Atomic Structure and Bonding

ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
AND
BONDING
Presented by : Mariah Valerie Ann Fajel
TOPICS
1 Atomic Models
and
Structures 2 Chemical Bonding
(Ionic, Covalent,
Metallic)
3
Crystal Structure
and Defects
WHAT IS AN ATOM?
Atoms are the basic units of matter.
Atoms are tiny particles that are so small
they are not possible to see with the naked
eye.
They are submicroscopic
Everything that exists in our universe is
made up of atoms
ATOMIC
MODELS AND
THEORIES
Atomic Model
400 BC 1904
Solid Sphere Model Rutherford
of Atom Atomic Model
Atomos Model “Plum-Pudding”
model
1808 1911
Atomic Model
1926
Planetary Model of
Atom
Quantum Atomic
Model
1913
THE STRUCTURE
OF THE ATOM
Electron Orbits
Nucleus
Proton
Neutron
Electron
The hydrogen atom (H) contains
only one proton, one electron, and
no neutrons.
Protons and neutrons have
approximately the same mass,
about 1.67 × 10-24 grams.
one atomic mass unit (amu) or one
Dalton.
Electrons are much smaller in
mass than protons, weighing only
9.11 × 10-28 grams, or about 1/1800 of
an atomic mass unit.
Each chemical element is
characterized by the number of
protons in the nucleus, or the
atomic number (Z).
The atomic mass (A) of a specific
atom may be expressed as the
sum of the masses of protons
and neutrons within the nucleus.
atoms of some elements have
two or more different atomic
masses, which are called
isotopes.
In one mole of a substance,
there are (Avogadro’s number)
atoms or molecules. These two
atomic weight schemes are
related through the following
equation:
1 amu/atom (or molecule) = 1
g/mol
CHEMICAL
BONDING
What is a Chemical
Bonding?
-refers to the formation of a chemical bond
between two or more atoms, molecules or
ions to give rise to a chemical compound.
These chemical bonds are what keep the
atoms together in the resulting compound.
Lewis Theory of
Chemical Bonding
The outer shell can accommodate a
maximum of eight electrons only.
Only the electrons present in the outer shell,
also known as the valence electrons, take
part in the formation of chemical bonds.
Gilbert Lewis used specific notations, better
known as Lewis symbols, to represent these
valence electrons.
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Metallic Bonds

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that
involves a transfer of electrons from one atom or
molecule to another.
an atom loses an electron, which is, in turn, gained
by another atom. When such an electron transfer
takes place, one of the atoms develops a negative
charge and is now called the anion.
The other atom develops a positive charge and is
called the cation.
A Covalent Bond indicates the sharing of electrons
between atoms. Compounds that contain carbon
(also called organic compounds) commonly exhibit
this type of chemical bonding. The pair of electrons
which are shared by the two atoms now extend
around the nuclei of atoms, leading to the creation of
a molecule.
Metallic bond, a force that holds atoms
together in a metallic substance. Such a solid
consists of closely packed atoms. In most
cases, the outermost electron shell of each of
the metal atoms overlaps with a large
number of neighbouring atoms
CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE
AND DEFECTS
Microstructure of Materials
Spatial arrangements of atoms play an important role in determining
the electrical properties.
Solids are classified into three broad classifications:
Amorphous: no recognizable long range order
Crystalline: Entire solid is made up of atoms in an orderly array
Polycrystalline: Completely ordered in segments
Crystal Structure
Crystal structures are regular 3-dimensional patterns of atoms
in space.
The regularity with which atoms are packed in solids arises
from geometrical conditions (i.e., bond angles and lengths)
which are imposed by directional bonding and close packing
Most stable arrangement will be the one that
1) Minimizes energy/volume
2) Preserves electrical neutrality
3) Satisfies directionality and discreteness of the covalent
bonds
4) Minimizes ion-ion repulsion
5) Packs atoms as closely as possible consistent with (1)-(5)
DESCRIPTION OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURE: LATTICE
A lattice is an infinite three dimensional array of points in which

every point has surroundings identical with that of every other
point. These are called lattice points.
Example: A 2-D square space lattice:
GOALS
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ATOMIC

Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Metallic Bonds

A lattice is an infinite three dimensional array of points in which

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in

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