Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 1

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 2

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▪
▪
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Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 3

◼

◼ 𝑃𝑛 𝑥

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 4

◼

𝑃𝑛 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑝𝑛 (𝑥) < 𝑒

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 5

◼ It is applicable when two data points are given
◼ Consider:

◼ The slope of the straight line passing through the two

points is
f ( x0 ) − f ( x1 )
m=
x0 − x1

◼ Thus, the function that relates the two points can be

written as
f ( x0 ) − f ( x1 )
f 1 ( x) = ( x − x0 ) + f ( x0 )
x0 − x1

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 6

◼

◼ 𝑓 𝑥0 &𝑓 𝑥1
𝑓 𝑥0 = 𝑒 𝑥0 = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑒 𝑥1 = 𝑒 1 = 𝑒

f ( x0 ) − f ( x1 )
f 1 ( x) = ( x − x0 ) + f ( x0 )
x0 − x1

1− e
f1 ( x) = ( x − 0) + 1 = (e − 1) x + 1
0 −1

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 7

◼

Pn ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x +  + an x
2 n

a 0 + a1 x1 + a 2 x1 2 +  + a n x1 n = y1

 0 + + + + n 2 = y2
2 n
a a x a x  a x

1 2 2 2

    
a + a x + a x 2 +  + a x n = y
 0 1 n 2 n n n n

Chapter 4|
Interpolation and Approximation 8
◼

1 x1 x12 x13 x1n   a0   y1 

 2 3 n 
  y 
 2 2 2
1 x x x x2   1   2 
a
   =  
    
1 xn xn2 xn3 xnn   an   yn 
◼

◼ Find an approximate quadratic function for

X 0 1 2
Y 2 3 6

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 9

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1 0 0  a 0  2
1 1 1  a  = 3 
  1   
1 2 4 a 2  6 
▪

▪ 𝑎0 = 2, 𝑎1 =
0 & 𝑎2 = 1
▪

P2 ( x ) = x + 22

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 10

▪

n
p n ( x ) =  y i Li ( x )
i =0

▪
n x − xj
Li ( x ) = 
j =0 xi − x j
j i

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 11

◼

𝑝2 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2
◼ 𝑎0 𝑎1 𝑎2
2
p2 ( x) =  yi Li ( x) = y0 L0 + y1 L1 + y2 L2
i =0

◼
Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 12
◼
2 x − xj x − x1 x − x2 x −4 x −5 x 2 − 9 x + 20
L0 ( x) =  =( )( )=( )( )=
j =1 x0 − x j x0 − x1 x0 − x2 3 − 4 3 − 5 2
j 0

2 x − xj x − x0 x − x2 x −3 x −5
L1 ( x) =  =( )( )=( )( ) = − x 2 + 8 x − 15
j =0 x1 − x j x1 − x0 x1 − x2 4−3 4−5
j 1

2 x − xj x − x0 x − x1 x −3 x −4 − x 2 + 7 x − 12
L2 ( x) =  =( )( )=( )( )=
x
j =0 2 − x j x2 − x0 x2 − x1 5 − 3 5 − 4 2
j2

𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 20 2
−𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 12
𝑝2 𝑥 = 1 + 2 −𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 15 + 4( )
2 2

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 13

◼

𝑝2 𝑥 = −29 + 25.5𝑥 − 3.5𝑥 2

𝑎0 = −29, 𝑎1 = 25.5 𝑎2 = −3.5

◼

X 0 1 2
Y 2 3 6

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 14

◼

Pn ( x) = a0 + ( x − x0 )a1 + ( x − x0 )( x − x1 )a2 + + ( x − x0 )( x − x1 ) ( x − xn −1 )an

