retrieve a row of
data as an array from a MySQL result handle.

Purpose of mysql_fetch_array() : The mysql_fetch_array() is used to retrieve a row of data as an array

from a MySQL result handle.

Syntax :
mysql_fetch_array(result, result_type)

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PHP Script for Displaying records
<?php
// Make a MySQL Connection
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost ","root","mypassword");
if('$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection’.mysql_error());

}
mysql_select_db(“mydb",$conn); //select the database
//Execution of Query for displaying the data
$result=mysql_query("SELECT * FROM my table”);
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row|'id'] ."". $row[‘name’]; //Each record will be displayed
/fline by line
echo "<br />";
}
mysql_close($conn); //closing the database
>

3. Counting Number of Rows in Table

The number of rows present in the database table can be obtained using mysql_num_rows function.

Syntax
int mysql_num_rows ( resource $result )

This returns number of rows in result on success, or NULL on error.

Example
<?php
// Make a MySQL Connection
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost :3306/mydb ","root","mypassword');
if(!$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection'.mysq]l_error());
}
//Select a database
mysql_select_db("mydb", $conn);
Snum_rows = mysql_num_rows(Sresult);
//Print number of rows
echo "Total number of rows are $num_rows";
mysql_close($conn); //closing the database
2?>

4, Counting Number of Fields in Table

The mysql_num_fields() is used to get number of fields of the table.

Syntax
mysql_num_fields(resource_name)

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It returns the number of fields present in the resource and false on failure

Example
<?php
// Make a MySQL Connection
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost:3306/mydb , root","mypasswora");
if(!$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection'.mysql_error());

}
//Select a database
mysql_select_db("mydb", $conn);
$result = mysql_query("select id;mame from my_table where id = '1' ");
echo mysql num _fields($result); // since two fields are fetched, returns 2
a>

Review Questions
1. Explain with PHP code, how to connect to a database ?

2. Write a PHP code to retrieve data from database.

Update and Delete Operations on Table Data

1. Updating Data From Table

We can update data from the database using UPDATE query.
<?php
// Make a MySQL Connection
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost","root","mypassword');
if(!$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection'.mysq]l_error());
}
mysql_select_db(“mydb"
$conn); //select the database
$query="UPDATE mytable SET phone='55555' WHERE phone='22222",
mysql_query($query,$conn);//Execution of Query
mysql_close($conn); //closing the database
2>

2. Deleting Data From Table

We can delete the values from the database using the DELETE query

For example
<?php
// Make a MySQL Connection
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost' ,‘root","mypasswora");
if(!$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection’.mysql_error());

}
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mysql_select_db(“mydb” ,$conn); //select the database

$query=" DELETE FROM my_table WHERE id=1";
mysql_query($query,$conn);//Execution of Query
mysql_close($conn); //closing the database
?>

Similarly we can delete a database using the query DROP.

For example —
<?php

// Make a MySQL Connection

$conn=mysql_connect("localhost , root","mypasswora’");
if(!$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection'.mysql_ error());
}
mysql_select_db(“mydb" ,$conn); //select the database
$query=" DROP DATABASE mydb”;
mysql_query($query,$conn);//Execution of Query
mysql_close($conn); //closing the database
>

Review Questions
1. Write a PHP program to update the database.
2. How will you delete record from database using PHP program ?

Es] Programming Examples using PHP-MYSQL

Ex 5.5.1: Write a PHP script to create a new database table with 4 fields of your choice and perform following
database operations. i) Insert ii) Update iii) Delete

Sol.: We will create a table in the database test. The name of the table is mytable. Then we will insert the record
into the table using the INSERT command, update particular field of the record using the command UPDATE and
Delete the record using the command DELETE.
The PHP script is as fo llows -

PHP Document[DBDemo.php]
<?php

// Make a MySQL Connection

mysql_connect("localhost", "root", "mypassword") or die(mysql_error());
mysql select_db("test") or die(mysql_error());
echo "Connected to database!";
mysql_query("CREATE TABLE mytable(id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY(id), name
VARCHAR(30),
phone INT,emailld VARCHAR(30))")
or die(mysql_error());

print "<br/>";
echo "Table Created!";

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// Insert a row of information into the table “example”

mysql_query("INSERT INTO mytable
(name, phone,emailld) VALUES(‘Priyanka’, '11111','[email protected]' ) ")
or die(mysql_error());

mysql_query("INSERT INTO mytable

(name, phone,emailld) VALUES(‘Kumar’, '22222',\[email protected]' )")
or die(mysql_error());

mysql_query("INSERT INTO mytable

(name, phone,emailld) VALUES(‘Archana’, '33333','[email protected]’ ) ")
or die(mysql_error());
print "<br/>";
echo “Data Inserted!";
$result =mysql_query("SELECT * FROM mytable')
or die(mysql_error());
print "<br/>";
print "<b>User Database</b>";
echo "<table border="1'>";
echo “<tr><th>ID</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Phone</th><th>Email-ID</th> </tr>";
while($row = mysql_fetch_array( $result ))
{
// Print out the contents of each row into a table
echo "<tr><td>";