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 15

◼
a 0 = f ( x0 )

a = f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
f [ x1 , x0 ] =
 1 x1 − x0

 f [ x 2 , x1 ] − f [ x1 , x0 ]
a 2 = f [ x 2 , x1 , x0 ] =
 x 2 − x0


a = f [ x n , x n −1 ,  , x1 ] − f [ x n −1 , x n − 2 , , x0 ]
 n f [ x n , x n −1 , , x0 ] =
 xn − x0

f ( xi ) − f ( x j )
f [ xi , x j ] =
xi − x j

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 16

◼

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 17

◼

X 0 1 2
Y 2 3 6

P2 ( x) = a0 + ( x − x0 )a1 + ( x − x0 )( x − x1 )a 2

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 18

◼



a 0 = f ( x 0 ) = 2
 f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
a1 = f [ x1 , x0 ] = =1
 x1 − x0
 f [ x 2 , x1 ] − f [ x1 , x0 ] 3 − 1
a 2 = f [ x 2 , x1 , x0 ] = = =1
 x 2 − x0 2

P2 ( x) = 2 + ( x − 0) + ( x − 0)( x − 1) = x 2 + 2

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 19

◼

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 20

◼

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 21

◼

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 22

◼ 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝑥2 , 𝑦2

𝑖 𝑡ℎ (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ) (𝑥𝑖+1 , 𝑦𝑖+1 )

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 23

◼

X 8 11 15 18

Y 5 9 10 8

𝑓1 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 6, 5 & (11, 9)

𝑓2 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 11, 9 & (15, 10)
𝑓2 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 15, 10 & (18, 8)
Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 24
◼

◼ 𝑦 𝑥 = 12.7 𝑓2 (𝑥)

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 25

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Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 26

◼

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 27

◼

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), . . . , (𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 )

◼

𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑒
𝑎0 𝑎1 𝑒
◼

𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑦 − 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 𝑥

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 28

◼

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 29

◼

𝑠𝑟
Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 30
◼

◼ σ 𝑎0 = 𝑛𝑎𝑜

◼ 𝑎0 𝑎1

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 31

◼

𝒙𝒊 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑦𝑖 0.5 2.5 2 4 3.5 6 5.5
◼

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 32

◼
n
S r =  ( yi − a0 − a1 xi − a2 xi2 − − an xin ) 2
i =0

◼
𝑆𝑟
 S n

 a =  − 2( y i − a 0 − a1 xi − a 2 xi2 −  − a n xin ) = 0
 0 i =0

 S n

 =  − 2( y − a 0 − a1 xi − a 2 xi2 −  − a n xin )xi = 0

 a1
i
i =0


 S n

 =  − 2( y − a 0 − a1 x i − a 2 xi2 −  − a n xin )xi2 = 0

 a 2
i
i =0
 

 S
n

 a =  − 2( y
i =0
i − a 0 − a1 xi − a 2 xi2 −  − a n xin )xin = 0
 n



Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 33

◼

 n n n
  n 
n + 1 x x i
2
i  n
i x   a   i  y
 i =0 i =0 i =0
  0   i =1 
 n n n n
  a1   n 
  xi x x    a  =  i i 
2 3 n +1
i i x i x y
 i =0 i =0 i =0 i =0   2   i =1 
    
 n n n n    n 
 xn   an   x n y 
  x x  
n +1 n+2 2n
x
i =0
i
i =0
i
i =0
i
i =0
i

 
 i =1
i i


Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 34

◼

◼ 𝑆𝑟

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 35

◼

◼ 𝑎0 𝑎1 𝑎2

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 36

◼

𝒙𝒊 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑦𝑖 2.1 7.7 13.6 27.2 40.9 61.1

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 37

◼

𝑎0 = 2.47857 𝑎1 = 2.35929 𝑎2 = 1.86071

◼

𝑦 = 2.47857 + 2.35929𝑥 + 1.86071𝑥 2

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 38

◼

x 0 2 3
y 7 11 28

Chapter 4| Interpolation and Approximation 39

 Chapter 4|
Interpolation and Approximation 40