echo $row|'id'];
echo "</td> <td>";
echo $row[‘name]};
echo "</td> <td>";
echo $row['phone');
echo "</td> <td>";
echo $row|‘emailld’];
echo "</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
$result = mysql_query("UPDATE mytable SET phone='55555' WHERE phone ='22222")
or die(mysql_error());

print "<br/>";
echo "Data Updated!";
$result =mysql_query("SELECT * FROM mytable")
or die(mysql_error());
print "<br/>";
print “<b>User Database</b>";
echo "<table border='1'>";
echo "<tr><th>ID</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Phone</th><th>Email-ID</th> </tr>";
while($row = mysql_fetch_array( $result ))
{
// Print out the contents of each row into a table
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echo "<tr><td>";

echo $row|'id'];
echo "</td> <td>";
echo $row['name'];
echo "</td> <td>";
echo $row|'phone’);
echo "</td><td>";
echo $row|['emailld'];
echo "</td></tr>";

}
echo "</table>";

$result = mysql_query("DELETE FROM mytable WHERE phone='33333")

or die(mysql_error());
print "<br/>";
echo “Data Deleted!";
$result =mysql_query("SELECT * FROM mytable")
or die(mysql_error());
print "<br/>";
print "<b>User Database</b>";
echo "<table border='1'>";
echo "<tr><th>ID</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Phone</th><th>Email-ID</th> </tr>";
while($row = mysql_fetch_array( $result ))
{
// Print out the contents of each row into a table
echo "<tr><td>";
echo $row|'id');
echo "</td> <td>";
echo $row|'‘name'];
echo "</td><td>";
echo $row|'phone’});
echo "</td><td>";
echo $row[‘emailld'];
echo "</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
?>

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Output

(@ Meta Feet
Ble £48 View History Bookmats Toots Help
Girma. nocamorp-sampley080¢me-pro| +|
shes soe |(E
+
tee n a
‘Connected to database!
‘Table Created!
Data Inserted!
User Database
ID Name Phose — EmailID
1 Priyanka11111 labe123@gmad com
2 Kumar [22222 |pqrll @yahoo com
3 [Archana [33333 xya@rediffinad
com
Data Updated!
User Database
ID Name Phose — Email-ID
1 Priyanka/11111 labe123}@gmalcom
2 (Kumar {55555 [email protected]
3. Archana [33333 xyz @rediffinal
com
Data Deleted!
User Database
ID Name Phose| Email ID
1 Priyanka/11111 labe123@emaacom
2 [Kumar [55555 jpqrl1@
yahoo com

Ex. 5.5.2: Create a HTML form “result.html” with a text box and a submit button to accept registration number of
the student. Write a “result.php” code to check the status of the result from the table to display whether the
student has “PASS” or “FAIL” status. Assume that the MYSQL database “my_db” has the table “result_table” with
two columns REG_NO and STATUS. Also write a PHP program to delete a record from result_table.

Sol. :
Step1: Create a database named my_db. Create a table result_table for this database and insert the
values in this table. The table is created as follows —
REG_NO STATUS
101 PASS
102 FAIL
103 PASS
104 FAIL
105 PASS

Step 2: Create an HTML form to accept the registration number, the HTML document is as follows —
result.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title> STUDENT RESULT </title>
</head>
<body>
<form name="myform" method="post" action="http://localhost/php-examples/result.php" >
<input type="text" name="reg_no"/>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"/>
</form>

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</body>
</html>

Step 3: Create a PHP script to accept the registration number. This php script will connect to MYSQL
database and the status(PASS or FAIL) of the corresponding registration number will be displayed.

result.php
<?php
// Make a MySOL Connection
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost","root","");
if(!$conn)
5!
die(‘error in connection'.mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db",$conn); //select the database
//Execution of Query for displaying the data
$reg_no = intval($_POST|'reg_no']);

$result=mysql_query("SELECT REG_NO,STATUS FROM result_table where REG_NO=$reg_no");

while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row|'REG_NO] . "is". $row['STATUS];
echo "<br />";
}
mysql_close($conn); //closing the database
?>

Step4: Load the HTML form created in Step 2 and click the submit button by entering some
registration number.

STUDENT RESULT <x

€ > © fie ¢ »

[105 | | Submit

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= o xX
localhost/php-exe, X

€ © localho SQ Search >» =

105 is PASS

Step 5 : Deletion of record when user submits the registration number.

<?php
// Make a MySQL Connection
$conn=mysql_connect("localhost yroot",");
if('$conn)
{
die(‘error in connection'.mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db",$conn); //select the database
//Execution of Query for displaying the data
$reg_no = intval($_POST['reg_no']);

$result=mysql_query("DELETE FROM result_table where REG_NO=$reg_no");

while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))

{
echo $row|'REG_NO|] ."is". $row['STATUS]]; //Each record will be displayed
/fine by line
echo "<br />";
}

mysql_close($conn); //closing the database

>

Ex. 5.5.3 : Write a user defined function ‘Calculatelnterest’ using PHP to find the simple interest to be paid for a
loan amount. Read the loan amount, the number of years and rate of interest from a database table called
LOANDETAILS having three fields AMT, YEARS, and RATE, and Calculate the interest using the user defined
function.

Sol. :
Step1: Create a database table named LOANDETAILS having three fields AMT, YEARS and RATE.
Insert the values in it. The sample table will be as follows —
AMT YEARS RATE
10000 5 69

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